A theoretical method of determining the control gearing and time lag necessary for a specified damping of an aircraft equipped with a constant-time-lag autopilot
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CONTROLS - STABILITY↗
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Digital numerically controlled oscillator
The frequency and phase of an output signal from an oscillator circuit are controlled with accuracy by a digital input word. Positive and negative alterations in output frequency are both provided for by translating all values of input words so that they are positive. The oscillator reference frequency is corrected only in one direction, by adding phase to the output frequency of the oscillator. The input control word is translated to a single algebraic sign and the digital 1 is added thereto. The translated input control word is then accumulated. A reference clock signal having a frequency at an integer multiple of the desired frequency of the output signal is generated. The accumulated control word is then compared with a threshold level. The output signal is adjusted in a single direction by dividing the frequency of the reference clock signal by a first integer or by an integer different from the first integer.
Cellier, A.↗
Human operator response speed, frequency, and flexibility - A review and analysis.
Human operator manual control speed, frequency and flexibility innate limitations, suggesting techniques to overcome them
Wargo, M. J.↗
Beam-plasma instabilities and the beam-plasma discharge
Using a new waves on magnetized beams and turbulence (WOMBAT) 0-450 eV electron gun, measurements bearing on the generation of beam-plasma discharge (BPD) are made. The new gun has a narrower divergence angle than the old, and the BPD ignition current is found to be proportional to the cross-sectional area of the plasma. The high-frequency instabilities are identified with the two Trivelpiece-Gould modes, (1959). The upper frequency is identified as a Cerenkov resonance with the upper Trivelpiece-Gould mode, and the lower frequency with a cyclotron resonance with the lower mode, in agreement with theoretical expectations. Convective growth rates are found to be small. A mechanism involving the conversion of a convective instability to an absolute one by trapping of the unstable waves in the density perturbations of the low-frequency waves, is suggested for the low-frequency wave control of the onset of the high frequency precursors to the BPD.
Kellogg, P. J.↗
False lock in quadriphase receivers with unequal I- and Q-channel data rates
Results are presented concerning the noise-free false-lock problem in quadriphase receivers with unequal I-channel and Q-channel data rates. It is shown that false lock may occur when the incoming carrier frequency and the loop VCO (voltage-controlled oscillator) frequency differ by an amount that is a linear combination of a quarter of I-channel and Q-channel data rates. General expressions for the false-lock performance of quadriphase receivers are given for random as well as periodic data patterns. Specific closed-form expressions for the false-lock margin are are derived when the arm filters of the quadriphase receivers are single-pole Butterworth filters, and the format of the random data is NRZ (nonreturn-to-zero). Numerical evaluations of false-lock margin as a function of the product of 3-dB arm-filter bandwidth and symbol duration are carried out for random data using various arm filters and for different periodic I-chanel and Q-channel data patterns.
Cideciyan, Roy D.↗
Control considerations for high frequency, resonant, power processing equipment used in large systems
Addressed is a class of resonant power processing equipment designed to be used in an integrated high frequency (20 KHz domain), utility power system for large, multi-user spacecraft and other aerospace vehicles. It describes a hardware approach, which has been the basis for parametric and physical data used to justify the selection of high frequency ac as the PMAD baseline for the space station. This paper is part of a larger effort undertaken by NASA and General Dynamics to be sure that all potential space station contractors and other aerospace power system designers understand and can comfortably use this technology, which is now widely used in the commercial sector. In this paper, we will examine control requirements, stability, and operational modes; and their hardware impacts from an integrated system point of view. The current space station PMAD system will provide the overall requirements model to develop an understanding of the performance of this type of system with regard to: (1) regulation; (2) power bus stability and voltage control; (3) source impedance; (4) transient response; (5) power factor effects, and (6) limits and overloads.
Mildice, J. W.↗
Control considerations for high frequency, resonant, power processing equipment used in large systems
Addressed is a class of resonant power processing equipment designed to be used in an integrated high frequency (20 KHz domain), utility power system for large, multi-user spacecraft and other aerospace vehicles. It describes a hardware approach, which has been the basis for parametric and physical data used to justify the selection of high frequency ac as the PMAD baseline for the space station. This paper is part of a larger effort undertaken by NASA and General Dynamics to be sure that all potential space station contractors and other aerospace power system designers understand and can comfortably use this technology, which is now widely used in the commercial sector. In this paper, we will examine control requirements, stability, and operational modes; and their hardware impacts from an integrated system point of view. The current space station PMAD system will provide the overall requirements model to develop an understanding of the performance of this type of system with regard to: (1) regulation; (2) power bus stability and voltage control; (3) source impedance; (4) transient response; (5) power factor effects; and (6) limits and overloads.
Mildice, J. W.↗
Active Control of High-Frequency Combustor Instability Demonstrated
To reduce the environmental impact of aerospace propulsion systems, extensive research is being done in the development of lean-burning (low fuel-to-air ratio) combustors that can reduce emissions throughout the mission cycle. However, these lean-burning combustors have an increased susceptibility to thermoacoustic instabilities-high-pressure oscillations much like sound waves that can cause severe high-frequency vibrations in the combustor. These pressure waves can fatigue the combustor components and even the downstream turbine blades. This can significantly decrease the combustor and turbine safe operating life. Thus, suppression of the thermoacoustic combustor instabilities is an enabling technology for lean, low-emissions combustors. Under the Propulsion and Power Program, the NASA Glenn Research Center in partnership with Pratt & Whitney, United Technologies Research Center, and Georgia Institute of Technology is developing technologies for the active control of combustion instabilities.
DeLaat, John C.↗
Computationally Efficient Frequency Domain Method for Dynamic Control Derivative Estimation with Application to Transonic Truss-Braced Wing
This paper presents a computationally efficient method for dynamic control derivative estimation technique via control surface oscillation numerical experiments. Unsteady RANS CFD simulations in FUN3D are performed to simulate the control surface oscillations with a prescribed truncated square wave containing sufficient frequencies of interest. The truncated square wave oscillation offers the computational efficiency which reduces the computational cost by almost an order of magnitude compared to a sine wave oscillation. The nonlinear effect of large control surface oscillation amplitudes creates a spillover effect whereby the frequency response at the same input frequencies contains not only the linear aerodynamic response but also nonlinear aerodynamic response. A correction procedure is developed to remove the spillover effect from the linear aerodynamic response. A frequency-domain regression is performed to estimate the dynamic control derivatives after the correction. The results generally agree with the previous results obtained from the sine wave oscillation.
Stability and Control↗
A device for introducing helical perturbations into a trailing line vortex
A perturbation generator has been designed which can be attached to the centerbody of a matched airfoil type vortex generator. The device was desired to enable the introduction of helical-wave, velocity perturbations into a vortex core to permit experimental verification of theoretical vortex stability predictions. Evaluation of the perturbation generator performance, prior to vortex stability studies, has been reported here. Controlled perturbations with frequencies above 200 hz have been produced, but visual observations were insufficient to confirm their helical character. Hot wire velocity spectrum data have confirmed the device's ability to introduce controlled frequency fluctuations. In addition, other flow oscillations have been discussed which can influence the controllability of vortex perturbations.
Ash, Robert L.↗
Robust Feedback Control of Flow Induced Structural Radiation of Sound
A significant component of the interior noise of aircraft and automobiles is a result of turbulent boundary layer excitation of the vehicular structure. In this work, active robust feedback control of the noise due to this non-predictable excitation is investigated. Both an analytical model and experimental investigations are used to determine the characteristics of the flow induced structural sound radiation problem. The problem is shown to be broadband in nature with large system uncertainties associated with the various operating conditions. Furthermore the delay associated with sound propagation is shown to restrict the use of microphone feedback. The state of the art control methodologies, IL synthesis and adaptive feedback control, are evaluated and shown to have limited success for solving this problem. A robust frequency domain controller design methodology is developed for the problem of sound radiated from turbulent flow driven plates. The control design methodology uses frequency domain sequential loop shaping techniques. System uncertainty, sound pressure level reduction performance, and actuator constraints are included in the design process. Using this design method, phase lag was added using non-minimum phase zeros such that the beneficial plant dynamics could be used. This general control approach has application to lightly damped vibration and sound radiation problems where there are high bandwidth control objectives requiring a low controller DC gain and controller order.
Heatwole, Craig M.↗
A Novel Secondary Frequency Regulation with Optimal Priority Selection of AGC Contributions
Automatic generation control (AGC) is used to maintain acceptable frequencies during operation owing to fluctuations in load and variable resources. In conventional industry applications, the AGC signal is allocated to each generator according to the predispatched frequency regulation capacity or the order of economic efficiency. However, with the increasing integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs), the retirement of conventional synchronous generators (SGs) has posed new challenges to frequency control schemes because fewer of them are optional for AGC regulation. In this paper, we propose a novel model predictive control (MPC)-based frequency regulation model to reduce control cost and ensure stability, by considering different critical dynamic factors when optimally selecting the AGC units. The proposed control model – developed in a general form – comprehensively embeds characteristics such as generator ramping rates, reserve capacity, and operation cost. The model predictive control–based two-timescale AGC scheme enhances the capability of immunizing the power disturbance from types of resources by coordinating the control signals between faster IBRs and slower SGs. The case study’s proposed model is verified to be effective in synergistically enforcing different dynamic properties of AGC units into the frequency regulation scheme.
Jiang, Sufan [The University of North Carolina at ↗
An in flight investigation of pitch rate flight control systems and application of frequency domain and time domain predictive criteria
The degree of attitude control provided by current integral-proportional pitch rate command-type control systems, while a prerequisite for flared landing, is insufficient for 'Level 1' performance. The pilot requires 'surrogate' feedback cues to precisely control flight path in the landing flare. Monotonic stick forces and pilot station vertical acceleration are important cues which can be provided by means of angle-of-attack and pitch rate feedback in order to achieve conventional short period and phugoid characteristics. Integral-proportional pitch rate flight control systems can be upgraded to Level 1 flared landing performance by means of lead/lag and washout prefilters in the command path. Strong pilot station vertical acceleration cues can provide Level 1 flared landing performance even in the absence of monotonic stick forces.
Berthe, C. J.↗
Controlling interactions between high-frequency phonons and single quantum systems using phononic crystals
The ability to control phonons in solids is key in many fields of quantum science, ranging from quantum information processing to sensing. Phonons often act as a source of noise and decoherence when solid-state quantum systems interact with the phonon bath of their host matrix. In this study, we demonstrate the ability to control the phononic local density of states of the host matrix using phononic crystals and measure its positive impact on single quantum systems. We design and fabricate diamond phononic crystals with features down to around 20 nm, resulting in a high-frequency complete phononic bandgap from 50 to 70 GHz. The engineered local density of states is probed using single silicon-vacancy colour centres embedded in the phononic crystals. We observe an 18-fold reduction in the phonon-induced orbital relaxation rate of the emitters compared to bulk, thereby demonstrating that the phononic crystal suppresses spontaneous single-phonon processes. Furthermore, we show that our approach can efficiently suppress single-phonon-emitter interactions up to 20 K, allowing the investigation of multi-phonon processes in the emitters. Our results represent an important step towards the realization of efficient phonon-emitter interfaces that can be used for quantum acoustodynamics and quantum phononic networks.
quantum information↗
Enhancing Flux Expulsion Through Microstructural Control in Superconducting Radio Frequency Cavities Made from Cold-Worked Niobium
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Chetri, Santosh [Applied Superconductivity Center,↗
An extension of command shaping methods for controlling residual vibration using frequency sampling
The authors present an extension to the impulse shaping technique for commanding machines to move with reduced residual vibration. The extension, called frequency sampling, is a method for generating constraints that are used to obtain shaping sequences which minimize residual vibration in systems such as robots whose resonant frequencies change during motion. The authors present a review of impulse shaping methods, a development of the proposed extension, and a comparison of results of tests conducted on a simple model of the space shuttle robot arm. Frequency shaping provides a method for minimizing the impulse sequence duration required to give the desired insensitivity.
Singer, Neil C.↗
Optimizing an Actuator Array for the Control of Multi-Frequency Noise in Aircraft Interiors
Techniques developed for selecting an optimized actuator array for interior noise reduction at a single frequency are extended to the multi-frequency case. Transfer functions for 64 actuators were obtained at 5 frequencies from ground testing the rear section of a fully trimmed DC-9 fuselage. A single loudspeaker facing the left side of the aircraft was the primary source. A combinatorial search procedure (tabu search) was employed to find optimum actuator subsets of from 2 to 16 actuators. Noise reduction predictions derived from the transfer functions were used as a basis for evaluating actuator subsets during optimization. Results indicate that it is necessary to constrain actuator forces during optimization. Unconstrained optimizations selected actuators which require unrealistically large forces. Two methods of constraint are evaluated. It is shown that a fast, but approximate, method yields results equivalent to an accurate, but computationally expensive, method.
Palumbo, D. L.↗
Short-term frequency stability measurements of a crystal-controlled X-band source
Short term frequency stability measurements of crystal controlled X-band source - spectral measurements by oscillator and harmonic generator in vibrational environment
HARMONIC GENERATOR↗