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NASA NTRS2018

Design, Implementation, and Performance of the Astro-H SXS Calorimeter Array and Anticoincidence Detector

The calorimeter array of the JAXA Astro-H (renamed Hitomi) soft x-ray spectrometer (SXS) was designed to provide unprecedented spectral resolution of spatially extended cosmic x-ray sources and of all cosmic x-ray sources in the Fe-K band around 6 keV, enabling essential plasma diagnostics. The SXS had a square array of 36 x-ray calorimeters at the focal plane. These calorimeters consisted of ion-implanted silicon thermistors and HgTe thermalizing x-ray absorbers. These devices demonstrated a resolution of better than 4.5 eV at 6 keV when operated at a heat-sink temperature of 50 mK. We will discuss the basic physical parameters of this array, including the array layout, thermal conductance of the link to the heat sink, resistance function, absorber details, and means of attaching the absorber to the thermistor-bearing element. We will also present the thermal characterization of the whole array, including thermal conductance and crosstalk measurements and the results of pulsing the frame temperature via alpha particles, heat pulses, and the environmental background. A silicon ionization detector was located behind the calorimeter array and served to reject events due to cosmic rays. We will briefly describe this anticoincidence detector and its performance.

Kilbourne, Caroline A.↗
NASA NTRS2017

The Earth Observing System (EOS)

The Earth Observing System is a US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) program consisting of a science segment, a data system, and a space segment made up of a series of polar-orbiting and mid-inclination satellites for long-term monitoring of the Earth as an integrated system, including observations of the land surface, biosphere, atmosphere, cryosphere, and oceans. Initially conceived in the mid-late 1980s, it was implemented as a series of large "flagship" missions and smaller focused satellites, often in partnership with instruments and sometimes spacecraft from other nations. In 1984 NASA formed several instrument panels to develop concepts for “facility instruments” that would provide comprehensive support to the scientific and applications’ communities, each with a supporting science team competitively selected via peer-review. An Announcement of Opportunity was released in 1988 and proposals were solicited for three types of proposals: (i) instrument investigations that would include the provision of instrumentation for flight on a polar platform, including non-Earth science payloads requiring polar orbits (PI instruments), (ii) research facility instrument team member and team leader investigations for facility instruments, and (iii) interdisciplinary science investigations to provide data analysis and modeling, preparing to use data acquired from the space platforms. The initial selections made in 1989 included support for 24 instrument investigations, 6 research facility instrument investigations, and 28 interdisciplinary investigations. Although considerable changes were made over the years in the structure and orbital configuration of the various instruments and platforms, a total of 10 different missions were eventually flown, as shown in Fig. 1. These included three multiinstrument flagship platforms known as Terra (launched in 1999), Aqua (launched in 2002), and Aura (launched in 2004), where the Terra mission emphasis was primarily on land processes, Aqua on the hydrological cycle, and Aura on atmospheric chemistry. In addition to these flagship missions the EOS missions included Landsat 7 (land cover classification and change), QuikScat (wind speed and direction over the oceans), Jason-1 (ocean surface topography and sea level), ACRIMSAT (total solar irradiance (TSI)), SAGE III (stratospheric aerosol and ozone levels), ICESat (ice, cloud, and land elevation), and SORCE (Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment; total and spectral solar irradiance). In addition EOS supported CERES (an Earth radiation budget sensor) and LIS (a lightning sensor), that flew as part of the NASA/JAXA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (1997), and SeaWinds (wind speed and direction), that flew as part of the short-lived ADEOS II (Midori II, 2002) mission of JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency). The EOS contributions are too numerous to present in detail in this article, but can be viewed for convenience as a means of obtaining global measurements (with appropriate characteristics) of the 24 variables and variable groups listed in Table 1. This table was created by the EOS community in the late 1990s as a way to succinctly indicate which instruments on the various EOS platforms were expected to contribute to each of the specified variables in primary (bold), secondary (bold italics), or contributing (roman) roles. All of the science data products produced by these space missions are available without charge throughout the world, and are thus highly valued for their many contributions to applications such as air quality, fires, land cover change, and the state of the oceans, as well as for science and monitoring of the state of the Earth system and its changes over time. These and other international satellites have played a crucial role in understanding and documenting global change, including (i) global surface temperature and atmospheric temperature and water vapor profiles, (ii) glacial retreat, (iii) sea ice extent and change, (iv) solar radiation into and out of the Earth-atmosphere system, (v) atmospheric aerosol and cloud properties, (vi) sources and sinks of

ICESat↗
NASA NTRS2018

Astro-H/Hitomi Data Analysis, Processing, and Archive

Astro-H is the x-ray/gamma-ray mission led by Japan with international participation, launched on February 17, 2016. Soon after launch, Astro-H was renamed Hitomi. The payload consists of four different instruments (SXS, SXI, HXI, and SGD) that operate simultaneously to cover the energy range from 0.3 keV up to 600 keV. On March 27, 2016, JAXA lost contact with the satellite and, on April 28, they announced the cessation of the efforts to restore mission operations. Hitomi collected about one months worth of data with its instruments. This paper presents the analysis software and the data processing pipeline created to calibrate and analyze the Hitomi science data, along with the plan for the archive. These activities have been a collaborative effort shared between scientists and software engineers working in several institutes in Japan and United States.

Angelini, Lorella↗
NASA NTRS2018

Validation of a CFD Model Predicting the Effect of High Level Lateral Acceleration Sloshing on the Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in a Small-Scale Tank in Normal Gravity

A two-phase CFD model is developed to study the effects of sloshing with high level lateral acceleration on the heat transfer and pressure drop in a small scale tank. Computational results are compared to the data provided by a non-isothermal sloshing experiment without phase change conducted by T. Himeno et al. at the University of Tokyo and JAXA in 2011. The results of the current model are, also, compared to CFD predictions reported by Himeno et al. A step change in lateral acceleration was applied in the experiment. Different levels of lateral acceleration amplitude, varying between 0G and 0.5G, were considered. CFD results for interface movement and tank pressure are presented and compared in this paper to the experimental data for the case in which the value of lateral acceleration was set to 0.5G. The effects of initial and boundary conditions and turbulence modeling approach on the tank pressure change during sloshing are discussed in detail. The effect of conjugate heat transfer in the tank wall is also studied to show its important role in determining the tank pressure evolution. The results of the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) models are compared to the results of the Large Eddy Simulation model (LES) to underscore the importance of correctly capturing the effects of turbulence for high fidelity predictions.

multiphase flow↗
NASA NTRS2018

Validation of A CFD Model Predicting the Effect of High Level Lateral Acceleration Sloshing on the Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in A Small-Scale Tank in Normal Gravity

A two-phase CFD model is developed to study the effects of sloshing with high level lateral acceleration on the heat transfer and pressure drop in a small scale tank. Computational results are compared to the data provided by a non-isothermal sloshing experiment without phase change conducted by T. Himeno et al. at the University of Tokyo and JAXA in 2011 [1]. The results of the current model are, also, compared to CFD predictions reported by Himeno et al. [2]. A step change in lateral acceleration was applied in the experiment. Different levels of lateral acceleration amplitude, varying between 0G and 0.5G, were considered. CFD results for interface movement and tank pressure are presented and compared in this paper to the experimental data for the case in which the value of lateral acceleration was set to 0.5G. The effects of initial and boundary conditions and turbulence modeling approach on the tank pressure change during sloshing are discussed in detail. The effect of conjugate heat transfer in the tank wall is also studied to show its important role in determining the tank pressure evolution. The results of the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) models are compared to the results of the Large Eddy Simulation model (LES) to underscore the importance of correctly capturing the effects of turbulence for high fidelity predictions.

multiphase flow↗
NASA NTRS2018

ADR Design and Operation for the X-Ray Imaging and Spectrometer Mission (XRISM)

Following the loss of the Hitomi x-ray astronomy satellite 38 days after its launch in early 2016, the US and Japanese space agencies (NASA and JAXA) agreed to fund a replacement mission, presently called XARM. XARM will include only the two soft x-ray instruments from Hitomi, the Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS), and the Soft X-ray Imager (SXI). For XARM, the spectrometer instrument named Resolve will be rebuilt to the original SXS design. It consists of a 6x6 array of silicon microcalorimeters cooled to 50 millikelvin by means of a 3-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) whose operation is supported by a 40 liter superfluid helium tank, a 4.5 K Joule-Thomson cryocooler and a number of 2-stage Stirling cryocoolers. These components were all successfully demonstrated on Hitomi before its failure. This talk will summarize the design of the XARM ADR and how it differs from the SXS version, and will briefly summarize on-orbit ADR performance during Hitomi's operational period.

adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration↗
NASA NTRS2018

The Hayabusa2 Sample Return Mission and Its Small Carry-On Impactor Experiment

On December 3, 2014 the Hayabusa2 Spacecraft was launched by JAXA to investigate and return samples from carbonaceous Asteroid (162173) Ryugu. The spacecraft's payload contains several remote sensing instruments that are designed to characterize the asteroid's surface and to help identify scientifically interesting locations from which samples can be obtained safely. The data collected by these instruments will also help place any obtained samples in context with respect to the global characteristics of Ryugu. In addition to the suite of remote sensing instruments and the sampling device, Hayabusa2 also includes a small carry-on impactor (SCI) payload experiment, which is designed to impact the surface of the asteroid and excavate fresh material for subsequent collection. The SCI consists of a 30 cm diameter 2 kg copper disk that is accelerated by an explosive charge into the surface of Ryugu at approximately 2 km/s. The resultant crater formed during this experiment is estimated to be approximately between 2 - 10 meters in diameter with an ejecta blanket extending to 10 - 100 meters on the asteroid. Hayabusa2 will not be able to observe the impact experiment directly due to considerations of spacecraft safety since there is some risk of collisions with debris from the explosion and ejecta from the crater. However, prior to moving safely away, the spacecraft will deploy a small imaging system called Deployable Camera 3 (DCAM3). DCAM3 will detach from Hayabusa2 just before the detonation of the SCI and will image the moment of impact, crater formation, and ejecta propagation. These data will be transmitted to Hayabusa2 and will help constrain the near-surface properties of Ryugu and also impact scaling laws for small bodies in low gravity environments. These data could also be useful for gaining insights into determining asteroid physical properties from higher velocity impact events (e.g., DART and HERA data of Didymos).

Abell, Paul A.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Curating NASA's Past, Present, and Future Extraterrestrial Sample Collections

As codified in NASA Policy Directive 7100.10F, the Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office at NASA Johnson Space Center (hereafter JSC Curation) is charged with curation of all extraterrestrial material under NASA control, including future NASA missions. JSC Curation curates all or part of nine astromaterial collections in seven clean room suites: (1) Apollo Samples (1969; ISO 6-7), (2) Luna Samples (from USSR; 1972; ISO 7), (3) Antarctic Meteorites (1976; ISO 7), (4) Cosmic Dust (1981; ISO 5), (5) Microparticle Impact Collection (formerly called Space Exposed Hardware; 1985; ISO 5), (6) Genesis Solar Wind Atoms (2004; ISO 4); (7) Stardust Comet Particles (2006; ISO 5), (8) Stardust Interstellar Particles (2006; ISO 5), (9) Hayabusa Asteroid Particles (from JAXA; 2010; ISO 5). In addition to the labs that house the samples, we have installed and maintained a wide variety of facilities and infrastructure required to support the clean-rooms: more than 10 different HEPA-filtered air-handling systems, ultrapure dry gaseous nitrogen systems, an ultrapure water system (UPW) and cleaning facilities to provide clean tools and equipment for the labs. We also have sample preparation facilities for making thin sections, microtome sections, and even focused ion-beam (FIB) sections to meet the research requirements of scientists. To ensure that we are keeping the samples as pristine as possible, we routinely monitor the cleanliness of our clean rooms and infrastructure systems. This monitoring includes: daily monitoring of the quality of our UPW, weekly airborne particle counts in the labs, monthly monitoring of the stable isotope composition of the gaseous N2 system, and annual measurements of inorganic or organic contamination in processing cabinets. We track within our databases the current and ever-changing characteristics of more than 250,000 individual samples across our various collections (including the 19,141 samples on loan to 433 Principal Investigators in 24 countries). The next sample return missions that NASA will participate in are Hayabusa2 and OSIRIS-REx (Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource Identification Security - Regolith Explorer). The designs for a new state-of-the-art suite of clean rooms to house these samples at JSC have been finalized. This includes separate ISO class 5 clean rooms to house each collection, a common ISO class 7 area for general use, an ISO class 7 microtome laboratory, and a separate thin section lab. Additionally, a new cleaning facility is being designed and procedures developed that will allow for enhanced cleaning of cabinets and tools in an inorganically, organically, and biologically clean manner. We are also designing a large multi-purpose Advanced Curation laboratory that will allow us to develop the techniques necessary to fully support the Hayabusa2 and OSIRIS-REx missions, as well as future possible sample return missions (e.g., Lunar Polar Volatiles, Mars, Comet Surface). A micro-CT (micro Computed Tomography) laboratory dedicated to the study of astromaterials has come online within JSC Curation, and we plan to add additional facilities that will enable non-destructive (or minimally-destructive) analyses of astromaterials in the near future (e.g., micro-XRF (micro X-Ray Fluorescence), confocal imaging Raman Spectroscopy). These facilities will be available to: (1) develop sample handling and storage techniques for future sample return missions, (2) be utilized by PET (Positron Emission Tomography) for future sample return missions, (3) for retroactive PET-style analyses of our existing collections, and (4) for periodic assessments of the existing sample collections.

Zeigler, Ryan A.↗
NASA NTRS2018

AMSR2 Soil Moisture Downscaling Using Temperature and Vegetation Data

Soil moisture (SM) applications in terrestrial hydrology require higher spatial resolution soil moisture products than those provided by passive microwave remote sensing instruments (grid resolution of 9 km or larger). In this investigation, an innovative algorithm that uses visible/infrared remote sensing observations to downscale Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) coarse spatial resolution SM products was developed and implemented for use with data provided by the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2). The method is based on using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) modulated relationships between day/night SM and temperature change at corresponding times. Land surface model output variables from the North America Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS), remote sensing data from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) were used in this methodology. The functional relationships developed using NLDAS data at a grid resolution of 12.5 km were applied to downscale AMSR2 JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) SM product (25 km) using MODIS land surface temperature (LST) and NDVI observations (1 km) to produce the 1 km SM estimates. The downscaled SM estimates were validated by comparing them with ISMN (International Soil Moisture Network) in situ SM in the Black Bear-Red Rock watershed, central Oklahoma between 2015-2017. The overall statistical variables of the downscaled AMSR2 SM validation R2, slope, RMSE and bias, demonstrate good accuracy. The downscaled SM better characterized the spatial and temporal variability of SM at watershed scales than the original SM product.

AMSR2; passive microwave soil moisture; soil moist↗
NASA NTRS2018

Experimental Investigation of Roughness Effects on Transition on Blunt Spherical Capsule Shapes

The present contribution reviews recent experimental results of roughness effects on boundary layer transition on capsule geometries with spherical windward geometries. Experiments in three wind tunnel facilities are considered. The ACE Tunnel of Texas AM University, USA, provided Mach 6 experiments with distributed roughness at relatively low Reynolds numbers, 2.5 · 10(exp 5) < Re(sub d) < 5 · 10(exp 5), with d denoting the capsule diameter. The observed boundary layer transition compared well with correlations based on transient growth theory, even though the roughness heights were in the order of boundary layer thickness. Larger Reynolds numbers, 1 · 10(exp 6) < Re(sub d) < 3·10(exp 6), could be assessed in the hypersonic Ludwieg tube, HLB, of TU Braunschweig, Germany. Transition is observed at rather low, subcritical roughness values in the order of 20 μm for a roughness patch placed about the geometric center of the capsule model. These experiments varied fluctuation levels of the freestream. The authors assume that the observed transitions that occur downstream of the subcritical roughness patch are due to freestream disturbances in the tunnel, which interact with small roughness heights. Additional experiments in the HLB facility with patches of larger roughness height support the relevance of transient growth theory for low-to-medium roughness heights, relative to boundary layer thickness. The effects of Reynolds numbers and total flow enthalpy on transition with isolated roughness were investigated in the HIEST facility of JAXA, Japan. Here, a model insert with roughness elements of varying height for tripping transition to turbulence was employed. The results are compared to known trip effectiveness correlations for isolated roughness. Overall, the transient growth correlation seems to represent roughness-induced transition behavior on the ACE and HLB entry capsule shapes with roughness over the entire capsule surface. These experiment are however for perfect gases. Comparable experiments on roughness induced transition in a high-enthalpy facility are still needed to confirm the validity of transient-growth correlation for vehicle design.

Radespiel, Rolf↗
NASA NTRS2018

Levitation Experiments on ISS: Science and Applications

Levitation experiments on the International Space Station (ISS) are ongoing. The European Space Agency (ESA) Materials Science Laboratory Electromagnetic Levitator (MSL-EML) has been in operation since 2015. US investigators are on several of the European Topical Teams and have been heavily involved with the experiments since 2009. The experiments include magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) modeling of macro-convection, the effects of convection on microstructure, investigation of metallic glass formation, and much more. Recently NASA selected four proposals to the MaterialsLab NASA Research Announcement (NRA) for experiments on the Japan Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) Electrostatic Levitation Furnace (ELF), which was launched to the ISS in 2015. It is estimated that the four US investigators will have flight experiments on ELF within the next few years. The experiments range from a novel method to measure interfacial tension to investigations of thermophysical properties of metals, metal oxides, and non-linear optical materials. Using the MSL-EML and ELF, US investigators are studying a wide range of NASA exploration-relevant materials. Levitation experiments enable exploration in many ways. For example, high quality thermophysical properties of high-temperature materials are critical to develop accurate models of casting, welding, and metal additive manufacturing, which could lead to more efficient and more reliable production of metallic parts for exploration, commercial, and industrial applications. High-quality thermophysical properties could also lead to the development of functional oxide glass and optical materials. In many cases, the accuracy of available property data is the limiting factor in the predictive capabilities of the models. Many thermophysical properties can be measured in a levitator on Earth, but with convective contamination. This contamination plays a significant role in the formation of the intermediate phases. In particular, nucleation and viscosity measurements demand quiescent conditions that can only be attained in microgravity-based levitation systems. A brief overview of the ongoing and planned levitation experiments on the ISS will be presented, followed by the exploration-relevance.

SanSoucie, Michael P.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Assimilating GCOM-W AMSR2 Radiance Data in Future GEOS Reanalysis

Surface and atmospheric radiation are being measured by space-borne conical scanning microwave radiometers with high accuracy and spatial resolution since 1980s'. These radiometers include Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) onboard various NOAA's polar-orbiting satellites, Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) onboard Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites, and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2), Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI), and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) onboard NASA and JAXA's satellites. Atmospheric temperature, humidity, clouds, and precipitation are retrieved using brightness temperature data at frequencies between 22 GHz – 183 GHz. Some of the brightness temperature and retrieved rain rate data made by these imagers are assimilated in NASA Global Modelling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)'s weather and climate data sets including the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) and its version 2 (MERRA-2) data sets. However, those radiance data are assimilated with the Goddard Earth Observing System model, version 5 (GEOS-5) only in clear-sky conditions. Recently, we started assimilate GPM/GMI radiance data with GEOS-5's atmospheric data assimilation system GSI under all-sky conditions in order to have better constraints in analyzed hydrological properties. GMAO plans to assimilate more microwave radiometers' brightness temperature data in its analyses. In this talk, we will discuss TMI and AMSR2 data's impact in temperature, humidity, clouds and precipitation under all-sky conditions in future GEOS reanalysis.

Jin, Jianjun↗
NASA NTRS2016

International Space Station (ISS) Payload Autonomous Operations Past, Present and Future

Draper Laboratorys Timeliner is a scripting and automation system that runs onboard computers in the International Space Station (ISS). Timeliner is fully integrated with ISS and can be used to automate ISS operations tasks. Some of the most challenging aspects of operating a payload in low earth orbit are communication delays, ground equipment failures, and human errors. How does a Payload Developer (PD) know their equipment is operating nominally and collecting science in the most efficient way possible or even powered at any given time? During a ground Loss of Signal (LOS) data outage, PDs have no insight into their experiments state, and benefit greatly from Timeliner scripts executing on ISS to perform telemetry monitoring and commanding operations. This paper will discuss current software designs, and new operational uses for Timeliner. Existing Timeliner capabilities discussed will include: autonomous EXPRESS Rack activation and deactivation; autonomous science data downlinks; Minus Eighty Degree Freezer (MELFI) Dewar autonomous safing; JAXA and ESA module autonomous payload facility safing; as well as many others. New operational concepts discussed will include allowing Timeliner on the payload computer to issue core commands (Thermal, Power, Fire Detection), creation of new ground tools that will monitor the current status of Payload Racks as well as all the messaging from autonomous scripts executing, decreasing approval time for Timeliner bundles, and opening up the Payload MDM Enhanced Processor Integrated Communications Card (EPIC) interface. The EPIC interface could provide a new crew interface for PL Timeliner execution. The new interface could operate on either a Payload Computer System (PCS) or a Station Support Computer (SSC) that is plugged into either the Payload LAN or the Operations LAN which will make communicating to the PL MDM more flexible and greatly increase band width for communication.

Space Mission Automation↗
NASA NTRS2019

The GPM GV Program

We present a detailed overview of the structure and activities associated with the NASA-led ground validation component of the NASA-JAXA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The overarching philosophy and approaches for NASA’s GV program are presented with primary focus placed on aspects of direct validation and a summary of physical validation campaigns and results. We describe a spectrum of key instruments, methods, field campaigns and data products developed and used by NASA’s GV team to verify GPM level-2 precipitation products in rain and snow. We describe the tools and analysis framework used to confirm that NASA’s Level-1 science requirements for GPM are met by the GPM Core Observatory. Examples of routine validation activities related to verification of Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) products for two different regions of the globe (Korea and the U.S.) are provided, and a brief analysis related to IMERG performance in the extreme rainfall event associated with Hurricane Florence is discussed.

Radar↗
NASA NTRS2019

An Update on GPM and TRMM Data Services at NASA GES DISC

The Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) Data and Information Services Center (DISC) is home to data archives of the NASA-JAXA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), and other NASA missions and projects. To maximize the use of NASA data products in scientific research and applications as well as for societal benefits, we provide data and information services that make datasets easy to find and use through simplification of data access for users at all levels around the world. Over the years, user-friendly data services have been developed at GES DISC, including data subsetting, format conversion, online visualization and analysis (i.e. Giovanni), user support system, etc. We routinely analyze questions, feedback, and use cases from users and algorithm developers around the world as well as best practices and new technology to improve existing services and formulate new data services. Interaction between users and algorithm developers is an important process for identifying issues in products, collecting user requirements, and improving product quality and usability. Staff members regularly communicate with algorithm developers with user questions and concerns through conferences and workshops. We publish peer-reviewed papers and articles in major Earth science journals and book chapters to describe NASA global and regional precipitation datasets and services with examples. News articles about GPM and TRMM datasets associated with significant events are regularly posted in the GES DISC Web portal and social media. We also actively participate in training activities. In this presentation, we present our latest activities about GPM and TRMM data services, data/service metrics, and future plans at GES DISC.

Liu, Z.↗
NASA NTRS2019

Online Visualization and Analysis of NASA Satellite-Based Global and Regional Precipitation Products Through Giovanni

Observational data are essential for Earth science research and applications. Traditional ground-based observations suffer from many limitations (e.g. costly deployment). As a result, data are often sparse and inconsistent, especially over vast oceans that cover nearly 71% of the Earth's surface, and for remote continents. Precipitation is one of the important physical parameters in the global hydrological cycle and other disciplines. Each year, severe floods and droughts happen in different parts of the world and cause significant damage to the economy, as well as human casualties (e.g. Hurricane Katrina, the Dust Bowl). Accurate and timely precipitation observations and predictions are important for research and applications. However, ground-based precipitation observations are quite limited, especially in remote and mountainous regions. Since the satellite era began, satellite-based precipitation products have gained popularity in Earth science research, applications, and education. Accessing satellite products can be a daunting task to many users, especially those who do not have prior experience or knowledge with satellite data. Recognizing this obstacle, the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences and Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC), home to data archives for the NASA-JAXA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), has developed data services including an online visualization and analysis tool, Giovanni (the Geospatial Interactive Online Visualization ANd aNalysis Infrastructure), enabling users at different levels to access, explore, and evaluate NASA satellite-based data products without downloading either data and software, or requiring coding. Currently, global and regional precipitation products from different satellite missions (TRMM, GPM) and projects (e.g. the Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA-2), and the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS)), ranging from half-hourly to monthly temporal resolution, are available in Giovanni. There are over 1900 variables in Giovanni, covering measurements in precipitation, hydrology, atmospheric dynamics, atmospheric chemistry, etc. In this poster presentation, we will provide a live demonstration of Giovanni and its latest development, including precipitation-related variables, and new basic features such as polar projections. The session will also provide a Q&A opportunity for attendees.

Giovanni↗
NASA NTRS2015

Pressurized Payloads Interface Requirements Document: International Space Station Program

This Interface Requirements Document (IRD) is the principle source for interface design requirements for all National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) developed payloads operating in the pressurized volume of the ISS, and for ESA and JAXA payloads operated in the USOS (all non-Russian modules except JEM and Columbus). Payload developers must verify the applicable requirements in this document to ensure the safety of the ISS crew, transport vehicles, on-orbit ISS systems hardware, and neighboring payloads. This document also provides design guidance that ensures the basic operation of the payload and affects the payload's mission success. It is the responsibility of the payload developer (PD) to design in accordance with the design guidance.

Nelson, George C.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Design, Implementation, and Performance of the Astro-H Soft X-Ray Spectrometer Aperture Assembly and Blocking Filters

The calorimeter array of the JAXA Astro-H (renamed Hitomi) soft x-ray spectrometer (SXS) was designed to provide unprecedented spectral resolution of spatially extended cosmic x-ray sources and of all cosmic x-ray sources in the Fe-K band around 6 keV. The properties that made the SXS array a powerful x-ray spectrometer also made it sensitive to photons from the entire electromagnetic band as well as particles. If characterized as a bolometer, it would have had a noise equivalent power of <4 × 10(exp −18) W/((Hz)(exp 0.5)). Thus, it was imperative to shield the detector from thermal radiation from the instrument and optical and UV photons from the sky. In addition, it was necessary to shield the coldest stages of the instrument from the thermal radiation emanating from the warmer stages. These needs were addressed by a series of five thin-film radiation-blocking filters, anchored to the nested temperature stages, that blocked long-wavelength radiation while minimizing x-ray attenuation. The aperture assembly was a system of barriers, baffles, filter carriers, and filter mounts that supported the filters and inhibited their potential contamination. The three outer filters also had been equipped with thermometers and heaters for decontamination. We present the requirements, design, implementation, and performance of the SXS aperture assembly and blocking filters.

Kilbourne, Caroline A.↗