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At least 307 records · Page 17

Flux Seasonality Metrics Database: A companion dataset for FLUXNET annual product

This dataset include standardized phenological transition dates, and derived season lengths of active, dormant and transition seasons of ecosystem carbon and energy fluxes, as reported in FLUXNET. Such metrics are unique in that they characterize the seasonal dynamics of these fluxes in their own terms rather than in reference to traditional phenology indicators that mostly relate to vegetation structural characteristics. The Flux Seasonality Metrics Database (FSMD) generated 17 standardized seasonality metrics for 4 different fluxes including gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (RE), latent heat (LE) and sensible heat (H) reported in FLUXNET2015 Dataset for about 200 sites and 1500 site-years of data globally. Each metric is reported as an estimate and a confidence interval, which is a function of data coverage and flux variability. We anticipate that the FSMD will facilitate new model validation exercises, and stimulate new research in global change and Earth science disciplines where land-atmosphere exchange dynamics play a central role.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Enabling Efficient Surveillance, Control, and Automation of Geothermal Operations with Advanced Predictive Analytics

Automation and control of geothermal energy production and operations require reliable and efficient predictive tools. While physics-based simulation offers a comprehensive tool for predicting energy production performance in geothermal systems, predicting the behavior of geothermal reservoirs involves complex multi-physics processes with coupling effects, highly uncertain input parameters and subsurface descriptions. Moreover, building, running, and integrating simulation models into standard model calibration and optimization workflows entail significant technical and computational efforts. An emerging alternative to physics-based simulation is data-driven predictive analytics models that have gained popularity in energy industry. In this report, we develop novel predictive models for integration into real-time fault diagnosis and model predictive control algorithms to improve the efficiency of energy production operations in geothermal reservoirs. The report includes two major research Thrust Areas, that is, the surface power plant and the subsurface reservoir.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

Spectrum Unfolding with the MC-15

The Multiplicity Counter 15 tube detector or MC-15 is an optimized detector designed for use in the field. It is composed of 15 3 He tubes embedded in high density polyethylene (HDPE). Recent work has explored expanding the use of the MC-15 beyond multiplicity counting to neutron dosimetry applications. Knowledge of the neutron energy spectrum information is required to use a detector as a neutron dosimeter. The MC-15 tube layout is shown in Figure 1. The unique layout makes it possible to use the detector for neutron spectroscopy via spectrum unfolding. Spectrum unfolding requires (1) energy dependence of the detector response, (2) a detector response matrix that precisely quantifies the response to mono-energetic neutrons, (3) an initial guess spectrum, (4) an unfolding algorithm, and (5) measured data (counts in the case of the MC-15). An energy dependent detector response matrix (DRM) can be constructed by considering either each of the three rows of 3 He tubes as a distinct detector or each individual tube as a distinct detector. The HDPE separating the 3 He in the MC-15 provides the distinct energy dependent response for the rows and individual tubes. In this report we detail the development of detector response matrices for the MC-15 and the application of the Los Alamos Unfolding Code (LUC) to both simulated and measured data. Three MC-15 orientations were studied: (1) standard orientation with the MC-15 front facing the source, (2) standard orientation with Cd sheet, (3) 90° orientation with the side of the MC-15 facing the source.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

University Data Management Pilot Utilizing the Nuclear Research Data System

Background In 2022, the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) issued a memo that significantly reshaped the landscape of access to federally funded research. The memo mandated that all taxpayer-funded research be made available to the public without delay upon publication, without an embargo period, superseding the 2013 OSTP public access policy. This public access policy promotes transparency and the democratization of knowledge, ensuring that the fruits of scientific endeavors funded by federal agencies could be immediately accessed and built upon by scientists, educators, students, and the public at large. To implement the requirements of the OSTP guidance and DOE Public Access Plan, the Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) has implemented public access plan guidance and has identified several areas where better data management practices would further expand public access to important nuclear energy related scientific data, reports, and other technical products. Significant NE supported efforts are already underway for data management and public access to important nuclear energy related data.1 2 To address gaps in data management practices, and improve retention and accessibility of data, NE is actively exploring enhanced data management options utilizing its high-performance computing resources administered by its Nuclear Scientific User Facility Program. A newly piloted system, the Nuclear Research Data System (NRDS) acts as a portal for data collection and dissemination. Nuclear Energy University Program Research and Development Portfolio According to Web of Science, NEUP has produced 2,345 journal publication that have been cited more than 61,000 times3 and countless conference proceedings. These publications are publicly available through OSTI.gov and in the open literature. Additional scientific and technical products including project milestones that are not publications and NEUP project final reports are vetted through OSTI.gov and released once reviewed and approved by DOE. Since 2009, NEUP has awarded close to 1,000 different R&D projects in technical areas across the NE research programs. As of June 2023, 512 NEUP reports are publicly available on OSTI. The underlying data for projects is still held at universities, and data transfer, co-location, and dissemination has not occurred in a systematic way. NEUP data is currently accessible through myriad university-based data repositories, or through direct requests to PIs. The program identified this patchwork of repositories, or often lack of publicly available data, as a significant barrier to an organized, accessible, and comprehensive solution to sharing data with the larger nuclear energy community. Approach The goal of this pilot project is to establish a pathway to a consolidated long-term repository for NEUP project data. To accomplish this goal, the pilot strives to accomplish the following objectives: Establish data collection standards, including a standard set of required supplementary information to contextualize and support raw data files. Work with the HPC group collect and upload information and to modify the NRDS system, as needed, to support a standardized approach. Resolve potential barriers to successful roll out of an expanded data collection strategy, including modifying data management plan guidelines and establishing a document and data release process that accounts for potential intellectual property and/or export control concerns. Results Overall, the pilot was successful in collecting 8,982 raw and processes data files, 220 reports, 56 calibration files, and 5,931 other supplementary documents. Supplementary documents included experimental plans, methods, journal publications and conference proceedings, milestone reports, and final reports. Figure 2 shows the number of data sets and supplementary project information provided by each project. Projects has significantly different input, depending on experimental data produced and completeness of the datasets provided.

Data collection↗

Impacts of PV Module Connector Failures on Cost and Performance of Utility Scale Photovoltaic Systems

The reliability, cost and performance of electrical connectors are a concern in all types of electrical systems, and demands on connectors used on photovoltaic (PV) systems include that connectors maintain electrical conductivity and physical strength, endure ultraviolet sunlight and high ambient temperature, and resist moisture and chemical intrusion over a very long (>25 year) performance period. Connector failures increase operation and maintenance (O&M) costs and reduce plant production, but connector failure can also cause safety and liability problems, which are of greater concern. This work results from a three-year collaboration between Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Solar Energy Technology Office (SETO) under Agreements #39035 and #38531 "Connector Reliability Across the US Solar Sector." a multi-pronged investigation of PV connector health across the US (see https://energy.sandia.gov/pvconnectors/). This report presents derivation of a Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA) that models failure modes and frequencies (how often failure occurs), estimates O&M costs and lost production associated with connector failures, and then calculates the effect that PV module connectors can have on Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE). The model is informed with initial data from quantitative assessment of failure rates, root causes and mechanisms, in-situ diagnostics and data collection, lab-based forensics, and interviews with PV connector manufacturers and plant operators. SNL conducted site inspections at multiple utility-scale sites in different climates and subjected field samples of new, used, and degraded connectors to visual and electrical characterization. EPRI conducted metallurgical analysis of the pin and sleeve conductors to study failure-induced morphological and compositional changes. There is in general a shortage of statistically valid data, but data from PVROM database maintained by SNL was sufficient to ascertain failure rates and lost production as well as provide qualitative insight in its curated maintenance records. This report details the structure of the mathematical model but the sources of data to inform the model will continue to evolve. Analysis of a 100 MW PV plant is provided as an example of the use of the model, with results indicating that connectors are responsible for Annualized O&M Costs of $\$$71,933/year; Annualized Unit O&M Costs of $\$$0.72/kW/year; that a Reserve Account of $\$$187,220 should be available to fund repairs related to connectors; that connectors add $\$$1,494,004 to the Net Present Value of the O&M Costs (project life); and that O&M related to connectors adds about $\$$0.00088/kWh to the Levelized Cost of Energy. The impact of this model is to provide a tool to make the US solar sector more robust by quantifying and monetizing the reliability risks to utility-scale PV systems posed by poorly installed, mismatched and/or poorly designed and manufactured connectors. The TEA provides a model incorporating failure statistics, O&M cost data, and lost production into a single figure of merit, informing decisions and enabling practitioners to optimize cost and performance trade-offs. Stakeholders include connector manufacturers, system designers and equipment specifiers, standards bodies, installers and O&M providers, investors and insurance underwriters. This report supports continued growth of PV predicated on assurances that properly installed and maintained PV system connectors are safe and reliable. The project team is proposing future work including accelerated testing of connectors and expanding the approach taken here to other PV system components, such as TEA for rapid shut-down devices.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

2023 Standard Scenarios Report: A U.S. Electricity Sector Outlook

This report, originally published in December 2023, has been revised in January 2024. There were three changes in the revision. First, Anthony Lopez was added as a contributing author, as he had been erroneously omitted in the original publication. Second, in appendix section A.1 the cost of upgrading a hydrogen combustion turbine from a natural gas turbine was erroneously reported as 20% when it should have been 33%. Lastly, appendix Figure A-8 was erroneously a duplication of the same figure from the Standard Scenarios 2022, it has now been updated to reflect this year’s data.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

Radiometric Testing of Germicidal UV Products, Round 1: UV-C Towers and Whole-Room Luminaires (CALiPER Summary Report)

This summary report analyzes the independently tested performance of 13 germicidal ultraviolet (GUV) products purchased between February and July 2022. A companion full report (DOE 2023) provides additional information and discussion of the tested products, test methods, and results. The products were of three different types: • Seven portable, consumer-oriented GUV towers designed to be placed on the floor or a desk of an unoccupied room to disinfect air and surfaces. Five of these products used LED sources and two products had low-pressure mercury (LPM) sources. • One GUV whole-room luminaire designed to be installed on a ceiling to disinfect air when a room is occupied. This product had LED sources. • Five GUV troffer or high-bay style whole-room luminaires designed to be installed in or suspended from a ceiling to disinfect air and surfaces when a room is unoccupied. All five had LPM sources. Product testing covered radiometric and electrical performance for all 13 products as well as photobiological safety evaluation if product documentation included testable claims. Measurement results enable comparison between products and against manufacturer or vendor claims. Testing identified numerous issues related to the accuracy of claimed GUV product performance. Claims were often untestable, contradictory, ambiguous, or used incorrect units and/or terminology. When claims were testable, they often did not match test results. For example, three LED products that claimed to emit UV-C emitted only UV-A. Product claim issues were more common among consumer-oriented tower products, but all product types exhibited problems with accurate performance claims. The UV-C radiant efficiency (calculated as UV-C output power divided by electrical input power) of the products varied widely, even among similar products using the same source technologies. For example, the UV-C radiant efficiency of LPM products varied by greater than a factor of three for the same product type, indicating a large potential energy savings opportunity for products that are better designed for efficiency. LED products had orders-of-magnitude lower UV-C radiant efficiency than LPM products. This study also identified several testing challenges and limitations. Most significant among these is the capability to accurately test and report the performance of larger GUV products. Whereas integrating spheres are used to quickly measure total radiant flux (i.e., output power) and spectral distribution, goniometers are used to measure radiant intensity distribution (from which radiant flux can be calculated). Integrating spheres require a specialized and costly coating to test UV, and the testing laboratory for this round of products had only a 20-inch diameter hemisphere with this capability. The integrating sphere accommodated just 2 of the 10 UV-C emitting products. Goniometer testing had a different size limitation in that mirrors typically used to increase goniometer test distance to the far field reflect little to no UV. As a result, the study evaluated only 6 of 13 products in the far field. Electronic files of UV-C intensity data for the other 7 products, which would typically be imported into design software for designing GUV applications, may not be reliable for predicting irradiance at arbitrary far-field distances (IES 2022a; CIE 2020). Specifiers and buyers of GUV products need accurate performance claims and data to deploy GUV technology safely and effectively. This CALiPER GUV Round 1 report demonstrates the significant education and training manufacturers and vendors still require to accurately test and report the performance of their GUV products. Further industry standards and guidelines may address testing limitations and improve test methods, product performance, and the accuracy of performance claims.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Radiometric Testing of Germicidal UV Products, Round 1: UV-C Towers and Whole-Room Luminaires (CALiPER Full Report)

This report analyzes the independently tested performance of 13 germicidal ultraviolet (GUV) products purchased between February and July 2022. The products were of three different types: • Seven portable, consumer-oriented GUV towers designed to be placed on the floor or a desk of an unoccupied room to disinfect air and surfaces. Five of these products used LED sources and two products had low-pressure mercury (LPM) sources. • One GUV whole-room luminaire designed to be installed on a ceiling to disinfect air when a room is occupied. This product had LED sources. • Five GUV troffer or high-bay style whole-room luminaires designed to be installed in or suspended from a ceiling to disinfect air and surfaces when a room is unoccupied. All five had LPM sources. Product testing covered radiometric and electrical performance for all 13 products as well as photobiological safety evaluation if product documentation included testable claims. Measurement results enable comparison between products and against manufacturer or vendor claims. Testing identified numerous issues related to the accuracy of claimed GUV product performance. Claims were often untestable, contradictory, ambiguous, or used incorrect units and/or terminology. When claims were testable, they often did not match test results. For example, three LED products that claimed to emit UV-C emitted only UV-A. Product claim issues were more common among consumer-oriented tower products, but all product types exhibited problems with accurate performance claims. The UV-C radiant efficiency (calculated as UV-C output power divided by electrical input power) of the products varied widely, even among similar products using the same source technologies. For example, the UV-C radiant efficiency of LPM products varied by greater than a factor of three for the same product type, indicating a large potential energy savings opportunity for products that are better designed for efficiency. LED products had orders-of-magnitude lower UV-C radiant efficiency than LPM products. This study also identified several testing challenges and limitations. Most significant among these is the capability to accurately test and report the performance of larger GUV products. Whereas integrating spheres are used to quickly measure total radiant flux (i.e., output power) and spectral distribution, goniometers are used to measure radiant intensity distribution (from which radiant flux can be calculated). Integrating spheres require a specialized and costly coating to test UV, and the testing laboratory for this round of products had only a 20-inch diameter hemisphere with this capability. The integrating sphere accommodated just 2 of the 10 UV-C emitting products. Goniometer testing had a different size limitation in that mirrors typically used to increase goniometer test distance to the far field reflect little to no UV. As a result, the study evaluated only 6 of 13 products in the far field. Electronic files of UV-C intensity data for the other 7 products, which would typically be imported into design software for designing GUV applications, may not be reliable for predicting irradiance at arbitrary far-field distances (IES 2022a; CIE 2020). Specifiers and buyers of GUV products need accurate performance claims and data to deploy GUV technology safely and effectively. This CALiPER GUV Round 1 report demonstrates the significant education and training manufacturers and vendors still require to accurately test and report the performance of their GUV products. Further industry standards and guidelines may address testing limitations and improve test methods, product performance, and the accuracy of performance claims.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

Updating and Refining BISON TRISO Assessment

Several advanced reactor concepts consider tristructural isotropic (TRISO) fuel in their designs. To support the advanced reactor industry, the Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) program within the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is developing modeling and simulation capabilities within the BISON fuel performance code. Assessment of these capabilities against available experi- mental data, such as the Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) program, is essential in instilling confidence in the code predictions. Associated uncertainties in model inadequacy, experimental measurements, and manufacturing are also of importance. This report discusses the updating and standardization of the existing assessment suite in BISON for TRISO fuel performance analysis. The cases considered the AGR-1, AGR-2, and AGR-3/4 experimental programs. The report also includes a preliminary investigation into the sources of model inadequacy associated with silver (Ag) release fractions using the AGR-2 Compact 2-1-2 as a case study. The results indicate that uncertainties in the operating temperatures supplied to the model and the form of those temperature conditions (spatially averaged versus spatially resolved) both affect Ag release predictions. This suggests that previously observed model inadequacy can be attributed to both physical models and the operating conditions supplied to them. These findings will be leveraged to guide development of assessment cases for additional experiments and refinement of physical models for behaviors that potentially influence Ag release, such as palladium penetration.

11 - NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

First observation of the production of three massive vector bosons and search for long-lived particles using delayed photons in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13\text{ TeV}$

This thesis presents the first observation of the production of three massive vector bosons (VVV with V = W, Z) in proton-proton collisions at the LHC at $\sqrt{s}=13\text{ TeV}$. The search was performed in final states with two same-sign charged leptons (electrons or muons) plus one or two jets, and three, four, five, or six leptons from WWW, WWZ, WZZ and ZZZ decays, with a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb -1 collected by the CMS experiment during 2016-2018. The observed (expected) significance of the combined VVV production is 5.7 (5.9) standard deviations, and the production cross section is measured to be 1010$^{+210}_{-200}$(stat) $^{+150}_{-120}$(syst) fb, corresponding to a signal strength of 1.02$^{+0.26}_{-0.23}$. We also found evidence for WWW and for WWZ production, with observed significances of 3.3 and 3.4 standard deviations, respectively. The measured production cross sections for individual VVV processes are also reported. The establishment of VVV production opens a new program of many standard model studies (such as gauge-gauge and Higgs-gauge couplings), and provides a new tool for many new physics searches (such as anomalous gauge coupling searches, new resonance searches). This thesis also reports a search for long-lived supersymmetry particles decaying to photons in proton-proton collisions at the LHC at $\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV$, with a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 77.4 fb -1 collected by CMS during 2016-2017. Results are interpreted with a gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking model, where the long-lived particle is a neutralino and the lightest supersymmetry particle is a gravitino. For neutralino proper decay lengths of 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 m, masses up to 320, 525, 360, and 215 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level, respectively. This result extends the limits from previous searches by one order of magnitude for the neutralino proper decay length and up to 100 GeV more for the neutralino mass. Motivated by the need for precision timing measurements for long-lived particle searches, as well as for improvements in general object reconstruction performance, the timing performance of two types of sensors are studied in this thesis: one with a Cerium doped Lutetium Yttrium Orthosilicate (LYSO:Ce) crystal as the scintillator and a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) as the photodetector, another with a Cadmium-Telluride sensor as the active material for a sampling calorimeter. Both setups have been demonstrated with test beams to be able to provide timing measurements of particles with a resolution below 30 ps.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

(U)SAXS characterization of porous microstructure of chert: insights into organic matter preservation

This study characterizes the microstructure and mineralogy of 132 (ODP sample), 1000 and 1880 million-year-old chert samples. By using ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS), wide-angle X-ray scattering and other techniques, the preservation of organic matter (OM) in these samples is studied. The scarce microstructural data reported on chert contrast with many studies addressing porosity evolution in other sedimentary rocks. The aim of this work is to solve the distribution of OM and silica in chert by characterizing samples before and after combustion to pinpoint the OM distribution inside the porous silica matrix. The samples are predominantly composed of alpha quartz and show increasing crystallite sizes up to 33 ± 5 nm (1σ standard deviation or SD). In older samples, low water abundances (~0.03%) suggest progressive dehydration. (U)SAXS data reveal a porous matrix that evolves over geological time, including, from younger to older samples, (1) a decreasing pore volume down to 1%, (2) greater pore sizes hosting OM, (3) decreasing specific surface area values from younger (9.3 ± 0.1 m 2 g -1 ) to older samples (0.63 ± 0.07 m 2 g -1 , 1σ SD) and (4) a lower background intensity correlated to decreasing hydrogen abundances. The pore-volume distributions (PVDs) show that pores ranging from 4 to 100 nm accumulate the greater volume fraction of OM. Raman data show aromatic organic clusters up to 20 nm in older samples. Raman and PVD data suggest that OM is located mostly in mesopores. Observed structural changes, silica–OM interactions and the hydro­phobicity of the OM could explain the OM preservation in chert.

(U)SAXS↗

MWRRETV2 Value-Added Product Report: The Retrieval of Liquid Water Path and Precipitable Water Vapor from Microwave Radiometer – 3-Channel (MWR3C) Data Sets

This report provides a short description of the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility Microwave Radiometer – 3-Channel (MWR3C) Retrieval (MWRRETV2) Value-Added Product (VAP) algorithm. MWRRETV2 is an updated version of MWRRET, which extends the physical-iterative retrieval of liquid water path (LWP) and precipitable water vapor PWV) to 3-channel microwave radiometers beyond ARM's original standard 2-channel (23-and 31-GHz) systems. The 89-GHz channel in the 3-channel microwave radiometers has approximately three times the sensitivity to liquid water as the 31-GHz channel, thus improving LWP retrieval accuracy when LWP is less than 100 g/m2. We present a general overview of the technique, input parameters, and output products, and describe data quality checks.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

A Benthic Habitat Monitoring Approach for Marine and Hydrokinetic Sites (Final Technical Report)

This final technical report summarizes the work completed as part of the Standardized and Cost-Effective Benthic Habitat Mapping and Monitoring Tools for MHK Environmental Assessments project funded by U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under contract DE-EE007826 to Integral Consulting Inc. The overall goal of this project was to demonstrate a consistent, repeatable, and semi-automated seafloor and sediment mapping approach for rapidly characterizing benthic physical and biological/habitat conditions to support marine environmental assessments for marine and hydrokinetic energy sites. The approach evaluated combines sediment profile imaging and plan view (SPI/PV) technology with multibeam echosounder surveys as an effective and low-cost benthic habitat mapping protocol. A key innovation was the development of a semi-automated computer vision system that standardizes the extraction of data from the SPI/PV images. Other elements of the project were SPI camera hardware modifications, including the design and fabrication of a prototype “power” SPI camera to improve camera prism penetration in firm substrates, and outreach to agency regulators and other stakeholders on this habitat mapping approach. This technical report consists of five main subsections that summarize: 1) the benthic mapping approach; 2) benthic mapping results from the three areas’ surveys; 3) the development and performance of the image processing algorithms; 4) SPI camera hardware improvements and prototype testing; and 5) the regulatory outreach efforts.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

Analysis of Ionic Mercury Species in SRR Samples Measured by SRNL and Eurofins FGS

Savannah River Remediation (SRR) requested the development of mercury speciation capabilities at the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) to support the Liquid Waste Operations at SRS. As part of that method development, SRR requested that SRNL Analytical Development (AD) compare their results with those obtained from their outside contract laboratory, Eurofins Frontier Global Sciences (FGS). This document reports on this method development work performed at SRNL as well as the comparative analyses conducted between the two laboratories. Development, optimization, and validation were undertaken at SRNL to produce a method for the species-specific analysis of ionic mercury. This method was developed as a secondary step to an existing method, L16.1-ADS-1579 Purgeable Mercury Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrophotometry. As such, much of the development and validation were performed in service of development of L16.1-ADS-1579. Six samples, representing two consecutive quarterly Tank 50 batches, were tested for ionic mercury by SRNL-AD and Eurofins FGS. The mean values reported by each lab for ionic mercury differed by less than one standard deviation, therefore the values reported by both labs were considered to be in agreement. SRNL-AD reported values for the six samples that differed by -5.56 mean percent, relative to Eurofins FGS. Together with comparable quality control data reported by each laboratory, these data represent a high level of agreement among both laboratories. With a viable method for ionic mercury that matches the data quality provided by outside commercial laboratories, SRNL-AD has demonstrated competency in measuring methylmercury, ethylmercury, total mercury, soluble & particulate mercury, purgeable mercury, and ionic mercury species in a variety of radioactive tank samples.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

A comprehensive spectral assay library to quantify the Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1 proteome by DIA/SWATH-MS

Data-Independent Acquisition (DIA) is a mass spectrometry-based method to reliably identify and reproducibly quantify large fractions of a target proteome. The peptide-centric data analysis strategy employed in DIA requires a priori generated spectral assay libraries. Such assay libraries allow to extract quantitative data in a targeted approach and have been generated for human, mouse, zebrafish, E. coli and few other organisms. However, a spectral assay library for the extreme halophilic archaeon Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1, a model organism that contributed to several notable discoveries, is not publicly available yet. Here, we report a comprehensive spectral assay library to measure 2,563 of 2,646 annotated H. salinarum NRC-1 proteins. We demonstrate the utility of this library by measuring global protein abundances over time under standard growth conditions. The H. salinarum NRC-1 library includes 21,074 distinct peptides representing 97% of the predicted proteome and provides a new, valuable resource to confidently measure and quantify any protein of this archaeon. Data and spectral assay libraries are available via ProteomeXchange (PXD042770, PXD042774) and SWATHAtlas (SAL00312-SAL00319).

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Considerations regarding the Use of Computer Vision Machine Learning in Safety-Related or Risk-Significant Applications in Nuclear Power Plants

With the advancements made to date in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), significant potential exists to utilize AI capabilities for nuclear power plant (NPP) applications. AI can replicate human decision making and it is usually faster and more accurate than humans. For implementations that impact critical NPP applications (e.g., safety-related or non-safety systems that potentially affect overall plant risk), a deeper safety analysis of the AI methods is necessary. AI applied to NPP operations could resemble the use of digital I&C (DI&C) because such applications involve digital computer hardware and custom-designed software that input plant data, execute complex software algorithms, and output the results to a system or licensed human operator to potentially provoke an action. For AI methods to be compliant with current safety requirements for DI&C, AI compatibility must be evaluated, and AI-related gaps may exist that prevent the prompt deployment of AI in NPPs. This effort aims to evaluate how example AI technologies align with the DI&C safety framework, and discusses how they could be analyzed, modeled, tested, and validated in a manner similar to typical DI&C technologies. Because AI is a broad field that encompasses areas such as machine learning (ML), natural language processing, and computer vision, this research focused on a subset of methods categorized as the computer vision ML (CVML) methods. This report explores two CVML use cases, gauge reading and fire watch, considered relevant to the DI&C standards, as they could play a safety-critical role. For the gauge reading use case, a CVML-enabled technology that can read gauges at oblique angles is utilized. For the fire watch use case, a CVML-enabled technology is utilized that migrates fire watch from a manual (human) approach to automated fire detection. These use cases are mainly intended to give context to the CVML system discussion. This effort assumes the worst-case scenario, with the CVML system being used to replace a safety-related or risk-significant system, thus requiring evaluation. Evaluating CVML against most of the relevant safety requirements for DI&C yielded several CVML-specific considerations due to the uniqueness of its characteristics in comparison with typical DI&C systems. For example, CVML models often employ commonly used (open-source) datasets, and it is not always possible to determine the level of overlap among open-source datasets. Therefore, the independence of the developed CVML models when demonstrating diversity is questionable, therefore creating vulnerability to common cause failure (CCF). The design verification process is also impacted since the data overlap could result in overestimation of the software validation and verification (V&V) performance results. Section 2 of this report evaluates a list of the identified CVML-specific characteristics and discusses the resulting considerations and potential solutions in the context of each referenced requirement. A summation is provided in Section 3. This report is not to be used as a guideline. It was developed to identify and consider issues in the implementation of ML technologies used to augment activities that may have a bearing on plant operation. The report draws parallels to the use of DI&C technologies, for which many standards are available to guide their use in nuclear plant operation. It considers the technologies and some of the potential implications of their use in safety-related applications but is not intended to address regulatory or licensing related issues.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Annual Site Environmental Report for Calendar Year 2024

This report provides the US Department of Energy (DOE) and the public with information on the level of radioactive and non-radioactive pollutants (if any) that are added to the environment as a result of Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory’s (PPPL) operations. This report fulfills the annual public reporting requirements of DOE Order 231.1B. The results of PPPL’s 2024 environmental surveillance and monitoring program are presented and discussed. The report also summarizes environmental initiatives, assessments, and community involvement programs that were undertaken in 2024. PPPL has engaged in fusion energy research since 1951 and at its current locations since 1958. The Laboratory’s mission is to develop the scientific knowledge and advanced engineering to enable fusion to power the US and the world, and to develop the understanding of plasmas from the nano- to the astrophysical scale. PPPL’s primary experiment, the National Spherical Torus Experiment-Upgrade (NSTX-U) is a collaboration among national laboratories, universities, and national and international research institutions and is a major element in the US Fusion Energy Sciences Program. Its design tests the physics principles of spherical torus (ST) plasmas, playing an important role in the development of smaller, more economical fusion reactors. Due to previous operational issues, NSTX-U did not operate in 2024. PPPL is engaged in a project to replace key NSTX-U components and systems to enable the operation of this international magnetic fusion user facility. In 2024, PPPL’s radiological environmental monitoring program measured tritium in the air at onsite sampling stations. Using highly sensitive air monitors, PPPL is capable of detecting small changes in the ambient levels of tritium. The operation of monitors located on D-site is used to demonstrate compliance with the National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) regulations. Also included in PPPL’s radiological environmental monitoring program, are water monitoring – ground, surface, and waste waters. PPPL’s radiological monitoring program characterized the background levels of tritium in the environment and those data are presented in this report. Ground water monitoring continued under New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection’s (NJDEP) Site Remediation Program regulations. PPPL monitored for nonradiological contaminants, mainly volatile organic compounds (components of common degreasing solvents). In 2024, PPPL complied with permit limits for surface water and sanitary wastewater discharges. PPPL was honored with an award for EPEAT-certified electronics purchasing from the Global Electronics Council on July 25, 2024.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Search for dark matter in events with missing transverse momentum and a Higgs boson decaying into two photons in pp collisions at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search for dark-matter particles in events with large missing transverse momentum and a Higgs boson candidate decaying into two photons is reported. The search uses 139 fb - 1 of proton-proton collision data collected at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the CERN LHC between 2015 and 2018. No significant excess of events over the Standard Model predictions is observed. The results are interpreted by extracting limits on three simplified models that include either vector or pseudoscalar mediators and predict a final state with a pair of dark-matter candidates and a Higgs boson decaying into two photons.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗