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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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542 records · Page 16
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Integration of Online Cross-Section Generation Capability with Depletion and Transient Solvers in Griffin

Griffin is a Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE)-based reactor multiphysics analysis application jointly developed by Argonne and Idaho National Laboratories under the DOENE Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) program. In FY25, an online crosssection generation capability based on the Self-Shielding Application Programming Interface (SSAPI) was demonstrated for TRISO-fueled reactor problems under steady-state conditions. This fiscal year, that capability was extended to support depletion and transient multiphysics calculations, enabling high-fidelity analyses that generate self-shielded cross sections on the fly from the actual evolving composition and temperature states rather than from pre-tabulated libraries. For depletion, a two-way coupling was established in which SSAPI computes compact-averaged self-shielded cross sections that the depletion solver then uses to advance the Bateman equations, with the updated compositions returned to SSAPI at each step; the depletion module was refactored to support both library-based and SSAPI-based cross sections, and additional logic was added to track daughter isotopes and to exclude minor isotopes for efficiency. For transient analysis, the SSAPI multigroup library was extended with the kinetics data required for time-dependent calculations, the Improved Quasi-Static (IQS) scheme was coupled with SSAPI, and several supporting capabilities were implemented, including a self-shielding treatment that lets control rods and drums move within a self-shielded model, which had previously been impossible and had ruled out rod- and drum-movement transients with on-the-fly cross sections altogether, a new mixing scheme for delayed-neutron precursor decay constants, a checkpoint-based restart workflow, and performance improvements such as pointwise cross-section interpolation and the bypassing of unnecessary Dancoff factor calculations. The implemented capabilities were verified against Serpent Monte Carlo solutions. For depletion, a prismatic pin-cell problem based on a Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) Very High Temperature Reactor benchmark showed excellent agreement, with eigenvalue differences within 200 pcm over the entire burnup range (up to 140 MWD/kgU) and fission-product and actinide inventories agreeing to within 0.8% and 2.5%, respectively; a heat-pipe microreactor assembly problem with a much higher fuel loading confirmed the same behavior and quantified the bias introduced when the multigroup equivalence effect is neglected. For transient analysis, a pin-cell problem with a step reactivity insertion and temperature feedback reproduced the analytically expected asymptotic power and showed close agreement between the direct and IQS solutions, and a two-dimensional microreactor core problem with control-drum rotation exercised the new moving-drum self-shielding treatment and demonstrated successful coupling of the online crosssection generation with both the direct and IQS transient methods. The capability was further exercised on a full-core pebble-bed problem, in which Griffin was coupled with the System Analysis Module (SAM) to simulate load-following operation of the gPBR with the Doppler feedback resolved at the TRISO fuel kernel temperature. These developments in Griffin provide a convenient, high-fidelity approach to cross-section generation for advanced thermal reactors with geometrically complex and highly heterogeneous configurations, including TRISO-fueled prismatic and pebble-bed systems, and support steady-state, depletion, and transient multiphysics calculations. They also enable self-shielded cross sections to be evaluated directly at the actual coupled state of the system, thereby establishing a foundation for high-fidelity, fully coupled multiphysics analysis of advanced reactors

Park, H.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Glauber’s Salt Composites for HVAC Applications: A Study on the Use of the T-History Method with a Modified Data Evaluation Methodology

Phase change materials (PCMs) can be utilized in buildings for peak load shifting in air conditioning systems, and the use of salt hydrate-based PCMs can reduce the cost of thermal energy storage devices. Glauber’s salt is an economical salt hydrate PCM with a melting point of around 32 °C. However, the desired melting range typically falls between 18 and 22 °C for building air conditioning applications. Although many researchers have characterized Glauber’s salt and its composites with modified melting points, enthalpy–temperature curves for composites of Glauber’s salt and NaCl are unavailable. In this study, we report the melting and solidification enthalpy–temperature curves for two different composites of Glauber’s salt and NaCl with a melting point of 21 °C obtained by the T-history method. Both composites contain NaCl to suppress the melting point, borax to reduce supercooling, and sodium polyacrylate as a thickener to enhance cyclic stability. The first composite with 12 wt.% NaCl demonstrated 139 kJ·kg−1 of latent heat of fusion, and the second composite with 9 wt.% NaCl demonstrated 171 kJ·kg−1. Both the composites have high volumetric energy densities compared to their organic counterparts with similar melting points.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2025

Interaction of magnetic fields with spinons in a fractionalized state

The 4d-electron trimer lattice Ba₄Nb₁₋ₓRu₃₊ₓO₁₂ exhibits either a quantum spin liquid (QSL) or a heavy-fermion strange metal (HFSM) phase, depending on Nb content. In the QSL state, itinerant spinons act as effective heat carriers, enhancing thermal conductivity. Strikingly, applying a magnetic field up to 14 T causes an abrupt, up-to-5000% increase in heat capacity below 150 mK, disrupting the linear temperature dependence typical of both phases. Meanwhile, AC susceptibility and electrical resistivity remain nearly unchanged, while thermal conductivity drops by up to 40% below 4 K. These results suggest spinons, despite being charge-neutral, are highly sensitive to magnetic fields at low temperatures. We propose that the magnetic field could induce Anderson localization of spinons, creating emergent non-magnetic two-level systems responsible for the Schottky-like anomaly in heat capacity. These findings point to a previously unexplored regime of spinon dynamics, potentially governed by field-induced localization and distinct from conventional magnetic or transport signatures.

Condensed-matter physics↗
DOE OSTI2025

Mechanically Accelerated Depolymerization of Entangled Linear Polymer Melts

Mechanical forces can enhance the chemical depolymerization of synthetic polymers when shear flow accelerates chain scission. To quantify the extent of mechanically-accelerated scission, the effect of simple shear flow (duration and strength) with low Weissenberg and Deborah numbers was investigated by considering the impact of applied work in both simple shear and shear dominated mixed flows. Hydrogenated polyisoprene was chosen as a model linear, entangled system. The conditions (strain amplitude, frequency, and shearing time) necessary to increase chain scission were assessed in the rubbery melt. Shear flow accelerated chain scission at higher temperatures, suggesting an activated process. Isothermal scission versus work curves were superposed by applying shift factors a T,S , whose Arrhenius-like temperature dependence gave an apparent activation energy for chain scission of ~ 110 kJ/mol, which is likely a combination of the activation energy of viscosity and bond energy. This work provides a base for quantifying the impact of shear on depolymerization of polymer melts and highlight the connection between viscous dissipation and scission chemistry.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Nanoscale Compositional and Strain Gradients Enable High‐Speed and Amplitude‐Resolved Pyroelectric Sensing

The frequency response of pyroelectric sensors is fundamentally governed by thermal time constant (τth, determined by thermal mass and thermal conductance) and electrical impedance arising from film capacitance and readout circuit. Conventional bulk LiTaO3 detectors are optimized for high responsivity at low modulation frequencies (0.1-10 Hz), possessing a large τth that thermally averages rapid temperature oscillations at elevated modulation frequencies, limiting fidelity in resolving dynamic varying thermal signals. Here, compositional and strain gradients are introduced into 100-nm-thick relaxor-ferroelectric films reducing τth to ≈2 µs and producing built-in potentials (≈1.45 V or 145 kV cm-1) that enhance the pyroelectric coefficient and suppress the dielectric constant. This enables complementary dual-mode operation by enhancing current-mode electrical responsivity and improving the voltage-mode figure of merit - advantageous for superior temperature resolution (ΔTmin ≈ 30 µK). The responsivity peak shifts to near 1 kHz (>2500-times higher than conventional bulk sensors), with measurable responsivity extending to a carrier frequency of 100 kHz and amplitude-resolved detection at modulation frequencies up to 15 kHz. These results establish nanoscale internal-field engineering can reshape electro-thermal trade-off in pyroelectric thin films toward zero-bias, high-thermal-sensitivity, and amplitude-resolved thermal sensing across a wide frequency bandwidth.

Lin, Ching‐Che↗
DOE OSTI2026

Intrinsic even-odd thickness-driven anomalous Hall effect in epitaxial MnBi2⁢Te4 thin films

We demonstrate precise control of magnetism in MnBi2⁢Te4 thin films through careful synthesis by molecular beam epitaxy, achieving minimal defects and accurate layer thickness control. By optimizing Mn-Bi-Te ratios and growth temperatures, we minimize detrimental self-doping effects and accurately target integer-layer films. X-ray diffraction and reflectivity provide quantitative measures of film quality and thickness. When these macroscale probes of structure and thickness are integrated with magnetotransport measurements, a striking even-odd layer dependence of the anomalous Hall effect is revealed. Odd-layer films exhibit a large hysteresis up to the Néel temperature (∼25K), consistent with noncompensated antiferromagnetism, while even-layer films show minimal response, as expected for an antiferromagnet. The sign of the anomalous Hall effect exhibits a sign reversal for intrinsic magnetism versus magnetism associated with defects. This work identifies critical factors for inducing pure, noncompensated ferromagnetism and reveals the characteristics of the intrinsic anomalous Hall effect in MnBi2⁢Te4, which together is a step toward realizing the zero-field quantum anomalous Hall effect in topological materials.

Mallick, Deb [ORNL] (ORCID:000900005806411X)↗
DOE OSTI2024

Multi‐Objective Optimization for Rapid Identification of Novel Compound Metals for Interconnect Applications

Abstract Interconnect materials play the critical role of routing energy and information in integrated circuits. However, established bulk conductors, such as copper, perform poorly when scaled down beyond 10 nm, limiting the scalability of logic devices. Here, a multi‐objective search is developed, combined with first‐principles calculations, to rapidly screen over 15,000 materials and discover new interconnect candidates. This approach simultaneously optimizes the bulk electronic conductivity, surface scattering time, and chemical stability using physically motivated surrogate properties accessible from materials databases. Promising local interconnects are identified that have the potential to outperform ruthenium, the current state‐of‐the‐art post‐Cu material, and also semi‐global interconnects with potentially large skin depths at the GHz operation frequency. The approach is validated on one of the identified candidates, CoPt, using both ab initio and experimental transport studies, showcasing its potential to supplant Ru and Cu for future local interconnects.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2025

Spin-strain interactions under hydrostatic pressure in α-RuCl 3

We investigate the effects of hydrostatic pressure on 𝛼−RuCl 3 , a prototypical material for the Kitaev spin model on a honeycomb lattice with a possible spin-liquid ground state. Using ultrasound measurements at pressures up to 1.16 GPa, we reveal significant modifications of the acoustic properties and the 𝐻−𝑇 phase diagram of this material. Hydrostatic pressure suppresses the three-dimensional magnetic order and induces a dimerization transition at higher pressures. At low pressures, the sound attenuation exhibits a linear temperature dependence, while above 0.28 GPa, it becomes nearly temperature independent, suggesting a shift in the phonon scattering regime dominated by Majorana fermions. These findings provide new insights into spin-strain interactions in Kitaev magnets and deliver a detailed characterization of the 𝐻−𝑇 phase diagram of 𝛼−RuCl 3 under hydrostatic pressure.

Focused ion beam↗
DOE OSTI2026

Mesh-based multiphysics coupling acceleration for fusion neutronics through clustering for fusion blanket applications

Accurate modeling of particle transport within fusion blankets is essential for predicting performance metrics such as heat deposition and the tritium breeding ratio (TBR). However, high-fidelity coupling of thermal fluids from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to neutronics simulations often incurs significant computational costs due to the complexity of surface intersection calculations in Monte Carlo codes. This paper presents an accelerated multiphysics coupling method for neutronics that utilizes hierarchical agglomerative clustering to map complex material property distributions to a neutronics model. Implemented within the fusion reactor design and assessment (FREDA) framework, the method leverages existing Python packages to automate the creation of clustered geometries for OpenMC. The approach is demonstrated on a sector model of an ARC-class tokamak with an immersion molten salt blanket, and an simple geometry with varying isotopic concentrations. Results show that the clustering method significantly reduces computational burden without compromising fidelity, providing a foundation for agile iteration of neutronics simulations involving multiple coupled material properties.

Bae, Jin Whan [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000326548907)↗
DOE OSTI2026

Robust Heat-Flux Sensors for Coal-Fired Boiler Extreme Environments

In this project, robust heat-flux measurement systems were developed. The heat-flux sensors utilize thermoelectric effects to directly transduce the heat-flux inputs to analog electrical voltage signals. They were constructed from dedicated materials that can withstand temperatures of at least 1000°C and maintain adequate performance at these conditions for prolonged periods of time. The proposed approaches took into account numerous considerations, including system cost, sensor head resilience, sensor footprint, data accuracy, response time, and maintenance requirements. Through modern thermoelectric materials design, methodical materials selection and rigorous testing in materials characterization labs and medium-scale fire research facilities, we have demonstrated functioning laboratory prototypes, upon which one could base industrial heat-flux sensing platforms capable of operating in the challenging high-temperature, corrosive environments of the boilers of coal-fired power plants. A distributed sensor array for heat-flux measurements throughout the furnace water-wall, the superheater area and the economizer coils can provide critical data for the power plant control systems to increase efficiency, improve safety and reduce down times. For example, the combined heat-flux sensor/control systems can contribute to the optimization of burner and boiler operations under flexible loads, the optimization of heat-exchange conditions and overall reduction of heat rate and emissions, the prediction of imminent overheating conditions, and the optimization of the soot-blowing protocols.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Atomic- and Molecular-Scale Interphase Engineering for High-Performance Solid-State Batteries

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) promise a decisive advance beyond conventional Li-ion systems, yet their development remains constrained by persistent solid–solid interfacial instabilities that degrade performance and durability. Interfaces between solid electrolytes and both cathodes and Li metal often exhibit poor wettability, limited physical contact, and high charge–transfer resistance, leading to chemical decomposition, mechanical failure, and impedance growth. Overcoming these limitations requires interphase engineering with atomic-scale precision—capabilities that conventional coating methods cannot reliably deliver. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) and molecular layer deposition (MLD) uniquely meet this need by enabling ultrathin, conformal, and composition-tunable films that stabilize reactive surfaces, suppress parasitic reactions, and regulate Li-metal morphology. Importantly, this Perspective highlights ALD/MLD systems that have already demonstrated effectiveness in liquid-electrolyte cells and discusses how these validated strategies can be deliberately translated to solid-state architectures. By grounding future directions in experimentally proven concepts rather than speculative hypotheses, we outline how atomic- and molecular-scale design principles can accelerate the development of robust, high-performance SSB technologies.

atomic and molecular layer deposition↗
DOE OSTI2025

Advanced Model Development for Large Eddy Simulation of Oxy-Combustion and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Cycles

A joint experimental and numerical study is performed to observe the characteristics of a supercritical carbon dioxide turbulent mixing layer in the presence of strong nonlinearities in the thermodynamic and transport properties. A bespoke experimental setup is designed and employed for this purpose and provides insight into macroscopic mixing behavior. The mixing is experimentally observed using two techniques: shadowgraphy and spontaneous Raman scattering. Qualitative and quantitative intensity fields obtained via these techniques yield instantaneous and mean density data. Spanwise temperature data is also collected using analogue resistance temperature detectors. These measurements are used to quantify the level of mixed material within the field. The experimental data are supplemented by a companion high-fidelity numerical study. The numerical results are obtained through fully resolved, three-dimensional direct numerical simulation. The numerical dataset permits observation of the near-field mixing characteristics, which are difficult to measure experimentally due to the rapid dynamics and sharp thermophysical gradients in this area. Qualitative field visualizations are presented, followed by quantitative mixed material results and observations regarding thermodynamic property trends at select locations within the field. One-dimensional spectra of the turbulent kinetic energy and solenoidal dissipation are provided to observe the spectral characteristics of the flow. Reynolds stress anisotropy is analyzed graphically through anisotropy invariance maps (Lumley triangles). The mixing quantification, spectral data and anisotropy analysis of a flow at these thermodynamic conditions represent the main outcomes of the work.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Tunable shear thickening, aging, and rejuvenation in suspensions of shape-memory-endowed liquid crystalline particles

The morphological features of particles, notably shape anisotropy, critically influence the rheological properties of dense suspensions, spanning both natural and engineered systems. This work explores the potential of using shape memory particles to dynamically regulate suspension fluid flow through controllable shape transformations. First, we synthesize shape-memory particles with programmable anisotropy from liquid crystal elastomers, such that the stiffness and shapes of the particles can be tuned by manipulating temperature. Our findings reveal that suspensions from such particles exhibit significant tunability in shear thickening behavior, transitioning from discontinuous shear thickening to a Newtonian-like response within a narrow temperature range of 60 ° C. This capability to modulate rheological responses in situ presents an approach for addressing processing challenges in many applications where control over flow behavior is paramount. Furthermore, we also show that suspensions composed of these anisotropic particles can undergo physical aging, and evolve into a glassy state. This state can be escaped upon activation of the shape memory effect. This reversibility underscores the potential for using such materials to engineer systems that can enter or come out of kinetic arrest by leveraging internal mechanical responses to external stimuli. The insights gained here not only broaden our understanding of the interplay between particle geometry and suspension dynamics but also pave the way for leveraging ensembles of stimuli-responsive objects to precisely control collective behaviors in many-body systems.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2026

Aliovalent gallium dopants remove Ti 3+ defects and improve photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water oxidation properties of LaTiO 2 N

LaTiO 2 N is a promising semiconductor for the water splitting reaction due to its 2.1 eV band gap and stability against corrosion. However, its solar energy conversion is limited by Ti 3+ recombination defects introduced during ammonolysis. Here we show for the first time that Ti 3+ defects in LaTiO 2 N can be suppressed with incorporation of 2, 5, and 10% aliovalent gallium (Ga 3+ ) dopants during synthesis via the layered La 2 Ti 2 O 7 intermediate. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy on the solid powders confirms a reduction in the Ti 3+ donor density from 2.97 × 10 17 cm −3 for the non-doped material to ∼6.24 × 10 16 cm −3 for 5% Ga-doped LaTiO 2 N. The remaining Ti 3+ defects are concentrated near the LaTiO 2 N surface, according to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The defect reduction shifts the optical absorption edge from 2.02 to 2.09 eV and eliminates a broad absorption band at 1050 nm from the optical absorption spectra. It also removes a 1.0–1.7 eV sub-band gap photovoltage signal from surface photovoltage spectra. This suggests that empty Ti 3+ d-orbitals are located 1.0–1.7 eV above the LaTiO 2 N valence band edge. Removing these recombination states with increasing Ga 3+ content enhances the photoconversion efficiency of LaTiO 2 N during water oxidation. The optimized 2 wt% CoO x -loaded 5% Ga-doped LaTi O2 N material has a 16% AQE (400 nm) for O 2 production from aqueous silver nitrate solution and a ∼2.1 mA cm −2 water oxidation photocurrent at 1.23 V under 100 mW cm −2 Xe arc lamp illumination. The water oxidation photocurrent is stable during a 50 min test, and the Faraday efficiency for O 2 generation is 97%, confirming short-term corrosion stability of LaTiO 2 N. Altogether, these results provide a better understanding of the distribution, concentration, and impact of Ti 3+ defects on the optical, photovoltage, and photoelectrochemical properties of LaTiO 2 N. In combination with other defect control strategies, aliovalent Ga 3+ doping can help bring the solar energy conversion efficiency of LaTiO 2 N closer to the theoretical limit.

Wang, Li [University of California, Davis, CA (Uni↗
DOE OSTI2025

Investigating the Combustion Performance of Dual Fuel Combustion with Diesel and Port Injected Hydrogen in a Large Bore Locomotive Engine

The heavy-duty transportation sector has primarily relied on conventional diesel combustion engines given their reliability and high thermal efficiency relative to spark ignition engines, but increased focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions has led to investigation into alternative fuels. Gaseous hydrogen fuel has garnered a great deal of recent interest in the engine community given it has zero carbon, but hydrogen is not available at the scale and cost that petroleum fuels are currently available, and this is a barrier to adoption for industries that are looking to decarbonize their operations. Because of the fuel flexibility provided, dual fuel technology offers a pathway for some industries to adopt hydrogen as a fuel source while maintaining sufficient flexibility in times and locations where the new fuel is not yet available. This computational study investigates dual fuel combustion in a large bore locomotive engine architecture using direct injected diesel and port injected gaseous hydrogen fuel. With an optimal port fuel injection configuration from previous work, simulations of varying substitution ratio, compression ratio, manifold air temperature, diesel injection timing, and diesel injection pressure were performed to understand their effect on combustion performance. Results indicated that both increased substitution ratio and higher intake air temperature accelerates hydrogen flame propagation and can result in high peak cylinder pressures. Additionally, diesel injection timing and injection pressure were demonstrated as effective methods for controlling dual fuel combustion heat release rates.

ODonnell, Patrick Christopher↗
DOE OSTI2024

Raman enhancement induced by exciton hybridization in molecules and 2D materials

Abstract Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful technique for trace-level fingerprinting. Recently, layered two-dimensional (2D) materials have gained significant interest as SERS substrates for providing stable, uniform, and reproducible Raman enhancement with the potential for trace-level detection. Yet, the development of effective 2D SERS substrates is still hindered by the lack of fundamental understanding of the coupling mechanism between target molecules and substrates. Here, we report a systematic excitation-dependent Raman spectroscopy investigation on the coupling between 2D materials such as SnS 2 , MoS 2 , WSe 2 , and graphene and small organic molecules like rhodamine 6G (Rh 6G). Strong coupling between SnS 2 and Rh 6G is found due to their degenerate excitons through Raman excitation profiles (REP), leading to the enhancement of Rh 6G vibrational modes that are observable down to 10 −13 M. Our study shows that exciton coupling in the substrate-adsorbate complex plays a vital role in the Raman enhancement effect, opening a new route for designing SERS substrates for high sensitivity.

Materials Science↗
DOE OSTI2025

High‐Performance Rechargeable Lithium‐Chlorine Batteries with ALD Conformal Starburst Porous Graphene Positive Electrodes

Abstract Rechargeable alkali metal‐chlorine batteries are emerging as a promising high‐energy‐density solution. However, they confront significant challenges, including the primary issue stemming from the weak binding affinity of cathode materials for Cl 2 , which leads to a sluggish and inadequate supply of Cl 2 during the redox reactions, resulting in a shortened cycle life and low Coulombic efficiency (CE), particularly when operating at ultrahigh specific capacity outputs. Herein, an Al 2 O 3 ‐skinned heterostructured starburst porous graphene with conformal metasurfaces (Al 2 O 3 @rGO) is reported, crafted from a hierarchical porous starburst graphene arranged in a unique layered structure by the PTFE microemulsion skin effect, leveraging subsequent fluidized bed atomic layer deposition (FBALD) of Al 2 O 3 groups. Al 2 O 3 @rGO features superhydrophilicity, effective adsorption, fast kinetics from stable dynamic respiratory interface, high electrical and thermal conductivity anisotropy, intelligent thermal management and safe operation over a wide temperature range. Consequently, the Li‐Cl 2 @Al 2 O 3 @rGO battery achieves an ultrahigh discharge specific capacity of 5000 mAh g −1 at ≈100% CE, and even delivers stable cycling over 200 cycles with 2000 mAh g −1 at an average CE of 99.8% under low temperature environment of ‐40 °C. The scalable heterostructure approach offers a sustainable perspective of the development of functionalized metamaterials and metasurfaces for next‐generation safe and energy‐dense batteries and broader applications.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2026

The Hawaii Meteorology, Energy and Transmission (MET) Toolkit

Reliable long-term resource adequacy and grid planning in Hawaii require precise, multi-decadal meteorological records. This paper introduces the Hawaii Meteorology, Energy and Transmission (MET) Toolkit, a 26-year (2000-2025) high-fidelity atmospheric dataset developed by the National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR). We present a validation study of the underlying WRF model configurations, comparing the legacy MYNN PBL scheme against an alternative YSU formulation. Using vertical lidar profiles and surface buoy data, our analysis identified a foundational geometric distortion in the legacy NOW-23 Hawaii dataset caused by an incorrect grid projection. When evaluated on a corrected, zero-distortion grid, the YSU scheme demonstrated superior performance in bias and cRMSE compared to the legacy setup. To address these findings, the MET Toolkit has been re-produced as a unified 26-year record using the optimized YSU setup and corrected geometry. This dataset offers the Hawaii power sector a robust, validated, and homogenous reference for future grid resilience and energy integration.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗