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DOE OSTI2024

Axion baryogenesis puts a new spin on the Hubble tension

We show that a rotating axion field that makes a transition from a matterlike equation of state to a kinationlike equation of state around the epoch of recombination can significantly ameliorate the Hubble tension, i.e., the discrepancy between the determinations of the present-day expansion rate H 0 from observations of the cosmic microwave background on one hand and type Ia supernovae on the other. We consider a specific, UV-complete model of such a rotating axion and find that it can relax the Hubble tension without exacerbating tensions in determinations of other cosmological parameters, in particular the amplitude of matter fluctuations S 8 . We subsequently demonstrate how this rotating axion model can also generate the baryon asymmetry of our Universe, by introducing a coupling of the axion field to right-handed neutrinos. This baryogenesis model predicts heavy neutral leptons that are most naturally within reach of future lepton colliders, but in finely tuned regions of parameter space may also be accessible at the high-luminosity LHC and the beam dump experiment SHiP. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Co, Raymond T. (ORCID:0000000283957056)↗

DOE OSTI2025

Cosmological limits on the neutrino mass sum for beyond-Λ⁢ CDM models

The sum of neutrino masses can be measured cosmologically, as the sub-eV particles behave as “hot” dark matter whose main effect is to suppress the clustering of matter compared to a universe with the same amount of purely cold dark matter. Current astronomical data provide an upper limit on ∑𝑚 𝜈 between 0.07–0.12 eV at 95% confidence, depending on the choice of data. This bound assumes that the cosmological model is Λ Cold Dark Matter (Λ⁢ CDM), where dark energy is a cosmological constant, the spatial geometry is flat, and the primordial fluctuations follow a pure power law. Here, we update studies on how the mass limit degrades if we relax these assumptions. To existing data from the Planck satellite we add new gravitational lensing data from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, the new Type Ia supernova sample from the Pantheon+survey, and baryonic acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument. Using our fiducial data combination, described in the appendix, we find the neutrino mass limit is stable to most model extensions, with such extensions degrading the limit by less than 10%. We find a broadest bound of ∑𝑚 𝜈 < 0.19 eV at 95% confidence for a model with dynamical dark energy, although this scenario is not statistically preferred over the simpler Λ ⁢CDM model.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Isotropy of Hubble Expansion in the Early and Late Universe

We test the isotropy of Hubble expansion by combining several probes for the first time, constructing full-sky maps of expansion rate variation using Type Ia supernovae, fundamental plane galaxies, and cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature fluctuations. We find no hint of anisotropy or correlation between early- and late-Universe expansion across all systematic models. The 99% confidence upper limits on expansion rate anisotropy are 0.39% for low-redshift supernovae, 0.95% for high-redshift CMB, and 0.37% when combined at a 60-degree smoothing scale. A significant anomaly in the fundamental plane residual map may reflect systematics in the current dark energy spectroscopic instrument dataset, as evidenced by the absence of cross-correlation with other tracers and its correlation with spatial density variations.

Zhou, Alan Junzhe [Chicago U.; Chicago U., KICP] (↗

DOE OSTI2025

Model-independent measurement of the matter-radiation equality scale in DESI 2024

The peak of the matter power spectrum, known as the turnover (TO) scale, is determined by the horizon size at the time of matter-radiation equality. This scale can serve as a standard ruler, independent of other features in the matter power spectrum, such as baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO). Here, in this work, we present the first detection of the turnover in the galaxy autopower spectrum, utilizing the distribution of quasars and luminous red galaxies (LRG) measured by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) during its first year of survey operations in a model-independent manner. To avoid confirmation bias, we first analyze the data using data blinding methods designed for the DESI baryon acoustic oscillation, redshift space distortion and scale-dependent bias signals. We measure the angle-averaged dilation distance 𝐷 V ⁡(𝑧 = 1.651) = (38.1 ± 2.5)⁢𝑟 H from the quasars and 𝐷 V ⁡(𝑧 = 0.733) = (21.8 ± 1.0)⁢𝑟 H from the LRG sample in units of the horizon 𝑟 H at the matter-radiation-equality epoch. Combining these two constraints and assuming a flat Λ⁢CDM model with three standard neutrino species, we can translate this into a constraint of Ω m ⁢ℎ 2 = 0.13⁢9$^{+0.036}_{−0.046}$. We can break the Ω m −𝐻 0 degeneracy with low-redshift distance measurements from type-Ia supernova (SN) data from Pantheon+, we obtain a sound-horizon free estimate of the Hubble-Lemaître parameter of 𝐻 0 = 65.2$^{+4.9}_{−6.2}$ km/s/Mpc, consistent with sound-horizon dependent DESI measurements. On the other hand, combining the DESI BAO and TO, we find a truly DESI-only measurement of 𝐻 0 = 74.0$^{+7.2}_{−3.5}$ km/s/Mpc, in line with DESI-only full-shape results where the sound-horizon scale is marginalized out. This discrepancy in 𝐻 0 can be reconciled in a 𝑤 0 ⁢𝑤 𝑎 ⁢ CDM cosmology, where the combination of DESI BAO and TO data yields 𝐻 0 = 66.5 ± 7.2 km/s/Mpc.

cosmological parameters↗

DOE OSTI2026

Dark Energy Survey: Implications for cosmological expansion models from the final DES baryon acoustic oscillation and supernova data

The Dark Energy Survey (DES) recently released the final results of its two principal probes of the expansion history: Type Ia supernovae (SNe) and baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAO). In this paper, we explore the cosmological implications of these data in combination with external cosmic microwave background (CMB), big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), and age-of-the-Universe information. The BAO measurement, which is ∼ 2 σ away from Planck ’s Λ CDM predictions, pushes for low values of Ω m compared to Planck, in contrast to SN which prefers a higher value than Planck. We identify several tensions among datasets in the Λ CDM model that cannot be resolved by including either curvature ( k Λ CDM ) or a constant dark energy equation of state ( w CDM ). By combining BAO + SN + CMB despite these mild tensions, we obtain Ω k = - 5.5 - 4.2 + 4.6 × 10 - 3 in k Λ CDM , and w = - 0.94 8 - 0.027 + 0.028 in w CDM . In w CDM , BAO and SN push again in different directions of parameter space, favoring, respectively, w < - 1 and w > - 1 . If we open the parameter space to w 0 w a CDM [where the equation of state of dark energy varies as w ( a ) = w 0 + ( 1 - a ) w a ], all the datasets are mutually more compatible, and we find concordance in the [ w 0 > - 1 , w a < 0 ] quadrant, with BAO pushing for w a < 0 and SN for [ w 0 > - 1 , w a < 0 ] . For DES BAO and SN in combination with Planck -CMB, we find a 3.2 σ deviation from Λ CDM , with w 0 = - 0.67 3 - 0.097 + 0.098 , w a = - 1.3 7 - 0.50 + 0.51 , a Hubble constant of H 0 = 67.8 1 - 0.86 + 0.96 km s - 1 Mpc - 1 , and an abundance of matter of Ω m = 0.310 9 - 0.0099 + 0.0086 . For the combination of all the background cosmological probes considered (including CMB’s angular acoustic scale θ ⋆ ), we still find a deviation of 2.8 σ from Λ CDM in the w 0 - w a plane. Assuming a minimal neutrino mass, this work provides tentative evidence for non- Λ CDM physics, which is consistent with recent claims in support of evolving dark energy, or a source of unknown systematics.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Expansion-history preferences of DESI DR2 and external data

We explore the origin of the preference of Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Data Release 2 (DR2) baryon acoustic oscillation measurements and external data from cosmic microwave background (CMB) and type Ia supernovae (SNIa) that dark energy behavior departs from that expected in the standard cosmological model with vacuum energy (Λ ⁢CDM). In our analysis, we allow a flexible scaling of the expansion rate with redshift that nevertheless allows reasonably tight constraints on the quantities of interest, and adopt and validate a simple yet accurate compression of the CMB data that allows us to constrain our phenomenological model of the expansion history. We find that data consistently show a preference for a 3%–4% increase in the expansion rate at 𝑧 ≃ 0.7 relative to that predicted by the standard Λ⁢ CDM model, in excellent agreement with results from the less flexible (𝑤 0 ,𝑤 𝑎 ) parametrization which was used in previous analyses. Even though our model allows a departure from the best-fit Λ⁢ CDM model at zero redshift, we find no evidence for such a signal. We also find no evidence (at greater than 1⁢𝜎 significance) for a departure of the expansion rate from the Λ ⁢CDM predictions at higher redshifts for any of the data combinations that we consider. Altogether, our results strengthen the robustness of the findings using the combination of DESI, CMB, and SNIa data to dark-energy modeling assumptions.

Cosmological parameters↗

DOE OSTI2026

Fact Inventory

API to store fact iA lightweight API service built with Litestar for collecting and storing system information from remote hosts. Designed to handle large-scale concurrency, the service receives HTTP submissions of system facts and package inventory from Ansible, curl, or other client tooling.nformation

Riehecky, Pat [Fermi National Accelerator Laborato↗

DOE OSTI2024

Cellular response of keratinocytes to the entry and accumulation of nanoplastic particles

Plastic accumulation in the environment is rapidly increasing, and nanoplastics (NP), byproducts of environmental weathering of bulk plastic waste, pose a significant public health risk. Particles may enter the human body through many possible routes such as ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. However, studies on NP penetration and accumulation in human skin are limited. Loss or reduction of the keratinized skin barrier may enhance the skin penetration of NPs. The present study investigated the entry of NPs into a human skin system modeling skin with compromised barrier functions and cellular responses to the intracellular accumulations of NPs. Two in vitro models were employed to simulate human skin lacking keratinized barriers. The first model was an ex vivo human skin culture with the keratinized dermal layer (stratum corneum) removed. The second model was a 3D keratinocyte/dermal fibroblast cell co-culture model with stratified keratinocytes on the top and a monolayer of skin fibroblast cells co-cultured at the bottom. The penetration and accumulation of the NPs in different cell types were observed using fluorescent microscopy, confocal microscopy, and cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The cellular responses of keratinocytes and dermal fibroblast cells to stress induced by NPs stress were measured. The genetic regulatory pathway of keratinocytes to the intracellular NPs was identified using transcript analyses and KEGG pathway analysis. The cellular uptake of NPs by skin cells was confirmed by imaging analyses. Transepidermal transport and penetration of NPs through the skin epidermis were observed. According to the gene expression and pathway analyses, an IL-17 signaling pathway was identified as the trigger for cellular responses to internal NP accumulation in the keratinocytes. The transepidermal NPs were also found in co-cultured dermal fibroblast cells and resulted in a large-scale transition from fibroblast cells to myofibroblast cells with enhanced production of α-smooth muscle actin and pro-Collagen Ia. The upregulation of inflammatory factors and cell activation may result in skin inflammation and ultimately trigger immune responses.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2026

Data for Soil Oxygen Dynamics: A Key Mediator of Tile Drainage Impacts on Coupled Hydrological, Biogeochemical, and Crop Systems

Tile drainage removes excess water and is an essential, widely adopted management practice to enhance crop productivity in the US Midwest and throughout the world. Tile drainage has been shown to significantly change hydrological and biogeochemical cycles by lowering the water table and reducing the residence time of soil water, although examining the complex interactions and feedbacks in an integrated hydrology–biogeochemistry–crop system remains elusive. Oxygen dynamics are critical to unraveling these interactions and have been ignored or oversimplified in existing models. Understanding these impacts is essential, particularly so because tile drainage has been highlighted as an adaptation under projected wetter springs and drier summers in the changing climate in the US Midwest. We used the ecosys model that uniquely incorporates first-principle soil oxygen dynamics and crop oxygen uptake mechanisms to quantify the impacts of tile drainage on hydrological and biogeochemical cycles and crop growth in corn–soybean rotation fields. The model was validated with data from a multi-treatment, multi-year experiment in Washington, IA. The relative root mean square error (rRMSE) for the corn and soybean yield in validation is 5.66 % and 12.57 %, respectively. The Pearson coefficient (r) of the monthly tile flow during the growing season is 0.78. Plant oxygen stress turns out as an emergent property of the equilibrium between the soil oxygen supply and biological demand. The impact of tile drainage on the system is achieved through a series of coupled feedback mechanisms. The model results show that tile drainage reduces the soil water content and enhances soil oxygenation. It additionally increases the subsurface discharge and elevates inorganic nitrogen leaching, with seasonal variations influenced by climate and crop phenology. The improved aerobic condition alleviates crop oxygen stress during wet springs, thereby promoting crop root growth during the early growth stage. The development of greater root density, in turn, mitigates water stress during dry summers, leading to an overall increase in the crop yield by ∼6 %. These functions indicate the potential of tile drainage in bolstering crop resilience to climate change and the use of this modeling tool for large-scale assessments of tile drainage. The model reveals the underlying causal mechanisms that drive the agroecosystem response to drainage on the coupled hydrology, biogeochemistry, and crop system dynamics.

Modeling↗

DOE OSTI2026

AmeriFlux US-CLN Coles Farm North

This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CLN Coles Farm North. Site Description - The land was given to Iowa State University in 1974, and was a corn-soybean rotation with conventional tillage operation until 2015. In 2016, the management was moved to strip tillage corn-soybean rotation with cover crops. The field is located east of Williams, IA.

Neale, Christopher [Daugherty Water for Food Insti↗

DOE OSTI2026

AmeriFlux US-CLS Coles Farm South

This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CLS Coles Farm South. Site Description - The land was given to Iowa State University in 1974, and was a corn-soybean rotation with conventional tillage operation until 2015. In 2016, the management was moved to strip tillage corn-soybean rotation with cover crops. The field is located east of Williams, IA.

Prueger, John H. [National Laboratory for Agricult↗

DOE OSTI2025

Climate-focused Life Cycle Assessments of Biochar Production by an ARTi Pyrolysis Reactor and an Air Burners CharBoss® Air Curtain Incinerator

This report presents a limited, dynamic, consequential life cycle assessment (LCA) to compare the climate impacts of two biochar production methods using wood as a feedstock. The two methods are a pyrolysis reactor supplied by ARTi (Des Moines, IA, https://www.arti.com/) and a T26 CharBoss® air curtain incinerator supplied by Air Burners, Inc. (Palm City, FL, https://airburners.com/). The underlying LCA methodology is described in a chapter by Singh et al. (2024) and implemented in the form of a workbook freely available as online Supplementary Material for the chapter. For the convenience of the reader, a pre-print version of the relevant portions of Singh et al. (2024) is attached as Appendix A to this report. Specific assumptions and calculations to obtain the input parameters used in this LCA for each production method are described in the Methodology section below. This implementation of the LCA considers emissions associated with biomass loading, comminution and conversion, biochar decay in soil, and the production and use of bioenergy generated during the conversion process. The LCA is “limited” in that upstream emissions associated with biomass production, harvest, transportation, and land-use change, as well as embodied emissions in equipment and facilities are not considered. Similarly, downstream emissions from biochar transport and incorporation into soil (i.e., tillage), and the impact of biochar soil amendments on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (other than CO 2 from biochar decay in soil), soil organic carbon stocks, crop response, and surface albedo are not considered. As the intent is to compare different biochar production methods in a simple unbiased manner, the primary alternative biomass pathway for the LCA is immaculate combustion, which is the hypothetical instantaneous and complete conversion of carbon in the biomass to CO 2 at time zero without generation of any other greenhouse gases or aerosols (GHGAs) or any useful bioenergy. Use of this pathway provides relative values for the production methods and, when the embodied emissions are similar and the same feedstock is used, these relative values are reasonable approximations for those attained with a full LCA.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Novel High Resolution High Temperature In-Line Sensors for Steel Manufacturing

To support efficiency, productivity, yield improvements, and future industry 4.0 and SMART manufacturing objectives for a competitive and prosperous steel industry, this program has embarked on an effort to develop, demonstrate and deploy several novel sensing technologies based on fiber optics for use in production steel facilities. Over the duration of this program, our team has successfully demonstrated three of these technologies: (1) near continuous Rayliegh Scattering optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) sensing with single mode silica fibers for temperature sensing to 700 C, (2) semi-distributed fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing with multimode sapphire fibers for temperature sensing to >1600 C, and (3) remote in-situ Raman analysis for slag and flux chemistry analysis at steelmaking temperatures >1550 C. Each of these sensor and interrogation systems was developed, refined, and tested in our labs at Missouri S&T and then successfully deployed at SSAB’s production facilities at two sites, one in Montpelier, IA and one in Mobile, AL.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Queued Up: 2025 Edition – Characteristics of Power Plants Seeking Transmission Interconnection As of the End of 2024 [Slides]

Electric transmission system operators (ISOs, RTOs, or utilities) require proposed power plants seeking to connect to the transmission grid to undergo a series of impact studies before they can be built. This process establishes what new transmission equipment or upgrades may be needed before a project can connect to the system and assigns the costs of that equipment. The lists of projects in this process are known as “interconnection queues”. In collaboration with interconnection.fyi, Berkeley Lab compiled, aggregated, and cleaned interconnection queue data from >50 transmission grid operators (7 ISO/RTOs and 49 non-ISO balancing areas), which collectively represent ~97% of currently installed U.S. electric generating capacity. The dataset includes requests submitted to queues through the end of 2024, and only includes requests seeking to connect to the transmission grid (not distribution-connected or behind-the-meter projects). The files below include both a PDF report and an Excel data file. The PDF report analyzes interconnection data and metrics through the end of 2024. The Excel data file includes (a) the full project-level interconnection queue dataset through 2024, (b) a codebook (data dictionary) describing each data field, and (c) 35 additional tabs featuring tables summarizing a range of interconnection metrics. Key highlights from the Queued Up: 2025 Edition (featuring data through 2024) include: • As of the end of 2024, there were ~10,300 projects actively seeking grid interconnection in the U.S., representing 1,400 GW of generation and approximately 890 GW of storage. • Historic withdrawal rates alongside relatively fewer new requests resulted in a 12% decrease in total active queue volume compared to the prior year. • Active natural gas capacity (136 GW, +72% year-over-year) increased in 2024, while solar (956 GW, -12%), storage (890 GW, -13%), and wind (271 GW, -26%) capacity decreased. • 408 GW of capacity already has a draft or executed interconnection agreement (IA) but has not yet reached commercial operations. • The time projects spend in queues before reaching COD is increasing. For the regions with available data, the median duration from IR to COD has doubled from <2 years for projects built in 2000-2007 to over 4 years for those built in 2018-2024. • Ultimately, most of this proposed capacity will not be built. Only 13% of capacity that submitted interconnection requests from 2000-2019 had reached commercial operations by the end of 2024; 77% of that capacity had been withdrawn and 10% was still active. • FERC Order 2023 and various other reforms are being implemented. These are important measures to reduce interconnection bottlenecks and enhance grid system reliability, but it is too early to measure and assess their full impact. • New additions for the 2025 edition include: (a) additional detail on data processing and gaps; (b) updates on interconnection reforms; (c) new analysis on interconnection agreements, and more.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2025

Finch: Toxicity Dose Response Curve Prediction of Chemical Compounds and Mixtures

A paradigm shift in chemical risk assessment is emphasizing mixture testing over single compound analysis, eliminating animal testing, and adopting advanced modeling approaches to understand mixture activity profiles. However, existing computational models largely focus on single chemicals, with few effective solutions for modeling complex mixtures that account for synergistic or antagonistic effects and multiple Modes of Action (MoA). Conventional methods like concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) are insufficient for this task as they are designed for simplistic interactions and struggle to account for the dynamic and multifaceted nature of chemical mixtures, such as overlapping MoA and non-linear interactions. Finch offers a novel approach utilizing deep learning (DL) embeddings and multi-task quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models to improve chemical exposure prediction. By leveraging molecular descriptors, physiochemical properties, and large language model (LLM) embeddings from SMILES inputs, Finch preserves critical information in a latent space thereby enhancing predictive accuracy. The multi-task learning aspect of Finch is highly advantageous, as it simultaneously optimizes multiple loss functions, leveraging all available data across tasks to develop generalized representations that effectively capture complex ingredient interactions within mixtures.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

Seasonality of sea ice extent and microbarom amplitude at high-latitude IMS infrasound stations

Presentation to be delivered at CTBTO's Science and Technology 2025 conference in Vienna, Austria Sept 2025 - A prior version of this presentation has undergone SNL's IR/Sensitivity Review process (with the following classification: “Unclassified, with no sensitivities, but not authorized for widespread or public release”) and subsequent HQ IA review. All changes since that version have been minor, with no substantive changes to the content or meaning

Schaible, Loring Pratt [Sandia National Laboratori↗

DOE OSTI2025

Optimal intrinsic alignment estimators in the presence of redshift-space distortions

We present estimators for quantifying intrinsic alignments in large spectroscopic surveys that efficiently capture line-of-sight (LOS) information while being relatively insensitive to redshift-space distortions (RSD). We demonstrate that changing the LOS integration range, pimax, as a function of transverse separation outperforms the conventional choice of a single pimax value. This is further improved by replacing the flat pimax cut with a LOS weighting based on shape projection and RSD. Although these estimators incorporate additional LOS information, they are projected correlations that exhibit signal-to-noise ratios comparable to 3D correlation functions, such as the IA quadrupole. Using simulations from Abacus Summit, we evaluate these estimators and provide recommended pimax values and weights for projected separations of 1 - 100 Mpc/h. These will improve measurements of intrinsic alignments in large cosmological surveys and the constraints they provide for both weak lensing and direct cosmological applications.

cosmology↗

DOE OSTI2026

Flux Cube Reconstruction from Slitless Spectroscopy

Slitless spectroscopy enables efficient, large-area surveys without target preselection, yet it faces challenges from source blending, higher noise, and lost spatial–spectral information. We present an advanced, nonparametric, data-driven algorithm that leverages multiple dispersion angles to reconstruct three-dimensional flux distributions, providing low-resolution integral field unit capabilities from slitless data. By treating each pixel as an independent element, our method naturally handles source confusion without requiring prior assumptions regarding redshifts, templates, or model libraries. We validate the algorithm using simulated Roman Space Telescope wide-field slitless spectroscopy images that are equivalent to what is expected from the High-Latitude Time-Domain Survey. First, we demonstrate that a host-galaxy model reconstructed from multiple dispersion angles can be used to accurately subtract host light from a transient, recovering a Type Ia supernova spectrum with minimal bias. Second, we showcase a high-fidelity flux-cube reconstruction of a complex galaxy, successfully measuring the redshift and recovering continuum, emission, and absorption features. This approach highlights the potential of multi-dispersion-angle slitless data to provide spatially resolved spectral information in a nonparametric way, which is traditionally accessible only with integral field spectroscopy, opening a new window into large, unbiased, and spatially resolved studies of galaxy evolution.

Griggio, M. [Space Telescope Science Institute, Ba↗