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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 307 records · Page 17
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Streamlined approach to mapping the magnetic induction of skyrmionic materials

Recently, Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (LTEM) has helped researchers advance the emerging field of magnetic skyrmions. These magnetic quasi-particles, composed of topologically non-trivial magnetization textures, have a large potential for application as information carriers in low-power memory and logic devices. LTEM is one of a very few techniques for direct, real-space imaging of magnetic features at the nanoscale. For Fresnel-contrast LTEM, the transport of intensity equation (TIE) is the tool of choice for quantitative reconstruction of the local magnetic induction through the sample thickness. Typically, this analysis requires collection of at least three images. Here in this paper, we show that for uniform, thin, magnetic films, which includes many skyrmionic samples, the magnetic induction can be quantitatively determined from a single defocused image using a simplified TIE approach.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

AIM2 is a potential therapeutic target in human renal carcinoma and suppresses its invasion and metastasis via enhancing autophagy induction

Highlights: • Low AIM2 expression was correlated with RCC patient survival. • AIM2 suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of renal cancer cells. • AIM2 enhanced the expression of autophagy-related genes. • AIM2 exerts the anti-tumor effect via enhancing the induction of autophagy. Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) as a tumor suppressor is recently recognized to play an important role in many human solid tumors. However, the biological significance and function of AIM2 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remain unknown. In this study, we proposed to investigate the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of AIM2 in RCC patient specimens, to analyze the correlation between AIM2 expression and disease progression, and to further investigate the role and mechanism of AIM2 in malignant behaviors of renal carcinoma by cellular and animal models. The correlation analysis showed that low AIM2 expression was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis, poor 5-year overall (P < 0.05) and disease-specific survival (P < 0.05) in RCC patients. Over-expression of AIM2 in 786-O or OSRC-2 cells suppressed the cell proliferation, migration and invasion as compared with control. The increased AIM2 expression enhanced the expression of autophagy-related genes (Bcl-2, Beclin-1, LC3-Ⅱ, and ATG-5) and increased the ratio of LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰin renal carcinoma cells. Of note, the blockade of autophagy by 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) abrogated the inhibition of cell migration and invasion by over-expressing AIM2, indicated that AIM2 suppressed the malignant behaviors of renal carcinoma by enhancing the induction of autophagy. Furthermore, 3-MA abolished the prevention of tumor growth on nude mouse established by AIM2-OSRC-2 cells. Our results suggested that AIM2 might serve as a novel prognostic indicator as well as a potential therapeutic target for renal carcinoma treatment.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Toward Predicting Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patient Response to 7 + 3 Induction Chemotherapy via Diagnostic Microdosing

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rare yet deadly cancer of the blood and bone marrow. Presently, induction chemotherapy with the DNA damaging drugs cytarabine (ARA-C) and idarubicin (IDA), known as 7 + 3, is the standard of care for most AML patients. However, 7 + 3 is a relatively ineffective therapy, particularly in older patients, and has serious therapy-related toxicities. Therefore, a diagnostic test to predict which patients will respond to 7 + 3 is a critical unmet medical need. We hypothesize that a threshold level of therapy-induced 7 + 3 drug-DNA adducts determines cytotoxicity and clinical response. We further hypothesize that in vitro exposure of AML cells to nontoxic diagnostic microdoses enables prediction of the ability of AML cells to achieve that threshold during treatment. Our test involves dosing cells with very low levels of 14C-labeled drug followed by DNA isolation and quantification of drug-DNA adducts via accelerator mass spectrometry. Here, we have shown proof of principle by correlating ARA-C- and DOX-DNA adduct levels with cellular IC50 values of paired sensitive and resistant cancer cell lines and AML cell lines. Moreover, we have completed a pilot retrospective trial of diagnostic microdosing for 10 viably cryopreserved primary AML samples and observed higher ARA-C- and DOX-DNA adducts in the 7 + 3 responders than nonresponders. In conclusion, these initial results suggest that diagnostic microdosing may be a feasible and useful test for predicting patient response to 7 + 3 induction chemotherapy, leading to improved outcomes for AML patients and reduced treatment-related morbidity and mortality.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Comparison of Analytical Methods for the Determination of Uranium in Seawater Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Trace element determinations in seawater by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry are analytically challenging due to the typically very low concentrations of the trace elements and the potential interference of the salt matrix. In this study, we did a comparison for uranium analysis using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) of Sequim Bay seawater samples and three seawater certified reference materials (SLEW-3, CASS-5 and NASS-6) using seven different analytical approaches. The methods evaluated include: direct analysis, Fe/Pd reductive precipitation, standard addition calibration, online automated dilution using an external calibration with and without matrix matching, and online automated pre-concentration. The method which produced the most accurate results was the method of standard addition calibration, recovering uranium from a Sequim Bay seawater sample at 101 ± 1.2%. The on-line preconcentration method and the automated dilution with matrix-matched calibration method also performed well. The two least effective methods were the direct analysis and the Fe/Pd reductive precipitation using sodium borohydride

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Employing Long-Range Inductive Effects to Modulate Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer Photoluminescence in Homoleptic Cu(I) Complexes

Four Cu(I) bis(phenanthroline) photosensitizers formulated from a new ligand structural motif (Cu1-Cu4) coded according to their 2,9-substituents, were synthesized, structurally characterized, and fully evaluated using steady-state and time-resolved absorption and photoluminescence (PL) measurements as well as electrochemistry. The 2,9-disubstituted-3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline ligands feature the following six-membered ring systems prepared through photochemical synthesis: 4,4-dimethylcyclohexyl (1), tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl (2), tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl (3), and 4,4-difluorocyclohexyl (4). Universally, these Cu(I) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) chromophores display excited state lifetimes on the microseconds time scale at room temperature, including the three longest-lived homoleptic cuprous phenanthroline excited states measured to date in deaerated CH 2 Cl 2 , τ = 2.5 to 4.3 μs. This series of molecules also feature high PL quantum efficiencies (ΦPL = 5.3 to 12% in CH 2 Cl 2 ). Temperature-dependent PL lifetime experiments confirmed that all these molecules exhibit reverse intersystem crossing and display thermally activated delayed PL from a 1 MLCT excited state lying slightly above the 3 MLCT state, 1050 – 1490 cm -1 . Ultrafast and conventional transient absorption measurements confirmed that the PL originates from the MLCT excited state, which remains sterically arrested, preventing an excessive flattening distortion even when dissolved in Lewis basic CH 3 CN. Combined PL and electrochemical data provided evidence that Cu1-Cu4 are highly potent photoreductants (E ox * = -1.73 to -1.62 V vs. Fc +/o in CH 3 CN), whose potentials are altered solely based on which heteroatoms or substituents are resident on the 2,9-appended ring derivatives. It is proposed that long-range electronic inductive effects are responsible for the systematic modulation observed in the PL spectra, excited state lifetimes, as well as the ground state absorption spectra and redox potentials. Cu1-Cu4 quantitatively follow the energy gap law, correlating well with structurally related cuprous phenanthrolines and are also shown to triplet photosensitize the excited states of 9,10-diphenylanthracene with bimolecular rate constants ranging from 1.61 to 2.82 × 10 8 M –1 s –1 . Furthermore, the ability to tailor both photophysical and electrochemical properties using long-range inductive effects imposed by the 2,9-ring platforms advocates new directions for future MLCT chromophore discovery.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Accurate calculation of many-body energies in water clusters using a classical geometry-dependent induction model

We incorporate geometry-dependent distributed multipole and polarizability surfaces into an induction model that is used to describe the 3- and 4-body terms of the interaction between water molecules. The expansion is carried out up to hexadecapole with the multipoles distributed on the atom sites. Dipole-dipole, dipole-quadrupole, and quadrupole-quadrupole distributed polarizabilities are used to represent the response of the multipoles to an electric field. We compare the model against two large databases consisting of 43,844 3-body terms and 3,603 4-body terms obtained from high level ab initio calculations previously used to fit the MB-pol and q-AQUA interaction potentials. The classical induction model with no adjustable parameters reproduces the ab-initio 3- and 4-body terms contained in these teo Databases with a Root-Mean-Square-Error (RMSE) of 0.104/0.058 and a Mean-Absolute-Error (MAE) of 0.054/0.026 kcal/mol, respectively, results that are on a par with those obtained 1 by fitting the same data using tens of thousands of Permutationally Invariant Polynomials (PIPs). This demonstrates the accuracy of this physically motivated model in describing the 3- and 4-body terms in the interactions between water molecules with no adjustable parameters. The triple-dipole-dispersion energy was included in the 3-body energy and was found to be small but not quite negligible. The model represents a practical, efficient and transferable approach for obtaining accurate non-additive interactions for multi-component systems without the need of performing tens of thousands of high level electronic structure calculations and fitting them with tens of thousands of PIPs.

molecular analysis water, aqueous↗
DOE OSTI2026

Engineering Clostridium Tyrobutyricum for High Butanol Production through Induction Expression of Exogenous NADPH-Dependent HBD

Clostridium tyrobutyricum Δ cat 1:: adh E2 is a promising cell factory for butanol production because of its robustness, high butanol tolerance, and minimal butyrate production. However, excessive acetate and ethanol production remains a major bottleneck limiting its butanol yield. Coexpressing an exogenous hbd ( Ck ) encoding the NADPH-dependent 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (HBD) from Clostridium kluyveri with adh E2 could increase the C4 carbon flux, resulting in increased butanol and decreased acetate and ethanol production. However, constitutively overexpressing hbd ( Ck ) in Δ cat 1:: adh E2 shows little improvement in butanol yield, productivity, and selectivity, which might be caused by redox imbalance and growth inhibition. To alleviate this problem, C. tyrobutyricum MΔ cat 1:: adh E2- Pbgal-hbd ( Ck ) with a dynamic expression of hbd ( Ck ) controlled by an inducible promoter was developed. In serum bottle fermentation at 37 °C, when the hbd ( Ck ) expression was induced at 12 h or in the early exponential phase, butanol production increased ∼20% in yield (from 0.22 to 0.27 g/g glucose), 87.5% in productivity (from 0.16 to 0.30 g/L·h), and 52% in selectivity (from 0.46 to 0.70 g/g total products) compared to the control strain without expressing any hbd(Ck), whereas hbd ( Ck ) expression induced at 0 or 24 h in MΔ cat 1:: adh E2-P bgal - hbd ( Ck ) or constitutively in MΔ cat 1:: adh E2-P cat 1- hbd ( Ck ) showed significantly lower butanol yield and productivity. At 25 °C, MΔ cat 1:: adh E2-P bgal - hbd ( Ck ) with 12 h induction produced the highest butanol titer of 23 g/L with 0.32 g/g yield, 0.16 g/L·h productivity, and 0.83 g/g product selectivity due to much reduced acetate formation. Subsequent scale-up to a stirred-tank bioreactor at 37 °C increased productivity to 0.39 g/L·h while also achieving high butanol titer (21.8 g/L), yield (0.30 g/g), and selectivity (0.67 g/g). The optimized induction timing resulted in a balanced NAD(P)H pool, effectively channeling substrates toward butanol biosynthesis. It was concluded that the timing for hbd ( Ck ) expression was critical as it affected glucose catabolism, cell growth, redox balance, and carbon flux distribution. These findings underscore the potential of dynamic metabolic regulation to overcome bottlenecks in biobutanol production, providing a scalable and economically viable bioprocess for industrial application.

Clostridium tyrobutyricum↗
DOE OSTI2026

Inductance meets memory in a quantum magnet

Orbital degrees of freedom offer a largely untapped route to emergent dynamical phenomena in correlated quantum materials. However, it remains unclear whether collective orbital states can intrinsically generate both reactive and memory functionalities in a bulk system. Here we show that in the ferrimagnet Mn₃Si₂Te₆, nonequilibrium reconfiguration of chiral orbital currents produces both emergent inductance and nonvolatile memristance as intrinsic properties of a single crystal. At low frequency and under a magnetic field along the c axis, coherent orbital-current domains generate robust clockwise inductive I-V loops. At higher frequency and low field, current-driven first-order reconfiguration leads to incomplete reversal and metastable trapping, producing an intrinsic electromotive force and a finite remanent voltage at zero current. These results establish orbital currents as a class of quantum state variables that encode both reactive and memory functionalities, opening routes toward intrinsically reconfigurable and energy-efficient electronic systems.

Cao, Tristan [University of Colorado, Boulder]↗
DOE OSTI2026

Measured indoor PM2.5, black carbon, and oxidative potential before and after replacing gas with induction cooking in asthmatic households

Cooking is a major source of fine particulate matter (PM) in homes and evidence to date is inconclusive about the impact of cooking fuel on measures of residential PM exposure. The Cooking Energy and Ventilation Impacts on Children's Asthma (CEVICA) study measured cooking frequency, range hood use, indoor air quality (IAQ) and respiratory health indicators of children with asthma living in homes with gas stoves in California's San Joaquin Valley. Intensive measurements occurred over three 2-week intensive periods: at baseline and at the end of two consecutive 3-month study phases. Participants were randomly assigned to have their gas stoves replaced with electric induction at the start of Phase 1 or Phase 2. As part of the IAQ assessment, we collected particulate matter on Teflon filters using ultrasonic personal air samplers (UPAS). The filters were analyzed to quantify time-integrated PM 2.5 mass concentration, black carbon (BC) oxidative potential (OP). OP was measured using the SLF-OH assay, an acellular chemical assay that quantifies production of OH radicals in simulated lung fluid (SLF). Across all comparisons, PM 2.5 mass tended to be higher during gas cooking than induction electric cooking, although only one transition (Baseline to Phase 1) was statistically discernible at p<0.05. BC and mass-normalized OP showed no measurable differences across stove types or across phases. These preliminary findings suggest that stove fuel alone may not be the dominant determinant of indoor PM 2.5 concentrations in this sample, as previous studies have reported that indoor PM 2.5 during cooking can also be influenced by factors such as cooking practices, food and oil type, kitchen ventilation, and outdoor infiltration.

Lin, Zhuoying↗
DOE OSTI2014

Comparison of various interpretation methods of the electric probe measurements in inductively coupled Ar and O{sub 2} plasmas

In low-pressure inductively coupled argon and oxygen discharges, the plasma density and electron temperature and the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) were obtained by using a cylindrical electric probe. The plasma densities were determined by various methods to interpret the probe current-voltage characteristic curve: the EEDF integration, the electron saturation current, the ion current at the floating potential, and the orbital-motion-limited (OML) ion current. Quite a good agreement exists between the plasma densities determined by various classical methods. Although the probe technique has some limitation in electronegative plasmas, the plasma densities determined from OML theory compare well with those measured by the ion saturation current at the floating potential in the oxygen discharges. In addition, the EEDFs of inductively coupled Ar and oxygen plasmas are observed to be nearly Maxwellian at the pressure range of 1-40 mTorr.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Noise performance of magneto-inductive cables

Magneto-inductive (MI) waveguides are metamaterial structures based on periodic arrangements of inductively coupled resonant magnetic elements. They are of interest for power transfer, communications and sensing, and can be realised in a flexible cable format. Signal-to-noise ratio is extremely important in applications involving signals. Here, we present the first experimental measurements of the noise performance of metamaterial cables. We focus on an application involving radiofrequency signal transmission in internal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), where the subdivision of the metamaterial cable provides intrinsic patient safety. We consider MI cables suitable for use at 300 MHz during {sup 1}H MRI at 7 T, and find noise figures of 2.3–2.8 dB/m, together with losses of 3.0–3.9 dB/m, in good agreement with model calculations. These values are high compared to conventional cables, but become acceptable when (as here) the environment precludes the use of continuous conductors. To understand this behaviour, we present arguments for the fundamental performance limitations of these cables.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Electron energy distributions in a magnetized inductively coupled plasma

Optimizing and controlling electron energy distributions (EEDs) is a continuing goal in plasma materials processing as EEDs determine the rate coefficients for electron impact processes. There are many strategies to customize EEDs in low pressure inductively coupled plasmas (ICPs), for example, pulsing and choice of frequency, to produce the desired plasma properties. Recent experiments have shown that EEDs in low pressure ICPs can be manipulated through the use of static magnetic fields of sufficient magnitudes to magnetize the electrons and confine them to the electromagnetic skin depth. The EED is then a function of the local magnetic field as opposed to having non-local properties in the absence of the magnetic field. In this paper, EEDs in a magnetized inductively coupled plasma (mICP) sustained in Ar are discussed with results from a two-dimensional plasma hydrodynamics model. Results are compared with experimental measurements. We found that the character of the EED transitions from non-local to local with application of the static magnetic field. The reduction in cross-field mobility increases local electron heating in the skin depth and decreases the transport of these hot electrons to larger radii. The tail of the EED is therefore enhanced in the skin depth and depressed at large radii. Plasmas densities are non-monotonic with increasing pressure with the external magnetic field due to transitions between local and non-local kinetics.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Comment on “General rotating quantum vortex filaments in the low-temperature Svistunov model of the local induction approximation” [Phys. Fluids 26, 065105 (2014)]

Van Gorder considers a formulation of the local induction approximation, which allows the vortex to move in the direction of the reference axis [“General rotating quantum vortex filaments in the low-temperature Svistunov model of the local induction approximation,” Phys. Fluids 26, 065105 (2014)]. However, in his analytical and numerical study he does not use it. A mistake in the torsion of a helical vortex is also corrected.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

E-H heating mode transition in inductive discharges with different antenna sizes

The spatial distribution of plasma density and the transition power for capacitive (E) to inductive (H) mode transition are studied in planar type inductively coupled plasmas with different antenna sizes. The spatial plasma distribution has a relatively flat profile at a low gas pressure, while the plasma profile is affected by the antenna size at higher gas pressure. The transition power for the E to H mode transition is shown to be critically affected by the antenna size. When the discharge is sustained by a small one-turn antenna coil, the transition power has a minimum value at Ar gas of 20 mTorr. However, the minimum transition power is shown at a relatively high gas pressure (40–60 mTorr) in the case of a large one-turn antenna coil. This change in the transition power can be understood by the thermal transport of the energetic electrons with non-local kinetics to the chamber wall. This non-local kinetic effect indicates that the transition power can also increase even for a small antenna if the antenna is placed near the wall.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Equivalent circuit effects on mode transitions in H{sub 2} inductively coupled plasmas

It is well known experimentally that the circuit matching network plays an important role in the mode transition behavior of inductively coupled plasmas. To date, however, there have been no reports of numerical models being used to study the role of the matching circuit in the transition process. In this paper, a new two-dimensional self-consistent fluid model that couples the components of an equivalent circuit module is developed to investigate the effects of the equivalent circuit on the mode transition characteristics of an inductively coupled, hydrogen plasma. The equivalent circuit consists of a current source, impedance matching network, reactor impedance, and plasma transferred impedance. The nonlinear coupling of the external circuit with the internal plasma is investigated by adjusting the matching capacitance at a fixed input current. The electron density and temperature as well as the electromagnetic fields all change suddenly, and the E to H mode transition occurs abruptly at a certain matching capacitance as the impedance matching of the external circuit is varied. We also analyze the fields and the plasma characteristics during the transition process, especially for the case of the capacitive E mode.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Highly multiplexible thermal kinetic inductance detectors for x-ray imaging spectroscopy

For X-ray imaging spectroscopy, high spatial resolution over a large field of view is often as important as high energy resolution, but current X-ray detectors do not provide both in the same device. Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors (TKIDs) are being developed as they offer a feasible way to combine the energy resolution of transition edge sensors with pixel counts approaching CCDs and thus promise significant improvements for many X-ray spectroscopy applications. TKIDs are a variation of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) and share their multiplexibility: working MKID arrays with 2024 pixels have recently been demonstrated and much bigger arrays are under development. In this work, we present a TKID prototype, which is able to achieve an energy resolution of 75 eV at 5.9 keV, even though its general design still has to be optimized. We further describe TKID fabrication, characterization, multiplexing, and working principle and demonstrate the necessity of a data fitting algorithm in order to extract photon energies. With further design optimizations, we expect to be able to improve our TKID energy resolution to less than 10 eV at 5.9 keV.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Bulk plasma fragmentation in a C{sub 4}F{sub 8} inductively coupled plasma: A hybrid modeling study

A hybrid model is used to investigate the fragmentation of C{sub 4}F{sub 8} inductive discharges. Indeed, the resulting reactive species are crucial for the optimization of the Si-based etching process, since they determine the mechanisms of fluorination, polymerization, and sputtering. In this paper, we present the dissociation degree, the density ratio of F vs. C{sub x}F{sub y} (i.e., fluorocarbon (fc) neutrals), the neutral vs. positive ion density ratio, details on the neutral and ion components, and fractions of various fc neutrals (or ions) in the total fc neutral (or ion) density in a C{sub 4}F{sub 8} inductively coupled plasma source, as well as the effect of pressure and power on these results. To analyze the fragmentation behavior, the electron density and temperature and electron energy probability function (EEPF) are investigated. Moreover, the main electron-impact generation sources for all considered neutrals and ions are determined from the complicated C{sub 4}F{sub 8} reaction set used in the model. The C{sub 4}F{sub 8} plasma fragmentation is explained, taking into account many factors, such as the EEPF characteristics, the dominance of primary and secondary processes, and the thresholds of dissociation and ionization. The simulation results are compared with experiments from literature, and reasonable agreement is obtained. Some discrepancies are observed, which can probably be attributed to the simplified polymer surface kinetics assumed in the model.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Ion energy distributions in a pulsed dual frequency inductively coupled discharge of Ar/CF{sub 4} and effect of duty ratio

Controlling time averaged ion energy distribution (IED) is becoming increasingly important in many plasma material processing applications for plasma etching and deposition. The present study reports the evolution of ion energy distributions with radio frequency (RF) powers in a pulsed dual frequency inductively discharge and also investigates the effect of duty ratio. The discharge has been sustained using two radio frequency, low (P{sub 2 MHz} = 2 MHz) and high (P{sub 13.56 MHz} = 13.56 MHz) at a pressure of 10 mTorr in argon (90%) and CF{sub 4} (10%) environment. The low frequency RF powers have been varied from 100 to 600 W, whereas the high frequency powers from 200 to 1200 W. Typically, IEDs show bimodal structure and energy width (energy separation between the high and low energy peaks) increases with increasing P{sub 13.56 MHz}; however, it shows opposite trends with P{sub 2 MHz}. It has been observed that IEDs bimodal structure tends to mono-modal structure and energy peaks shift towards low energy side as duty ratio increases, keeping pulse power owing to mode transition (capacitive to inductive) constant.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗