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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 307 records · Page 17

Stellar winds in binary X-ray systems

It is thought that accretion from a strong stellar wind by a compact object may be responsible for the X-ray emission from binary systems containing a massive early-type primary. To investigate the effect of X-ray heating and ionization on the mass transfer process in systems of this type, an idealized model is constructed for the flow of a radiation-driven wind in the presence of an X-ray source of specified luminosity, L sub x. It is noted that for low values of L sub x, X-ray photoionization gives rise to additional ions having spectral lines with wavelengths situated near the peak of the primary continuum flux distribution. As a consequence, the radiation force acting on the gas increases in relation to its value in the absence of X-rays, and the wind is accelerated to higher velocities. As L sub x is increased, the degree of ionization of the wind increases, and the magnitude of the radiation force is diminished in comparison with the case in which L sub x = 0. This reduction leads at first to a decrease in the wind velocity and ultimately (for L sub x sufficiently large) to the termination of radiatively driven mass loss.

Macgregor, K. B.↗

Studies of compact objects with Einstein - Review and prospects

X-ray images and spectra of a wide range of systems containing compact objects were obtained with the Einstein X-ray Observatory. Accreting white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes were observed in binary systems in the Galaxy, and new constraints were derived for their formation, nature and evolution. Massive black holes were studied in active galactic nuclei, and X-ray spectra (and evolution) of AGN have led to a new model for the diffuse X-ray background.

Grindlay, Jonathan E.↗

Evidence for a massive stellar black hole in x ray Nova Muscae

We present evidence that the X-ray Nova Muscae system contains a massive, greater than 10 M solarmass, black hole. A recently measured photometric binary mass function gives the black hole mass for this system as a function of orbital inclination angle. From the spectral redshift and width of the positron annihilation gamma-ray line observed by GRANAT/SIGMA, we find the accretion disk inclination angle to be 22 deg plus or minus 18 deg. Assuming the accretion disk lies in the orbital plane of the system, the black hole mass is found to have a lower limit of 14 M solar mass although statistics are poor. This is supported by spectral modeling of combined optical/UV/x-ray/gamma-ray data and by a new Nova Muscae distance limit we derive of greater than 3 kpc. The large mass for this black hole and the high binary mass ratio it implies (greater than 20) raise a serious challenge to theoretical models of the formation and evolution of massive binaries. The gamma-ray line technique introduced here can give tight constraints on orbital parameters when high-sensitivity line measurements are made by such missions as GRO.

Chen, Wan↗

Min and max are the only continuous ampersand-, V-operations for finite logics

Experts usually express their degrees of belief in their statements by the words of a natural language (like 'maybe', 'perhaps', etc.). If an expert system contains the degrees of beliefs t(A) and t(B) that correspond to the statements A and B, and a user asks this expert system whether 'A&B' is true, then it is necessary to come up with a reasonable estimate for the degree of belief of A&B. The operation that processes t(A) and t(B) into such an estimate t(A&B) is called an &-operation. Many different &-operations have been proposed. Which of them to choose? This can be (in principle) done by interviewing experts and eliciting a &-operation from them, but such a process is very time-consuming and therefore, not always possible. So, usually, to choose a &-operation, the finite set of actually possible degrees of belief is extended to an infinite set (e.g., to an interval (0,1)), define an operation there, and then restrict this operation to the finite set. Only this original finite set is considered. It is shown that a reasonable assumption that an &-operation is continuous (i.e., that gradual change in t(A) and t(B) must lead to a gradual change in t(A&B)), uniquely determines min as an &-operation. Likewise, max is the only continuous V-operation. These results are in good accordance with the experimental analysis of 'and' and 'or' in human beliefs.

Kreinovich, Vladik↗

Parallel Battery: The Framework and Process for an Intelligent and Ecological Battery System and Related Services

The concept, framework, process methodology and applications of parallel battery were proposed from both virtual and real aspects.The parallel battery was an application of ACP-based parallel intelligence in battery and related energy system areas.The real battery system was running with its equivalent, and the artificial battery system was in a virtual space, in a parallel and interactive manner.The artificial battery system contained the descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive functions on the real battery and related energy systems.There was a closed-loop workflow between the real battery system and the artificial battery system, which iteratively optimizes the battery and related energy systems, leading to a new paradigm of intelligent and ecological parallel battery system management.

ACP approach↗

Laser Doppler And Range Systems For Spacecraft

Report discusses two types of proposed laser systems containing active transponders measuring distance (range) and line-of-sight velocity (via Doppler effect) between deep space vehicle and earth-orbiting satellite. Laser system offers diffraction advantage over microwave system. Delivers comparable power to distant receiver while using smaller transmitting and receiving antennas and less-powerful transmitter. Less subject to phase scintillations caused by passage through such inhomogeneous media as solar corona. One type of system called "incoherent" because range and Doppler measurements do not require coherence with laser carrier signals. Other type of system called "coherent" because successful operation requires coherent tracking of laser signals.

Kinman, P. W.↗

Equilibrium, stability, and orbital evolution of close binary systems

We present a new analytic study of the equilibrium and stability properties of close binary systems containing polytropic components. Our method is based on the use of ellipsoidal trial functions in an energy variational principle. We consider both synchronized and nonsynchronized systems, constructing the compressible generalizations of the classical Darwin and Darwin-Riemann configurations. Our method can be applied to a wide variety of binary models where the stellar masses, radii, spins, entropies, and polytropic indices are all allowed to vary over wide ranges and independently for each component. We find that both secular and dynamical instabilities can develop before a Roche limit or contact is reached along a sequence of models with decreasing binary separation. High incompressibility always makes a given binary system more susceptible to these instabilities, but the dependence on the mass ratio is more complicated. As simple applications, we construct models of double degenerate systems and of low-mass main-sequence star binaries. We also discuss the orbital evoltuion of close binary systems under the combined influence of fluid viscosity and secular angular momentum losses from processes like gravitational radiation. We show that the existence of global fluid instabilities can have a profound effect on the terminal evolution of coalescing binaries. The validity of our analytic solutions is examined by means of detailed comparisons with the results of recent numerical fluid calculations in three dimensions.

Lai, Dong↗

SPRITE: NF4 Saturn Probe Mission

The giant planets in our solar system contain clues to the origin of the planets and the conditions that set up terrestrial planet formation. These will be key to also understanding exoplanet systems Comparative study of Giant Planet composition and structure maps gradients in time and space in our protoplanetary disk Jupiter will be well studied after Galileo/Juno, but which of its features (core size, circulation, etc.) are unique vs universal? Cassini will leave remaining knowledge gaps about Saturn that require in situ sampling and are needed to fit into the puzzle of solar system formation

planetary Science↗

Ion–ion interactions enhance aluminum solubility in alkaline suspensions of nano-gibbsite (α-Al(OH) 3 ) with sodium nitrite/nitrate

Despite widespread industrial importance, predicting metal solubilities in highly concentrated, multicomponent aqueous solutions is difficult due to poorly understood ion–ion and ion–solvent interactions. Aluminum hydroxide solid phase solubility in concentrated sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions is one such case, with major implications for ore refining, as well as processing of radioactive waste stored at U.S. Department of Energy legacy sites, such as the Hanford Site, Washington State. The solubility of gibbsite (α-Al(OH) 3 ) is often not well predicted because other ions affect the activity of hydroxide (OH – ) and aluminate (Al(OH) 4 – ) anions. In the study reported herein, we systematically examined the influence of key anions, nitrite (NO 2 – ) and nitrate (NO 3 – ), as sodium salts on the solubility of α-Al(OH) 3 in NaOH solutions taking care to establish equilibrium from both under- and oversaturation. Rapid equilibration was enabled by use of a highly pure and crystalline synthetic nano-gibbsite of well-defined particle size and shape. Measured dissolved aluminum concentrations were compared with those predicted by an α-Al(OH) 3 solubility model derived for simple Al(OH) 4 – /OH – systems. Specific anion effects were expressed as an enhancement factor (Al enhc ) conveying the excess of dissolved aluminum. At 45 °C, NaNO 2 and NaNO 3 -containing systems exhibited Al enhc values of 2.70 and 1.88, respectively, indicating significant enhancement. The solutions were examined by Raman and high-field 27 Al NMR spectroscopy, indicating specific interactions including Al(OH) 4 – –Na + contact ion pairing and Al(OH) 4 – –NO 2 – /NO 3 – ion–ion interactions. Dynamic evolution of the α-Al(OH) 3 particles including growth and agglomeration was observed revealing the importance of dissolution/reprecipitation in establishing equilibrium. These studies indicate that incomplete ion hydration, as a result of the low water activity in these concentrated electrolytes, results in: (i) enhanced reactivity of the hydroxide ion with respect to α-Al(OH) 3 ; (ii) increased concentrations of Al(OH) 4 – in solution; and (iii) stronger ion–ion interactions that act to stabilize the supersaturated solutions. This information on the mechanisms by which α-Al(OH) 3 becomes supersaturated is essential for more energy-efficient aluminum processing technologies, including the treatment of millions of gallons of Al(OH) 4 – -rich high-level radioactive waste.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Implementation of Hybrid V-Cycle Multilevel Methods for Mixed Finite Element Systems with Penalty

The goal of this paper is the implementation of hybrid V-cycle hierarchical multilevel methods for the indefinite discrete systems which arise when a mixed finite element approximation is used to solve elliptic boundary value problems. By introducing a penalty parameter, the perturbed indefinite system can be reduced to a symmetric positive definite system containing the small penalty parameter for the velocity unknown alone. We stabilize the hierarchical spatial decomposition approach proposed by Cai, Goldstein, and Pasciak for the reduced system. We demonstrate that the relative condition number of the preconditioner is bounded uniformly with respect to the penalty parameter, the number of levels and possible jumps of the coefficients as long as they occur only across the edges of the coarsest elements.

Lai, Chen-Yao G.↗

Formation of the giant planets

The observed properties of giant planets, models of their evolution and observations of protoplanetary disks provide constraints on the formation of gas giant planets. The four largest planets in our Solar System contain considerable quantities of hydrogen and helium, which could not have condensed into solid planetesimals within the protoplanetary disk. All three (transiting) extrasolar giant planets with well determined masses and radii also must contain substantial amounts of these light gases. Jupiter and Saturn are mostly hydrogen and helium, but have larger abundances of heavier elements than does the Sun. Neptune and Uranus are primarily composed of heavier elements. HD 149026 b, which is slightly more massive than is Saturn, appears to have comparable quantities of light gases and heavy elements. HD 209458 b and TrES-1 are primarily hydrogen and helium, but may contain supersolar abundances of heavy elements. Spacecraft flybys and observations of satellite orbits provide estimates of the gravitational moments of the giant planets in our Solar System, which in turn provide information on the internal distribution of matter within Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Atmospheric thermal structure and heat flow measurements constrain the interior temperatures of planets. Internal processes may cause giant planets to become more compositionally differentiated or alternatively more homogeneous; high-pressure laboratory .experiments provide data useful for modeling these processes. The preponderance of evidence supports the core nucleated gas accretion model. According to this model, giant planets begin their growth by the accumulation of small solid bodies, as do terrestrial planets. However, unlike terrestrial planets, the growing giant planet cores become massive enough that they are able to accumulate substantial amounts of gas before the protoplanetary disk dissipates. The primary questions regarding the core nucleated growth model is under what conditions planets with small cores/total heavy element abundances can accrete gaseous envelopes within the lifetimes of gaseous protoplanetary disks.

Lissauer, Jack J.↗

Raman Lidar (RL) Instrument Handbook

The Raman lidar at the ARM Climate Research Facility (ACRF) Southern Great Plains (SGP) Central Facility (SGPRL) is an active, ground-based laser remote sensing instrument that measures height and time resolved profiles of water vapor mixing ratio and several cloud- and aerosol-related quantities. The system is a non-commercial custom-built instrument developed by Sandia National Laboratories specifically for the ARM Program. It is fully computer automated, and will run unattended for many days following a brief (~5-minute) startup period. The self-contained system (requiring only external electrical power) is housed in a climate-controlled 8’x8’x20’ standard shipping container.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Recursive dynamics for flexible multibody systems using spatial operators

Due to their structural flexibility, spacecraft and space manipulators are multibody systems with complex dynamics and possess a large number of degrees of freedom. Here the spatial operator algebra methodology is used to develop a new dynamics formulation and spatially recursive algorithms for such flexible multibody systems. A key feature of the formulation is that the operator description of the flexible system dynamics is identical in form to the corresponding operator description of the dynamics of rigid multibody systems. A significant advantage of this unifying approach is that it allows ideas and techniques for rigid multibody systems to be easily applied to flexible multibody systems. The algorithms use standard finite-element and assumed modes models for the individual body deformation. A Newton-Euler Operator Factorization of the mass matrix of the multibody system is first developed. It forms the basis for recursive algorithms such as for the inverse dynamics, the computation of the mass matrix, and the composite body forward dynamics for the system. Subsequently, an alternative Innovations Operator Factorization of the mass matrix, each of whose factors is invertible, is developed. It leads to an operator expression for the inverse of the mass matrix, and forms the basis for the recursive articulated body forward dynamics algorithm for the flexible multibody system. For simplicity, most of the development here focuses on serial chain multibody systems. However, extensions of the algorithms to general topology flexible multibody systems are described. While the computational cost of the algorithms depends on factors such as the topology and the amount of flexibility in the multibody system, in general, it appears that in contrast to the rigid multibody case, the articulated body forward dynamics algorithm is the more efficient algorithm for flexible multibody systems containing even a small number of flexible bodies. The variety of algorithms described here permits a user to choose the algorithm which is optimal for the multibody system at hand. The availability of a number of algorithms is even more important for real-time applications, where implementation on parallel processors or custom computing hardware is often necessary to maximize speed.

Jain, A.↗

Flight Results and Lessons Learned from the Starling Propulsion System

NASA’s Starling mission is a swarm of four 6U Cubesats flying in formation in Low Earth Orbit to demonstrate scalable swarm technologies, particularly related to crosslink networking. In order to maintain and modify their formation, the Starling spacecraft use a cold gas propulsion system called Hamlet, which provides each spacecraft with 30 m/s of delta-V, as well as attitude control during maneuvers. Hamlet is a fully self-contained system, incorporating propellant tanks, valves, nozzles, and control electronics. Most of the structure of Hamlet is a single piece of stereolithography-printed composite, which simplifies assembly and allows for unusual tank geometry that maximizes propellant volume in the allocated space. An extensive qualification campaign was conducted for Hamlet, including performance characterization that has been largely validated by in-flight measurements. Since the start of nominal mission operations in late summer 2023, Hamlet has conducted weekly or bi-weekly maneuvers of up to 0.29 m/s to assemble the swarm, maintain formation, and change swarm configurations as required by the experiments. Operations have not been without challenges, including a propellant leak on one unit and thrust variability issues on all four. This paper describes the design and implementation of Hamlet, as well as in-flight performance data, anomaly investigation and resolution, and lessons learned.

Starling↗

Multi-fluid, earth battery energy systems and methods

The present disclosure relates to a system for storing and time shifting at least one of excess electrical power from an electrical power grid, excess electrical power from the power plant itself, or heat from a heat generating source, in the form of pressure and heat, for future use in assisting with a production of electricity. An oxy-combustion furnace is powered by a combustible fuel source, plus excess electricity, during a charge operation to heat a reservoir system containing a quantity of a thermal storage medium. During a discharge operation, a discharge subsystem has a heat exchanger which receives heated CO 2 from the reservoir system and uses this to heat a quantity of high-pressure, supercritical CO 2 (sCO 2 ) to form very-high-temperature, high-pressure sCO 2 at a first output thereof. The very-high-temperature, high-pressure sCO 2 is used to drive a Brayton-cycle turbine, which generates electricity at a first output thereof for transmission to a power grid. The Brayton-cycle turbine also outputs a quantity of sCO 2 which is reduced in temperature and pressure to a heat recuperator subsystem. The heat recuperator subsystem circulates the sCO 2 and re-heats and re-pressurizes the sCO 2 before feeding it back to the heat exchanger to be even further reheated, and then output to the Brayton-cycle turbine as a new quantity of very-high-temperature, high-pressure sCO 2 , to assist in powering the Brayton-cycle turbine.

Buschek, Thomas A.↗

The high-pressure lithium-palladium and lithium-palladium-hydrogen systems

The lithium-palladium and lithium-palladium-hydrogen systems are investigated at high pressures at and above room temperature. Two novel lithium-palladium compounds are found below 18.7 GPa. An ambient temperature phase is tentatively assigned as $F\bar{4}3m$ Li 17 Pd 4 , with a = 17.661(1) Å at 8.64 GPa, isostructural with Li 17 Sn 4 . The other phase occurs at high-temperature and is $I\bar{4}3m$ Li 11 Pd 2 , a = 9.218(1) Å at 3.88 GPa and 200 °C, similar to Li 11 Pt 2 , which is also known at high pressure. The presence of hydrogen in the system results in an $I\bar{4}3m$ structure with a = 8.856(1) Å at 9.74 GPa. This persists up to 13.3 GPa, the highest pressure studied. Below 2 GPa an fcc phase with a large unit cell, a = 19.324(1) Å at 0.39 GPa, is also observed in the presence of hydrogen. On heating the hydrogen containing system at 4 GPa the $I\bar{4}3m$ phases persists to the melting point of lithium. In both systems melting the lithium results in the loss of crystalline diffraction from palladium containing phases. This is attributed to dissolution of the palladium in the molten lithium, and on cooling the palladium remains dispersed.

Frost, Mungo↗

TT and C - First TDRSS, Then Commercial GEO and Big LEO and Now through LEO

The advent of low earth orbit (LEO) commercial communications satellites provides an opportunity to dramatically reduce Telemetry Tracking and Control (TT&C) costs of launch vehicles and Unpiloted Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) by reducing or eliminating ground infrastructure. Personnel from the Goddard Space Flight Center Wallops Flight Facility (GSFC/WFF) in Virginia have successfully used commercial GEO & Big LEO communications satellites for Long Duration Balloon flight TT&C. In addition, TDRSS capability for these balloons has been developed by WFF for the Ultra Long Duration Balloons with the first test flight launch in January 2001 for one global circumnavigation at 120,000 feet altitude launched from Alice Springs. Australia. Numerous other low cost applications can new utilize the commercial LEO satellites for TT&C. The Flight Modern became a GSFC/WFF Advanced Range Technology Initiative (ARTI) in an effort to streamline TT&C capability to the user community at low cost. Phase I ground tests of The Flight Modem verified downlink communications quality of service and measured transmission latencies. These tests were completed last year, Phase II consisting of aircraft flight tests provide much of the data presented in this paper. Phase III of the Flight Modern baseline test program is a demonstration of the ruggedized version of the WFF Flight Modem flown on one sounding rocket launched from Sweden. Flights of opportunity have been and are being actively pursued with other centers, ranges and users at universities. The WFF goal is to reduce TT&C costs by providing a low cost COTS Flight Modem with a User Handbook containing system capability and limitation descriptions. Additionally, since data transmission is by packetized Internet Protocol (IP), data can be received and commands initialed from practically any location with no infrastructure. The WFF, like most ranges, has been using GPS receivers on sounding rockets and long duration balloons for several years, The WFF Flight Modem contains a GPS receiver to provide vehicle position for tracking and vehicle recovery. The system architecture which integrates antennas, GPS receiver, commercial satellite packet data modem. and a single board computer with custom software is described and a number of technical challenges are discussed along with the plan for their resolution. These include antenna development, high Doppler rates, reliability, environmental ruggedness, hand over between satellites and data security. An aggressive test plan is included which in addition to environmental Testing measures bit error rate latency and antenna patterns. Additional flight tests are planned far the near future on aircraft, long duration balloons and sounding rockets and these results as well as the current status of the project arc reported. Use of the WFF Flight Modem on small satellites is also being pursued. The LEO satellite constellation altitude above 1400 km is not an obstacle because most spacecraft do not require continuous Communications. The challenge is scheduling where store and forward techniques for command are required and downlink when the communications link allows connection (above 60 percent of the time depending on the satellite altitude). Sophisticated scheduling techniques utilizing 2-line orbital element sets available on the NASA/NORAD Internet site could be implemented for rare special cases. The current 9600 baud rate of the LEO communications link may be increased With special techniques that are planned for development in the WFF Flight Modem project.

Morgan, Dwayne↗

DMA Modulus as a Screening Parameter for Compatibility of Polymeric Containment Materials with Various Solutions for use in Space Shuttle Microgravity Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) Experiments

Protein crystals are grown in microgravity experiments inside the Space Shuttle during orbit. Such crystals are basically grown in a five-component system containing a salt, buffer, polymer, organic and water. During these experiments, a number of different polymeric containment materials must be compatible with up to hundreds of different PCG solutions in various concentrations for durations up to 180 days. When such compatibility experiments are performed at NASA/MSFC (Marshall Space Flight Center) simultaneously on containment material samples immersed in various solutions in vials, the samples are rather small out of necessity. DMA4 modulus was often used as the primary screening parameter for such small samples as a pass/fail criterion for incompatibility issues. In particular, the TA Instruments DMA 2980 film tension clamp was used to test rubber O-rings as small in I.D. as 0.091 in. by cutting through the cross-section at one place, then clamping the stretched linear cord stock at each end. The film tension clamp was also used to successfully test short length samples of medical/surgical grade tubing with an O.D. of 0.125 in.

Wingard, Charles Doug↗