Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “CO2 hydrogenation”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 307 records · Page 17
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2002

Ion Storage with the High Performance Antiproton Trap (HiPAT)

The matter antimatter reaction represents the densest form of energy storage/release known to modern physics: as such it offers one of the most compact sources of power for future deep space exploration. To take the first steps along this path, NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center is developing a storage system referred to as the High Performance Antiproton Trap (HiPAT) with a goal of maintaining 10(exp 12) particles for up to 18 days. Experiments have been performed with this hardware using normal matter (positive hydrogen ions) to assess the device's ability to hold charged particles. These ions are currently created using an electron gun method to ionize background gas; however, this technique is limited by the quantity that can be captured. To circumvent this issue, an ion source is currently being commissioned which will greatly increase the number of ions captured and more closely simulate actual operations expected at an antiproton production facility. Ions have been produced, stored for various time intervals, and then extracted against detectors to measure species, quantity and energy. Radio frequency stabilization has been tested as a method to prolong ion lifetime: results show an increase in the baseline 1/e lifetime of trapped particles from hours to days. Impurities in the residual background gas (typically carbon-containing species CH4, CO, CO2, etc.) present a continuing problem by reducing the trapped hydrogen population through the mechanism of ion charge exchange.

Martin, James↗
DOE OSTI2020

Intensified Co-electrolysis Process for Syngas Production from Captured CO 2

CO 2 reduction to syngas provides a way of ameliorating carbon footprint and storing energy in high-energy-density and versatile feedstock. This current work explores the isothermal integration of CO2 capture with an intensified unit operation for the reduction of CO2 and capture media regeneration. Intensified captured CO2 co-electrolysis (ICC) to syngas (H2:CO ratio of 2) with low CO2 content (<10%) was demonstrated with over 70% CO2 conversion at a current density up to 0.20 A/cm2 for 14 hours of operation. Integration of the co-electrolysis unit with CO2 capture was performed feeding pure and diluted CO2, for which CO2 conversions >65% were observed. Performance of the capture unit becomes critical to maintain syngas ratios (SR). Technology feasibility was assessed through comparative techno-economic and life cycle analysis showing that process intensification enables competitive performance, even at the higher energy consumption featured at the current state of the technology. This because several unit operations can be avoided. LCA also showed that based on the current US electricity mix the reduction of life cycle CO2 emissions is possible at scenarios observed with 0.15 A/cm2 to accomplish a carbon-negative technology.

08 HYDROGEN↗
NASA NTRS1991

Material processing with hydrogen and carbon monoxide on Mars

Several novel proposals are examined for propellant production from carbon dioxide and monoxide and hydrogen. Potential uses were also examined of CO as a fuel or as a reducing agent in metal oxide processing as obtained or further reduced to carbon. Hydrogen can be reacted with CO to produce a wide variety of hydrocarbons, alcohols, and other organic compounds. Methanol, produced by Fischer-Tropsch chemistry may be useful as a fuel; it is easy to store and handle because it is a liquid at Mars temperatures. The reduction of CO2 to hydrocarbons such as methane or acetylene can be accomplished with hydrogen. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen require cryogenic temperatures for storage as liquids. Noncryogenic storage of hydrogen may be accomplished using hydrocarbons, inorganic hydrides, or metal hydrides. Noncryogenic storage of CO may be accomplished in the form of iron carbonyl (FE(CO)5) or other metal carbonyls. Low hydrogen content fuels such as acetylene (C2H2) may be effective propellants with low requirements for earth derived resources. The impact on manned Mars missions of alternative propellant production and utilization is discussed.

Hepp, Aloysius F.↗
NASA NTRS2010

Microwave Plasma Hydrogen Recovery System

A microwave plasma reactor was developed for the recovery of hydrogen contained within waste methane produced by Carbon Dioxide Reduction Assembly (CRA), which reclaims oxygen from CO2. Since half of the H2 reductant used by the CRA is lost as CH4, the ability to reclaim this valuable resource will simplify supply logistics for longterm manned missions. Microwave plasmas provide an extreme thermal environment within a very small and precisely controlled region of space, resulting in very high energy densities at low overall power, and thus can drive high-temperature reactions using equipment that is smaller, lighter, and less power-consuming than traditional fixed-bed and fluidized-bed catalytic reactors. The high energy density provides an economical means to conduct endothermic reactions that become thermodynamically favorable only at very high temperatures. Microwave plasma methods were developed for the effective recovery of H2 using two primary reaction schemes: (1) methane pyrolysis to H2 and solid-phase carbon, and (2) methane oligomerization to H2 and acetylene. While the carbon problem is substantially reduced using plasma methods, it is not completely eliminated. For this reason, advanced methods were developed to promote CH4 oligomerization, which recovers a maximum of 75 percent of the H2 content of methane in a single reactor pass, and virtually eliminates the carbon problem. These methods were embodied in a prototype H2 recovery system capable of sustained high-efficiency operation. NASA can incorporate the innovation into flight hardware systems for deployment in support of future long-duration exploration objectives such as a Space Station retrofit, Lunar outpost, Mars transit, or Mars base. The primary application will be for the recovery of hydrogen lost in the Sabatier process for CO2 reduction to produce water in Exploration Life Support systems. Secondarily, this process may also be used in conjunction with a Sabatier reactor employed to stockpile life-support oxygen as well as propellant and fuel production from Martian atmospheric CO2

Atwater, James↗
DOE OSTI2024

Effect of Support on Iron-Based Catalyst Toward CO2-Free H2 Production From Methane Pyrolysis

The global demand for low-emission hydrogen production is increasing rapidly due to the potential for hydrogen to substitute conventional fossil fuels in energy-related applications. Among practical technologies such as steam reforming of methane (SMR), water electrolysis, and methane pyrolysis, methane pyrolysis has the most potential to produce economical- and near-zero-emission hydrogen. The reaction during methane pyrolysis produces a solid carbon by-product that can be monetized to offset production costs. However, this route is not without research challenges, and the selective formation of high-value carbon remains a critical issue. Supported nickel, iron, and cobalt, have been widely investigated for methane pyrolysis. Although iron-based catalysts are less active than Ni, iron catalysts offer less resistance to coke formation, are inexpensive, and have a longer lifetime. One area not sufficiently explored is the effect of support materials other than Al2O3 for the iron-based catalysts. Therefore, we investigated a detailed variation of support materials to study their influence on the catalytic performance. Moreover, this study offers a fair and direct comparison among all catalytic materials which were synthesized and studied under identical conditions. This direct comparison of the obtained results is important because results reported in different publications are often not comparable due to very different reaction conditions.

Gull, Nathan↗
DOE OSTI2024

Effect of Support on Iron-Based Catalyst Toward CO2-Free H2 Production From Methane Pyrolysis

The global demand for low-emission hydrogen production is increasing rapidly due to the potential for hydrogen to substitute conventional fossil fuels in energy related applications. Among all the current practical technologies – Steam Reforming of Methane (SMR), Water Electrolysis, and Methane Pyrolysis – methane pyrolysis has the potential to produce economical- and near-zero-emission hydrogen because the reaction produces a solid carbon by-product that can be monetized to offset production costs. However, this route is not without research challenges, and the selective formation of high-value carbon remains a critical issue. Supported nickel, iron, and cobalt, have been widely investigated for methane pyrolysis. Although iron-based catalysts are less active than Ni, iron catalysts offer less resistance to coke formation, are inexpensive, and have a longer lifetime. One area not sufficiently explored is the effect of support materials other than Al2O3 for the iron-based catalysts. Therefore, in this study we investigated a detailed variation of support material to study their influence on the catalytic performance. Moreover, this study offers a fair comparison because all catalytic materials were synthesized and studied under identical conditions, allowing a direct comparison of the obtained results; this is important because results reported in different publications in literature are often not comparable, due to very different reaction conditions.

Aireddy, Divakar Reddy↗
NASA NTRS2003

Hydrogen Fuel Capability Added to Combustor Flametube Rig

Facility capabilities have been expanded at Test Cell 23, Research Combustor Lab (RCL23) at the NASA Glenn Research Center, with a new gaseous hydrogen fuel system. The purpose of this facility is to test a variety of fuel nozzle and flameholder hardware configurations for use in aircraft combustors. Previously, this facility only had jet fuel available to perform these various combustor flametube tests. The new hydrogen fuel system will support the testing and development of aircraft combustors with zero carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Research information generated from this test rig includes combustor emissions and performance data via gas sampling probes and emissions measuring equipment. The new gaseous hydrogen system is being supplied from a 70 000-standard-ft3 tube trailer at flow rates up to 0.05 lb/s (maximum). The hydrogen supply pressure is regulated, and the flow is controlled with a -in. remotely operated globe valve. Both a calibrated subsonic venturi and a coriolis mass flowmeter are used to measure flow. Safety concerns required the placement of all hydrogen connections within purge boxes, each of which contains a small nitrogen flow that is vented past a hydrogen detector. If any hydrogen leaks occur, the hydrogen detectors alert the operators and automatically safe the facility. Facility upgrades and modifications were also performed on other fluids systems, including the nitrogen gas, cooling water, and air systems. RCL23 can provide nonvitiated heated air to the research combustor, up to 350 psig at 1200 F and 3.0 lb/s. Significant modernization of the facility control systems and the data acquisition systems was completed. A flexible control architecture was installed that allows quick changes of research configurations. The labor-intensive hardware interface has been removed and changed to a software-based system. In addition, the operation of this facility has been greatly enhanced with new software programming and graphic operator interface stations. Glenn s RCL23 facility systems were successfully checked out in the spring of 2002, and hydrogen combustor research testing began in the summer of 2002.

Frankenfield, Bruce J.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Fuel Flexible Gas Turbine Combustor Flametube Facility Upgraded

In fiscal year 2003, test cell 23 of the Research Combustion Laboratory (RCL 23) at the NASA Glenn Research Center was upgraded with the addition of gaseous hydrogen as a working propellant and the addition of a 450-psig air-supply system. Test flexibility was further enhanced by upgrades to the facility control systems. RCL 23 can now test with gaseous hydrogen flow rates up to 0.05 lbm/sec and jet fuel flow rates up to 0.62 lbm/sec. Research airflow rates up to 3 lbm/sec are possible with the 450-psig supply system over a range of inlet temperatures. Nonvitiated, heated air is supplied from a shell and tube heat exchanger. The maximum nonvitiated facility air temperature is 1100 F at 1.5 lbm/sec. Research-section exhaust temperatures are limited to 3200 F because of material and cooling capacity limits. A variety of support systems are available depending on the research hardware configuration. Test section ignition can be provided via either a hydrogen air torch system or an electronic spark system. Emissions measurements are obtained with either pneumatically or electromechanically actuated gas sample probes, and the electromechanical system allows for radial measurements at a user-specified axial location for measurement of emissions profiles. Gas analysis data can be obtained for a variety of species, including carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NO and NOx), oxygen (O2), unburnt hydrocarbons, and unburnt hydrogen. Facility control is accomplished with a programmable logic control system. Facility operations have been upgraded to a system based on graphical user interface control screens. A data system is available for real-time acquisition and monitoring of both measurements in engineering units and performance calculations. The upgrades have made RCL 23 a highly flexible facility for research into low emissions gas turbine combustor concepts, and the flame tube configuration inherently allows for a variety of fuel nozzle configurations to be tested in a cost-effective manner. RCL 23 is poised to be a leading facility for developing modern low-emission fuel nozzles for use with jet fuel and alternative fuels.

Little, James E.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Effect of oxide films on hydrogen permeability of candidate Stirling engine heater head tube alloys

The effect of oxide films developed in situ from CO/CO2 doped hydrogen on high pressure hydrogen permeability at 820 C was studied on N-155, A-286, IN 800, 19-9DL, Nitronic 40, HS-188, and IN 718 tubing in a Stirling materials simulator. The hydrogen permeability decreased with increasing dopant levels of CO or CO2 and corresponding decreases in oxide porosity. Minor reactive alloying elements strongly influenced permeability. At high levels of CO or CO2, a liquid oxide formed on alloys with greater than 50 percent Fe. This caused increased permeability. The oxides formed on the inside tube walls were analyzed and their effective permeabilities were calculated.

Schuon, S. R.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Mechanisms of degradation of graphite composites in a simulated space environment

Attention is given to degradation mechanisms for graphite/polysulfone and graphite/epoxy laminates exposed to ultraviolet and high-energy electron radiation in vacuum up to 960 equivalent sun hours and to 10 to the 9th rads, respectively. The materials showed good electron radiation stability as indicated by the low G values for gas formation and no evidence of mechanical property changes. Quantum yields for gas formation indicate poor stability to ultraviolet radiation. Mechanical property measurements did not show significant changes up to 960 ESH, with the possible exception of P1700/C6000. The main products of irradiation were identified as hydrogen and methane, along with high levels of CO and CO2.

Giori, C.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Hyperthermal atomic oxygen reactions with kapton and polyethylene

Gas phase reaction products produced by the interaction of high kinetic energy (1-3 eV) 3p ground state atomic oxygen (AO) with polyethylene and kapton were found to be H2, H2O, CO, and CO2 with NO being a possible secondary product from kapton. Hydrogen abstraction at high AO kinetic energy is postulated to be the key reaction controlling the erosion rate of kapton and polyethylene. An Arrhenius-like expression having an activation barrier of 0.4 eV can be fit to the data, which suggests that the rate limiting step in the AO/kapton reaction mechanism can be overcome by translational energy.

Cross, J. B.↗
NASA NTRS2010

Carbon Isotopes of Alkanes in Hydrothermal Abiotic Organic Synthesis Processes at High Temperatures and Pressures: An Experimental Study

Observation of methane in the Martian atmosphere has been reported by different detection techniques [1-4]. With more evidence showing extensive water-rock interaction in Martian history [5-7], abiotic formation by Fischer-Tropsch Type (FTT) synthesis during serpentization reactions may be one possible process responsible for methane generation on Mars [8, 9]. While the experimental studies performed to date leave little doubt that chemical reactions exist for the abiotic synthesis of organic compounds by mineral surface-catalyzed reactions [10-12], little is known about the reaction pathways by which CO2 and/or CO are reduced under hydrothermal conditions. Carbon and hydrogen isotope measurements of alkanes have been used as an effective tool to constrain the origin and reaction pathways of hydrocarbon formation. Alkanes generated by thermal breakdown of high molecular weight organic compounds have carbon and hydrogen isotopic signatures completely distinct from those formed abiotically [13-15]. Recent experimental studies, however, showed that different abiogenic hydrocarbon formation processes (e.g., polymerization vs. depolymerization) may have different carbon and hydrogen isotopic patterns [16]. Results from previous experiments studying decomposition of higher molecular weight organic compounds (lignite) also suggested that pressure could be a crucial factor affecting fractionation of carbon isotopes [17]. Under high pressure conditions, no experimental data are available describing fractionation of carbon isotope during mineral catalyzed FTT synthesis. Thus, hydrothermal experiments present an excellent opportunity to provide the requisite carbon isotope data. Such data can also be used to identify reaction pathways of abiotic organic synthesis under experimental conditions.

Fu, Qi↗
NASA NTRS2020

Incorporation of Nitrogen into Organics Produced by Fischer-Tropsch Type Chemistry

Laboratory simulations have demonstrated that hydrothermal systems have the potential to produce a range of organic compounds through Fischer-Tropsch type (FTT) chemistry. The distribution of products depends on several factors, including the abundance and composition of feed-stock molecules, reaction temperature, and the physical and chemical characteristics of catalytic materials included in the reactions. The majority of studies per-formed to date have focused solely on inclusion of CO2 or CO and H2 as the carbon, oxygen and hydrogen sources, which limits the possible products to hydro-carbons, alcohols and carboxylic acids. A few studies have included nitrogen in the form of ammonia, which led to the production of amino acids and nitrogenous bases; and a separate suite of studies included sulfur as sulfide minerals or H2S, which yielded products such as thiols and amino acids. Although these demonstrations provide compelling evidence that FTT reactions can produce compounds of interest for the origins of life, such reactions have been conducted under a very limited range of conditions and the synthetic reaction mechanisms have generally not been well-characterized. As a consequence, it is difficult to extrapolate these results to geologic systems or to evaluate how variations in reactant compositions would affect the distribution of products over time. We have begun a series of laboratory experiments that will incorporate a range of precursor molecules in varying compositions to determine how these variables affect the relative amounts and speciation of life-essential elements in organic molecules produced under FTT conditions. In the present work, we focus on systems containing C, H, O and N.

Burton, A. S.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

INCORPORATION OF NITROGEN INTO ORGANICS PRODUCED BY FISCHER-TROPSCH TYPE CHEMISTRY

Laboratory simulations have demonstrated that hydrothermal systems have the potential to produce a range of organic compounds through Fischer-Tropsch type (FTT) chemistry. The distribution of products depends on several factors, including the abundance and composition of feedstock molecules, reaction temperature, and the physical and chemical characteristics of catalytic materials included in the reactions. The majority of studies per-formed to date have focused solely on inclusion of CO2 or CO and H2 as the carbon, oxygen and hydrogen sources, which limits the possible products to hydrocarbons, alcohols and carboxylic acids. A few studies have included nitrogen in the form of ammonia, which led to the production of amino acids and nitrogenous bases. Although these demonstrations provide compelling evidence that FTT reactions can produce compounds of interest for the origins of life, such reactions have been conducted under a very limited range of conditions and the synthetic reaction mechanisms have generally not been well-characterized. We have begun a series of laboratory experiments that will incorporate a range of precursor molecules in varying compositions to determine how these variables affect the relative amounts and speciation of life-essential elements in organic molecules produced under FTT conditions. In the present work, we focus on systems containing C, H, O and N. Reaction mixtures contained CO (~60-80 mM), 150 mM ammonium chloride, and water with a native iron catalyst, which also served as a source of H2 through the reduction of water. Three initial experiments were conducted at 110, 154 and 185 °C and heated for several days. Following the reaction, samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

A. S. Burton↗
NASA NTRS1975

Photochemical synthesis of simple organic free radicals on simulated planetary surfaces - An ESR study

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy provided evidence for formation of hydroxyl radicals during ultraviolet photolysis (254 nm) at -170 C of H2O adsorbed on silica gel or of silica gel alone. The carboxyl radical was observed when CO or CO2 or a mixture of CO and CO2 adsorbed on silica gel at -170 C was irradiated. The ESR signals of these radicals slowly disappeared when the irradiated samples were warmed to room temperature. However, reirradiation of CO or CO2, or the mixture CO and CO2 on silica gel at room temperature then produced a new species, the carbon dioxide anion radical, which slowly decayed and was identical with that produced by direct photolysis of formic acid adsorbed on silica gel. The primary photochemical process may involve formation of hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals. Subsequent reactions of these radicals with adsorbed CO or CO2 or both yield carboxyl radicals, CO2H, the precursors of formic acid. These results confirm the formation of formic acid under simulated Martian conditions and provide a mechanistic basis for gauging the potential importance of gas-solid photochemistry for chemical evolution on other extraterrestrial bodies, on the primitive earth, and on dust grains in the interstellar medium.

Tseng, S.-S.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Di-substituted siloxane solvents for gas capture

The present disclosure provides a method for the separation of a gas constituent from a gaseous mixture. The disclosure also provides polyethylene glycol disubstituted siloxane based solvents for use in the method. These solvents are of use for pre-combustion CO2 capture and are capable of replacing glycol-based solvents while offering operation at a higher temperature region. These solvents are also of use for generation of hydrogen from reformed natural gas or syngas, adjusting CO/H2 ratio for Coal & Biomass to Liquids, removal of CO2 from syngas for coal & biomass to NH3/Fertilizer, natural gas sweetening, and upgrading of landfill and biogas.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
NASA NTRS2016

Mars Molniya Orbit Atmospheric Resource Mining

This NIAC (NASA Advanced Innovative Concepts) work will focus on Mars and will build on previous efforts at analyzing atmospheric mining at Earth and the outer solar system. Spacecraft systems concepts will be evaluated and traded, to assess feasibility. However the study will primarily examine the architecture and associated missions to explore the closure, constraints and critical parameters through sensitivity studies. The Mars atmosphere consists of 95.5 percent CO2 gas which can be converted to methane fuel (CH4) and Oxidizer (O2) for chemical rocket propulsion, if hydrogen is transported from electrolyzed water on the Mars surface or from Earth. By using a highly elliptical Mars Molniya style orbit, the CO2 atmosphere can be scooped, ram-compressed and stored while the spacecraft dips into the Mars atmosphere at periapsis. Successive orbits result in additional scooping of CO2 gas, which also serves to aerobrake the spacecraft, resulting in a decaying Molniya orbit.

mining↗