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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 289 records · Page 16

Reflectance measurements from Landsat Thematic Mapper over rugged terrain

Spectral albedo measurements from the Landsat-4/5 Thematic Mapper require that spacecraft upwelling radiances be corrected for atmospheric absorption and scattering and for local surface illumination. A two-stream model is developed, with a lower boundary condition that varies with incidence angle. TM data must be registered to digital terrain data. Reflectance from points in shadows can be used to estimate optical depth. The primary application here is determination of the spectral albedo of snow. The TM is better-suited for this purpose than the MSS because of its larger dynamic range.

Dozier, J.↗

Vacuum ultraviolet radiometry with a stabilized hydrogen arc.

Use of the spectral radiation emitted from a dense hydrogen plasma of at least 12,000 K, which is in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), as a light source for vacuum UV radiometry. Its spectroscopic qualities are exactly known, and except for a few strongly Stark-broadened Lyman lines, its spectrum in the vacuum UV is essentially continuous. The calculated continuum output of this source for typical operating conditions is compared with the UV output of the tungsten strip lamp and the carbon arc.

Ott, W. R.↗

The isotopic composition of galactic cosmic ray lithium, beryllium and boron

The isotopic composition of galactic-cosmic-ray Li, Be, and B has been measured near 100 MeV/nucleon by using the University of Chicago IMP 7 and IMP 8 cosmic-ray telescopes during 1973-1975. The measured abundances allow detailed checks of models of interstellar propagation and solar modulation to be made and conclusions to be drawn concerning the spectral forms at the source and the minimum solar modulation level. For example, comparing these results with local interstellar spectra calculated by using a 'leaky box' model, it is found that if solar modulation is ignored, there is no unique leakage mean free path consistent with all the observations. However, by taking account of a sizable level of residual solar modulation, excellent agreement is obtained between the calculated and measured abundances. Thus, these isotopic abundances confirm the old hypothesis that cosmic-ray Li, Be, and B are produced as secondaries in interstellar space.

Garcia-Munoz, M.↗

The Reiner Gamma Formation - Composition and origin as derived from remote sensing observations

In order to investigate the composition and origin of Reiner Gamma, near-infrared spectra and vidicon images were obtained and interpreted. The 0.40/0.56 micron ratio image shows that the high albedo portion of Reiner Gamma is surrounded by a 'red halo' and the 0.95/0.56 micron image indicates that Reiner Gamma exhibits a strong pyroxene absorption band. Analysis of the near-infrared spectra of various portions of the formation indicated the presence of major amounts of fresh mare basalt. Spectral mixing models demonstrate that the Reiner Gamma spectra can be reproduced by mixing major amounts of local fresh mare material (Reiner K crater) with small amounts of fresh highlands material (Oelbers A crater). No evidence was found for the presence of 'exotic' components (i.e., magnetite, free iron, cometary material). Together with photogeologic considerations, these results suggest that Reiner Gamma is quite young and is composed of a mixture of fresh highland materials with much larger quantities of local mare basalt.

Bell, J. F.↗

The rotational spectrum of g-modes in the sun

Observations and calculations are presented which strongly suggest that the unique sequence of rotation rates due to g-modes is active in the sun. It is found that all angular harmonics from 1 = 2-11 appear to be resolved, while higher harmonics up to at least 1 = 20 also seem to be active. The extreme narrowness of many of the spectral lines indicates that the g-modes are locked in sets of constant 1 by a local mechanism which excites the modes and possibly regulates the long-term precision of their rotation. These sets act as a system of resonant, or nearly resonant, clocks which impose a degree of periodicity upon solar activity and measure the mean solar interior rotation

Wolff, C. L.↗

Advanced infrared astronomy

This task supports the application of infrared heterodyne spectroscopy and other high resolution techniques, as well as infrared arrays to ultra-high resolution studies of molecular constituents of planetary atmospheres. High spectral and spatial resolution measurement and analysis of individual spectral lines permits the retrieval of distributions of atmospheric molecular abundances and temperatures and thus, information on local photochemical processes. Determination of absolute line positions to better than 10(exp -8) permits direct measurement of gas velocities to a few m/sec and thus, the study of dynamics. Observations are made from ground based observatories.

Kostiuk, Theodor↗

Laser/lidar analysis and testing

Section 1 of this report details development of a model of the output pulse frequency spectrum of a pulsed transversely excited (TE) CO2 laser. In order to limit the computation time required, the model was designed around a generic laser pulse shape model. The use of such a procedure allows many possible laser configurations to be examined. The output pulse shape is combined with the calculated frequency chirp to produce the electric field of the output pulse which is then computationally mixed with a local oscillator field to produce the heterodyne beat signal that would fall on a detector. The power spectral density of this heterodyne signal is then calculated. Section 2 reports on a visit to the LAWS laser contractors to measure the performance of the laser breadboards. The intention was to acquire data using a digital oscilloscope so that it could be analyzed. Section 3 reports on a model developed to assess the power requirements of a 5J LAWS instrument on a Spot MKII platform in a polar orbit. The performance was assessed for three different latitude dependent sampling strategies.

Spiers, Gary D.↗

Chandra Observations of M31 and their Implications for its ISM

As part of the Chandra X-ray Observatory's Survey/Monitoring Program of M31, we have been regularly observing the bulge amd inner disk of M31 for nearly 1 year, using both the HRC and ACIS Instruments. We present results from our program th it are of interest to the study of the ISM in M31. In particular, spectral analysis of bright, unresolved x-ray sources in the bulge reveals the presence of significant local x-ray extinction (N(sub H) is about 2 x 10(exp 21)/square cm), and we will attempt to map out this extinction, Further, we find that diffuse emission accounts for a significant fraction of the overall x-ray flux from the bulge. Finally, our search for x-ray counterparts to supernova remnants in M31 yields surprisingly few candidates.

Primini, F.↗

Measuring Rocket Engine Temperatures with Hydrogen Raman Spectroscopy

Optically accessible, high pressure, hot fire test articles are available at NASA Marshall for use in development of advanced rocket engine propellant injectors. Single laser-pulse ultraviolet (UV) Raman spectroscopy has been used in the past in these devices for analysis of high pressure H2- and CH4-fueled combustion, but relies on an independent pressure measurement in order to provide temperature information. A variation of UV Raman (High Resolution Hydrogen Raman Spectroscopy) is under development and will allow temperature measurement without the need for an independent pressure measurement, useful for flows where local pressure may not be accurately known. The technique involves the use of a spectrometer with good spectral resolution, requiring a small entrance slit for the spectrometer. The H2 Raman spectrum, when created by a narrow linewidth laser source and obtained from a good spectral resolution spectrograph, has a spectral shape related to temperature. By best-fit matching an experimental spectrum to theoretical spectra at various temperatures, a temperature measurement is obtained. The spectral model accounts for collisional narrowing, collisional broadening, Doppler broadening, and collisional line shifting of each Raman line making up the H2 Stokes vibrational Q-branch spectrum. At pressures from atmospheric up to those associated with advanced preburner components (5500 psia), collisional broadening though present does not cause significant overlap of the Raman lines, allowing high resolution H2 Raman to be used for temperature measurements in plumes and in high pressure test articles. Experimental demonstrations of the technique are performed for rich H2-air flames at atmospheric pressure and for high pressure, 300 K H2-He mixtures. Spectrometer imaging quality is identified as being critical for successful implementation of technique.

Wehrmeyer, Joseph A.↗

The LOFT Mission Concept - A Status Update

The Large Observatory For x-ray Timing (LOFT) is a mission concept which was proposed to ESA as M3 and M4 candidate in the framework of the Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 program. Thanks to the unprecedented combination of effective area and spectral resolution of its main instrument and the uniquely large field of view of its wide field monitor, LOFT will be able to study the behaviour of matter in extreme conditions such as the strong gravitational field in the innermost regions close to black holes and neutron stars and the supra-nuclear densities in the interiors of neutron stars. The science payload is based on a Large Area Detector (LAD, is greater than 8m2 effective area, 2-30 keV, 240 eV spectral resolution, 1 degree collimated field of view) and a Wide Field Monitor (WFM, 2-50 keV, 4 steradian field of view, 1 arcmin source location accuracy, 300 eV spectral resolution). The WFM is equipped with an on-board system for bright events (e.g., GRB) localization. The trigger time and position of these events are broadcast to the ground within 30 s from discovery. In this paper we present the current technical and programmatic status of the mission.

Silicon detectors↗

Deep K-Band Observations of TMC-1 with the Green Bank Telescope: Detection of HC7O, Nondetection of HC11N, and a Search for New Organic Molecules

The 100-meter Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope K-band (KFPA) receiver was used to perform a high-sensitivity search for rotational emission lines from complex organic molecules in the cold interstellar medium toward TMC-1 (Taurus Molecular Cloud - cyanopolyyne peak), focussing on the identification of new carbon-chain-bearing species as well as molecules of possible prebiotic relevance. We report a detection of the carbon-chain oxide species HC7O and derive a column density of (7.8 plus or minus 0.9) times 10 (sup 11) per square centimeter. This species is theorized to form as a result of associative electron detachment reactions between oxygen atoms and C7H minus, and/or reaction of C6H2 plus with CO (followed by dissociative electron recombination). Upper limits are given for the related HC6O, C6O, and C7O molecules. In addition, we obtained the first detections of emission from individual (sup 13) C isotopologues of HC7N, and derive abundance ratios HC7N/HCCCC (sup 13) CCCN equal to 110 plus or minus 16 and HC7N/HCCCC (sup 13) CCCN equal to 96 plus or minus 11, indicative of significant (sup 13) C depletion in this species relative to the local interstellar elemental (sup 12) C divided by (sup 13) C ratio of 60-70. The observed spectral region covered two transitions of HC11N, but emission from this species was not detected, and the corresponding column density upper limit is 7.4 times 10 (sup 10) per square centimeter (at 95 percent confidence). This is significantly lower than the value of 2.8 times 10 (sup 11) per square centimeter previously claimed by Bell et al. and confirms the recent nondetection of HC11N in TMC-1 by Loomis et al. Upper limits were also obtained for the column densities of malononitrile and the nitrogen heterocycles quinoline, isoquinoline, and pyrimidine.

ISM: abundances, ISM: lines and bands, ISM: molecu↗

Electron Energization and Thermal to Non-Thermal Energy Partition During Earth's Magnetotail Reconnection

Electrons in earth's magnetotail are energized significantly both in the form of heating and in the form of acceleration to non-thermal energies. While magnetic reconnection is considered to play an important role in this energization, it still remains unclear how electrons are energized and how energy is partitioned between thermal and non-thermal components. Here, we show, based on in situ observations by NASA's magnetospheric multiscale mission combined with multi-component spectral fitting methods, that the average electron energy ε¯(or equivalently temperature) is substantially higher when the locally averaged electric field magnitude |𝐸| is also higher. While this result is consistent with the classification of “plasma-sheet” and “tail-lobe” reconnection during which reconnection is considered to occur on closed and open magnetic field lines, respectively, it further suggests that a stochastic Fermi acceleration in 3D, reconnection-driven turbulence is essential for the production and confinement of energetic electrons in the reconnection region. The puzzle is that the non-thermal power-law component can be quite small even when the electric field is large and the bulk population is significantly heated. The fraction of non-thermal electron energies varies from sample to sample between ∼20% and ∼60%, regardless of the electric field magnitude. Interestingly, these values of non-thermal fractions are similar to those obtained for the above-the-looptop hard x-ray coronal sources for solar flares.

M Oka↗

First spectral observations of the diffuse background with the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer

We present the first results from the analysis of the spectroscopic observations of diffuse extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission taken with the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) spectrometers in the wavelength range 160-740 A. Although not designed or optimized for diffuse observation, the EUVE spectrometers are the most sensitive diffuse EUV spectrometer in orbit. The spectral resolution for diffuse emission of the medium and long-wavelength spectrometers are 17 and 34 A FWHM, respectively. During the period from 1992 July 25 to 1992 August 19, the spectrometers surveyed a 2 x 20 deg field scanned from (l, b) = (24 deg, -28 deg) to (44 deg, -74 deg) with a total effective exposure time of 575,232 s. The only emission lines detected were those of He I and He II (584, 537, 304 A) with intensities consistent with local geocoronal and/or interplanetary scattering of solar radiation (584 A = 1.30 rayleighs; 537 A = 0.040 R; and 304 A = 0.029 R). Models of the soft X-ray background, which results from a 10(exp 6) K plasma (Local Bubble) surrounding the neutral gas near the Sun (Local Cloud), predict that most of the flux from the hot plasma appears as emission lines in the EUV. We have compared these spectral predictions with our observations to place limits on the emission measure versus temperature of the proposed hot plasma. Using the same plasma model, we derived emissions measures for our data and the C and B soft X-ray bands of the Wisconsin rocket survey. We find that our limits for the plasma emission measure are a factor of 5-10 below the C- and B-band emission measures over the temperature range from 10(exp 5.7) to 10(exp 6.4) K. We explore possible scenarios that could reconcile our results with the X-ray surveys and conclude that depletion or a nonequilibrium plasma state rather than absorption are the more likely explanations of the discrepancy. We also show that our spectrum is inconsistent with the spectrum from the approximately 10(exp 5) K gas at the conductive interface between the hot Local Bubble and the cooler Local Cloud given by Slavin (1989). In addition, we place new limits on the helium ionization parameter in the Sun's vicinity caused by the 10(exp 6) K plasma in the Local Bubble.

Jelinksy, P.↗

Sunphotometer network for monitoring aerosol properties in the Brazilian Amazon

Satellite platforms have provided a methodology for regional and global remote sensing of aerosols. New systems will significantly improve that capability during the EOS era; however, the voluminous 20 year record of satellite data has produced only regional snapshots of aerosol loading and have not yielded a data base of the optical properties of those aerosols which are fundamental to our understanding of their influence on climate change. The prospect of fully understanding the properties of the aerosols with respect to climate change is small without validation and augmentation by ancillary ground based observations. Sun photometry was demonstrated to be an effective tool for ground based measurements of aerosol optical properties from fire emissions. Newer technology has expanded routine sun photometer measurements to spectral observations of solar aureole and almucantar allowing retrievals of size distribution, scattering phase function, and refractive index. A series of such observations were made in Brazil's Amazon basin from a network of six simultaneously recording instruments deployed in Sep. 1992. The instruments were located in areas removed from local aerosol sources such that sites are representative of regional aerosol conditions. The overall network was designed to cover the counter clockwise tropospheric circulation of the Amazon Basin. Spectral measurements of sun, aureole and sky data for retrieval of aerosol optical thickness, particle size distribution, and scattering phase function as well as measurements of precipitable water were made during noncloudy conditions.

Holben, Brent N.↗

Measurements of surface-pressure fluctuations on the XB-70 airplane at local Mach numbers up to 2.45

Measurements of surface-pressure fluctuations were made at two locations on the XB-70 airplane for nine flight-test conditions encompassing a local Mach number range from 0.35 to 2.45. These measurements are presented in the form of estimated power spectral densities, coherence functions, and narrow-band-convection velocities. The estimated power spectral densities compared favorably with wind-tunnel data obtained by other experimenters. The coherence function and convection velocity data supported conclusions by other experimenters that low-frequency surface-pressure fluctuations consist of small-scale turbulence components with low convection velocity.

Lewis, T. L.↗

Behavior of low-energy protons and alpha particles during a disturbed time period

The paper presents observations of 130- to 1200-keV protons and 40- to 420-keV/nucleon alpha particles made on the earth-orbiting spacecraft Imp 8 and Imp 7 during an active solar period in September 1974, concentrating, in particular, on an energetic storm particle (ESP) event observed in association with an interplanetary shock wave on September 21. It is found that the observed variations in the proton-to-alpha particle ratios and spectral indices can be explained either by 'pileup' or by acceleration models of ESP events. Several instances of local acceleration of particles in the near-earth environment are also discussed.

Ipavich, F. M.↗

A statistical study of Pc 3 magnetic pulsations at synchronous orbit, ATS 6

Results are reported for a study designed to determine statistically the nature and variation of the polarization parameters of Pc3 magnetic pulsations at synchronous orbit. Data obtained with a triaxial flux gate magnetometer on the geosynchronous satellite ATS 6 are subjected to routine power spectral and polarization analyses, and the events examined are identified as peaks in the spectra. Coherence analysis of spectral matrices for these events indicates that Pc3 are very common at synchronous orbit and are primarily a local morning phenomenon with an occurrence peak around 1000 LT; that the pulsations occur at all frequencies in the Pc3 band, with the most common frequency at about 0.35 Hz; that the Pc3 at synchronous orbit are most often linear and generally transverse, but some have significant compressional components; and that based on azimuth angle, there are two distinct classes of Pc3 (azimuthal and radial) with different characteristics. These statistical results are compared with model predictions and ground-based observations.

Arthur, C. W.↗

Improved "spectrophone"

Spectral lines of gas sample are modulated by electric field in optoacoustic gas analyzer. Pressure fluctuations caused by local heating of absorbing gas are picked up by microphone. Since laser is operated in continuous-wave (CW) mode, background noise due to heating of windows is eliminated.

Margolis, J. S.↗