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DOE OSTI2022

DEMONSTRATION OF TWICE REDUCED LORENTZ FORCE DETUNING IN SRF CAVITY BY COPPER COLD SPRAYING

Superconducting RF (SRF) cavities usually are made of thin-wall high RRR Niobium that is susceptible to Lorentz Force Detuning (LFD) ? cavity deformation phenomena caused by high magnitude RF fields. This type of deformation can be mitigated by using an additional copper layer deposited on the outer surface of the cavity. In this paper, we present both modeling results and experimental data of high gradient test of an SRF cavity at cryogenic temperatures. It was demonstrated that LFD can be significantly reduced (factor of two) by the copper cold spray reinforcement without sacrificing cavity flexibility for tuning. We also present a finite-element model that allows us to confirm our experimental results and optimize the cavity geometry for LFD reduction with incorporated coupled RF, structural and thermal modules.

Kostin, R.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Thermal Conductivity of Electroplated Copper Onto Bulk Niobium at Cryogenic Temperatures

Superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities made of high-purity bulk niobium are widely used in modern particle accelerators. The development of metallic outer coatings with high thermal conductivity would have a beneficial impact in terms of improved thermal stability, reduced material cost and for the development of conduction-cooled, cryogen-free SRF cavities. Several high-purity, fine-grain Nb samples have been coated with 2-4 mm thick copper by electroplating. Measurements of the thermal conductivity of the bimetallic Nb/Cu samples in the range 2 ? 7 K showed values of the order of 1 kW/(m K) at 4.3 K. Very good adhesion between copper and niobium was achieved by depositing a thin Cu layer by cold spray on the niobium, prior to electroplating the bulk Cu layer.

Dhakal, P.↗

DOE OSTI2021

A new equation of state for copper

A new copper equation of state is developed utilizing the available experimental data in addition to recent theoretical calculations. Semi-empirical models are fit to the data and the results are tabulated in the SNL SESAME format. Comparison to other copper EOS tables are given, along with recommendations of which tables provide the best accuracy.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2022

Life-Cycle Inventory of Critical Materials: Nickel, Copper, Titanium, and Rare-Earth Elements

The United States has developed a list of critical minerals/materials whose sustained and reliable supply is pivotal to the robust functioning of critical industrial sectors. A key concern with these minerals is their environmental effects as a function of their production location. This requires material and energy flow details for their processing steps. This report provides a life-cycle inventory (LCI) for producing four critical minerals and/or material systems (nickel, copper, titanium, and rare-earth elements) incorporated in the updated GREET® (Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Technologies) model. For these systems, we provide an LCI as a function of production location – domestic (within the United States) and international (geographies from where the US imports these minerals). Our LCI also considers variations in ore grades for nickel and copper. This report also provides an LCI for all intermediate materials used to produce these critical materials.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Thermal Conductivity of Electroplated Copper Onto Bulk Niobium at Cryogenic Temperatures

Dhakal, P.↗

DOE OSTI2023

Half-hard copper PTW model parameters for plastic deformation calibrated to strain rates from 10 −3 -10 7 /s

This document demonstrates a calibration of the Preston-Tonks-Wallace (PTW) model of plastic deformation that fairly accurately reproduces the flow stress of half-hard copper across strain rates varying by a factor of more than ten billion. The experiments included are quasistatic compression at low rates, Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) compression at intermediate rates, and arrested Richtmyer-Meshkov instability (RMI) growth at high strain rates. The temperatures vary from liquid nitrogen (77 K) to around 500 K. The largest true strains obtained are approximately 0.5. It would be interesting to compare the results to copper deformation data at higher pressures and higher strains.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Direct Synthesis of Polyester from Biomass Derived 1,6-hexanediol using a Copper-Ceria Catalyst

Biomass derived polyesters are gaining attention due to their increased mechanical and thermal properties, and also because of their biodegradability. These polyesters are typically synthesized from polycondensation reactions between diols with dicarboxylic acids using catalysts. Other methods such as alcoholysis and acidolysis of low molecular weight esters and alcoholysis of acyl chlorides are also well known. Direct conversion of diol to ester without using dicarboxylic acid is not well known, and to our knowledge has not been reported over a solid catalyst. In this study, we report a direct synthesis of polyester from 1,6-hexanediol using a copper-ceria catalyst without using a dicarboxylic acid monomer. The copper-ceria catalysts were synthesized by incipient wetness impregnation method and characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and infrared spectroscopy (IR). Our initial studies show that 1,6-hexanediol can be converted to corresponding polyester at higher temperatures under atmospheric pressures of CO2 or N2. The reaction products were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and IR spectroscopy.

Biomass derived diols↗

DOE OSTI2022

Comparison of copper and aluminum as the thermal link material for conduction-cooled accelerator cavities

Cryocooler conduction-cooling has recently emerged as a new frontier for cryogenic cooling for superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities. In this scheme, an SRF cavity is mechanically coupled to a closed-cycle cryocooler using linkages made of high thermal conductivity metals. In this note, we compare the thermal transport properties of high purity aluminum and high purity copper as applied to SRF cavity conduction cooling. We show that copper can enable faster cooldown than aluminum from room temperature to the base temperature near 4 K and behave equally well or better during steady state cavity operation near the base temperature.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2024

Sustainable production of extracellular polymeric substances and iron or copper complex from glutinous rice processing wastewater

Essential trace minerals play vital roles in maintaining human and animal health. However, an overdose of the existing inorganic trace minerals is prone to induce detrimental effects that outweigh positive benefits. In this study, an extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)-producing bacterium, identified as Bacillus licheniformis CCTCC M2020298, was isolated from marine using glutinous rice processing wastewater as enrichment medium. The EPS yield of Bacillus licheniformis CCTCC M2020298 could reach 8.62 g/L by using glutinous rice-processing wastewater containing medium. Furthermore, the potential of the EPS as a carrier for synthesizing EPS-iron (Fe) and EPS-copper (Cu) complex was explored. The results showed that the optimum condition for the synthesis EPS-Fe were the reaction temperature 70°C, pH 8.5–9.0 and mass ratio of EPS to trisodium citrate 2:1. The iron content of EPS-Fe reached 77.4 mg/g. Under the same condition, the copper content of EPS-Cu reached 90.7 mg/g. The elemental composition, functional groups and valence state of the mineral elements of EPS-Fe and EPS-Cu were well characterized. The EPS-Fe and EPS-Cu exhibited antioxidant activity in scavenging ·OH, DPPH and ·O 2− free radicals, thereby leading to reduced oxidative stress and apoptosis levels in human colonic epithelial cells in vitro . They also inhibited the proliferation of mouse hepatocellular carcinoma H22 and the growth of intestinal pathogens in vitro . This study provided an effective avenue for EPS production from glutinous rice processing wastewater and proved the potential of EPS-Fe and EPS-Cu complexes as a new-type comprehensive essential trace mineral supplement.

Chen, Zhen↗

DOE OSTI2022

Production of GMP-Compliant Clinical Amounts of Copper-61 Radiopharmaceuticals from Liquid Targets

PET imaging has gained significant momentum in the last few years, especially in the area of oncology, with an increasing focus on metal radioisotopes owing to their versatile chemistry and favourable physical properties. Copper-61 (t1/2 = 3.33 h, 61% β+, Emax = 1.216 MeV) provides unique advantages versus the current clinical standard (i.e., gallium-68) even though, until now, no clinical amounts of 61Cu-based radiopharmaceuticals, other than thiosemicarbazone-based molecules, have been produced. This study aimed to establish a routine production, using a standard medical cyclotron, for a series of widely used somatostatin analogues, currently labelled with gallium-68, that could benefit from the improved characteristics of copper-61. We describe two possible routes to produce the radiopharmaceutical precursor, either from natural zinc or enriched zinc-64 liquid targets and further synthesis of [61Cu]Cu-DOTA-NOC, [61Cu]Cu-DOTA-TOC and [61Cu]Cu-DOTA-TATE with a fully automated GMP-compliant process. The production from enriched targets leads to twice the amount of activity (3.28 ± 0.41 GBq vs. 1.84 ± 0.24 GBq at EOB) and higher radionuclidic purity (99.97% vs. 98.49% at EOB). Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that clinical doses of 61Cu-based radiopharmaceuticals can easily be obtained in centres with a typical biomedical cyclotron optimised to produce 18F-based radiopharmaceuticals.

Fonseca, Alexandra I. (ORCID:000000031924178X)↗

DOE OSTI2021

Stabilized copper selenide thermoelectric materials and methods of fabrication thereof

A thermoelectric composition is provided that includes a nanocomposite comprising a copper selenide (Cu 2 Se) matrix having a plurality of nanoinclusions comprising copper metal selenide (CuMSe 2 ) distributed therein. M may be selected from the group consisting of: indium (In), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), and combinations thereof. The thermoelectric composition has an average figure of merit (ZT) of greater than or equal to about 1.5 at a temperature of less than or equal to about 850K (about 577° C.). Methods of making such a thermoelectric nanocomposite material by a sequential solid-state transformation of a CuSe 2 precursor are also provided.

Poudeu-Poudeu, Pierre Ferdinand↗

DOE OSTI2022

Stabilized copper selenide thermoelectric materials and methods of fabrication thereof

Poudeu-Poudeu, Pierre Ferdinand↗

DOE OSTI2023

Late Breaking Results: COPPER: Computation Obfuscation by Producing Permutations for Encoding Randomly

Deployed embedded devices face security risks due to increased ease of physical access to the devices by unauthorized users. Capable adversaries can intercept a device to recover the data in memory, including results of performed sensitive computations. Device owners require data confidentiality on their physically insecure devices. To satisfy this goal we implement a novel method, COPPER (Computation Obfuscation by Producing Permutations for Encoding Randomly), to create data which never exists on the device digitally in plaintext format and which is subsequently used for computation. In this paper we utilize COPPER to calculate a moving average computation on encoded data.

embedded systems↗

DOE OSTI2023

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SINGLE EVAPORATION TUBE UTILIZING SINTERED COPPER PARTICLE WICKING STRUCTURES

Wicking structures have been widely used within passive heat transfer devices with high heat fluxes, such as heat pipes, to enhance their thermal performance. While wicking structures promote capillary pumping of the working fluid as well as thin film evaporation, they can result in capillary evaporation and further enhances the evaporation heat transfer. In this study, a 0.5 mm thick layer of 105 microns sintered copper particles was added to the inner wall of a copper tube, aiming to enhance the heat transfer characteristics by taking advantage of capillary evaporation. Acetone was chosen as the working fluid, and the performance of an evaporation tube was tested for power inputs of 10, 30, 50, and 70 W. For each power input, trials were run at inclination angles varying from -90° and 90° to investigate the capillary effects. The temperature measurements showed that the temperature distribution along the evaporation tube is always downward sloping, meaning the temperature at the fluid inlet is larger than the outlet. Interestingly, the surface temperature at some locations is less than the outlet temperature, indicating the effect of capillary evaporation. In addition, a theoretical investigation was performed to investigate the effects of the particle size on the thermal performance of the evaporation tube and found that particle sizes affect capillary evaporation.

Wang, Pengtao↗

DOE OSTI2023

CHARACTERIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ALL–AQUEOUS COPPER THERMALLY REGENERATIVE AMMONIA BATTERY

Low temperature thermal energy is an abundant and untapped energy source for large scale electrical power and energy production around the world. Many different stationary sources such as industrial and thermal power plants produce significant amounts of low temperature heat that goes unused. The primary reason for the energy loss is because the temperature of the heat is often too low for traditional systems to economically generate power from this waste heat. Many different technologies are being researched to produce grid–scale power from low temperature heat to increase grid efficiency, advance decarbonization efforts, and progress electrical power production to a more distributed system. A thermally regenerative battery (TRB) is one promising technology in this space, as it has large power and energy densities relative to competitive technologies and therefore has the potential to disrupt the current power generation mix. TRBs combine two unit operations (a redox flow battery and a distillation column) which are easily scalable and mature, meaning that if a viable TRB chemistry can be identified, its development to pilot and commercial scale can be streamlined. The all–aqueous, copper thermally regenerative ammonia battery (Cuaq–TRAB) was the first TRB that did not use an electrodeposition/dissolution reaction by stabilizing Cu(I) and Cu(II) in the electrolyte, allowing all electroactive species to be stable in an aqueous phase. Through these electrolyte modifications, coulombic efficiency, open circuit potential, and copper solubility all increased, resulting in large gains to power density, energy density, and energy efficiency.

Cross, Nicholas↗

DOE OSTI2024

Improved thermoelectric performance of α- and β- Cu 2 Se through suppression of hole density using extrinsic copper vacancies

Modulating Cu + ion disorder in Cu 2 Se can enable control over the polymorphism and the carrier density leading to enhanced thermoelectric properties for both α- and β-Cu 2 Se. Here we report that the incorporation of Cr 3+ into the Cu 2 Se crystal lattice facilitates the stabilization of α-Cu 2 Se at 300 K leading to a large (~140%) reduction in the carrier density both below and above the phase transition. This is attributed to the reduction in the density of intrinsic copper interstitials (Cu$^{•}_{i}$) within the Cu (2-δ-λ) (Cr$^{··}_{Cu}$)λ(V$^{'}_{Cu}$)δ(Cu$^{π}_{i}$) δ-2λ (h • ) δ-2λ Se crystal lattice. Such optimization of the carrier density led to a large (63%) increase in the thermopower and a drastic (46%) reduction in the total thermal conductivity for both α- and β-Cu 2 Se matrices. Consequently, a significant enhancement of the thermoelectric performance is observed in the entire temperature range from 300 K to 773 K. This results in high average ZT values for both α-Cu 2 Se (ZT ave = 0.60) and β-Cu 2 Se (ZT ave = 0.97), which paves the way for both near room temperature and high temperatures applications. Furthermore, this work provides a new approach to optimize the thermoelectric performance of Cu 2 Se-based materials by leveraging the interaction between mobile intrinsic Cu$^{·}_{i}$ and extrinsic V$^{'}_{Cu}$ to suppress the hole density.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2024

Reduction of vanadium diffusivity within copper grain boundaries due to enhanced binding

We investigate permeation of vanadium (V) through copper (Cu) layers in V/Cu/niobium (Nb) and molybdenum (Mo)/Cu/V tri-layer composites and compare it with the permeation behavior of Nb. Despite their low solubility in single-crystal Cu, both V and Nb permeate readily due to short-circuit transport through Cu grain boundaries (GBs). However, Nb permeates preferentially to V. Atomistic simulations suggest that this difference is due to lower V diffusivity at general GBs in Cu, compared to Nb. Here, the lower V diffusivity, in turn, arises from stronger V binding to the boundary, which manifests as a greater equilibrium GB concentration as well as a higher activation energy for GB diffusion.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Comparative differential cuproproteomes of Rhodobacter capsulatus reveal novel copper homeostasis related proteins

Abstract Copper (Cu) is an essential, but toxic, micronutrient for living organisms and cells have developed sophisticated response mechanisms towards both the lack and the excess of Cu in their environments. In this study, we achieved a global view of Cu-responsive changes in the prokaryotic model organism Rhodobacter capsulatus using label-free quantitative differential proteomics. Semi-aerobically grown cells under heterotrophic conditions in minimal medium (∼0.3 μM Cu) were compared with cells supplemented with either 5 μM Cu or with 5 mM of the Cu-chelator bathocuproine sulfonate. Mass spectrometry based bottom-up proteomics of unfractionated cell lysates identified 2430 of the 3632 putative proteins encoded by the genome, producing a robust proteome dataset for R. capsulatus. Use of biological and technical replicates for each growth condition yielded high reproducibility and reliable quantification for 1926 of the identified proteins. Comparison of cells grown under Cu-excess or Cu-depleted conditions to those grown under minimal Cu-sufficient conditions revealed that 75 proteins exhibited statistically significant (p < 0.05) abundance changes, ranging from 2- to 300-fold. A subset of the highly Cu-responsive proteins was orthogonally probed using molecular genetics, validating that several of them were indeed involved in cellular Cu homeostasis.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗