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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 307 records · Page 17

Surrogate Distributed Radiological Sources—Part II: Aerial Measurement Campaign

In this second part of a multipaper series, we present results from outdoor aerial measurements of surrogate distributed gamma-ray sources. Here we detail the design, manufacture, and testing of 300 individual ~7 mCi Cu-64 sealed sources at the Washington State University (WSU) research reactor and their deployment in various source patterns (each comprising up to 100 point sources) during the aerial measurement campaign. We show the results of two such measurements, in which approximate source shapes and qualitative source intensities can be seen from the count rate versus position plots, even without performing reconstructions. We also detail our efforts in ground-truthing the deployed sources and comparing measured gamma-ray data to model predictions. In particular, we compare measured versus expected count data using the Poisson deviance formalism of Part I to evaluate whether the fielded surrogate point-source arrays “look like” their truly continuous distributed source analogs. More generally, we find that the point-source array technique provides high source placement accuracy, relative ease of quantifying the true source configuration, scalability to source dimensions of ≲100 m, ease of reconfiguration and removal, and relatively low dose to personnel. Finally, we consider potential improvements and generalizations of the point-source array technique for future measurement campaigns.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Complete spectrum of the infinite-U Hubbard ring using group theory

We present a full analytical solution of the multiconfigurational strongly correlated mixed-valence problem corresponding to the N-Hubbard ring filled with N−1 electrons, and infinite on-site repulsion. While the eigenvalues and the eigenstates of the model are known already, analytical determination of their degeneracy is presented here for the first time. The full solution, including degeneracy count, is achieved for each spin configuration by mapping the Hubbard model into a set of Hückel-annulene problems for rings of variable size. The number and size of these effective Hückel annulenes, both crucial to obtain Hubbard states and their degeneracy, are determined by solving a well-known combinatorial enumeration problem, the necklace problem for N−1 beads and two colors, within each subgroup of the C{sub N−1} permutation group. Symmetry-adapted solution of the necklace enumeration problem is finally achieved by means of the subduction of coset representation technique [S. Fujita, Theor. Chim. Acta 76, 247 (1989)], which provides a general and elegant strategy to solve the one-hole infinite-U Hubbard problem, including degeneracy count, for any ring size. The proposed group theoretical strategy to solve the infinite-U Hubbard problem for N−1 electrons is easily generalized to the case of arbitrary electron count L, by analyzing the permutation group C{sub L} and all its subgroups.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Improved parallel performance of the CICE model in CESM1

The Los Alamos sea ice model, CICE, is a sophisticated finite difference grid point model. It has been a part of the National Science Foundation and Department of Energy community climate models (Community Climate System Model (CCSM) and Community Earth System Model (CESM)) for over a decade. It includes various physical and dynamical processes and is parallelized to run on large-scale computer systems. The CICE model was assessed in the CESM at different resolutions and target processor counts to better understand and optimize the performance. Several new decompositions and a new feature to reduce the halo cost were added to the model. The new decompositions better leverage land block elimination and take advantage of scaling opportunities in different computational kernels. As a result of these new features, the CICE model performance has been improved by up to 45% and has more flexibility to be run efficiently at arbitrary Message Passing Interface (MPI) task counts

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Galaxy number counts to second order and their bispectrum

We determine the number counts to second order in cosmological perturbation theory in the Poisson gauge and allowing for anisotropic stress. The calculation is performed using an innovative approach based on the recently proposed ''geodesic light-cone'' gauge. This allows us to determine the number counts in a purely geometric way, without using Einstein's equation. The result is valid for general dark energy models and (most) modified gravity models. We then evaluate numerically some relevant contributions to the number counts bispectrum. In particular we consider the terms involving the density, redshift space distortion and lensing.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Small-scale signatures of primordial non-Gaussianity in k-nearest neighbour cumulative distribution functions

ABSTRACT Searches for primordial non-Gaussianity in cosmological perturbations are a key means of revealing novel primordial physics. However, robustly extracting signatures of primordial non-Gaussianity from non-linear scales of the late-time Universe is an open problem. In this paper, we apply k-Nearest Neighbour cumulative distribution functions, kNN-CDFs, to the quijote-png simulations to explore the sensitivity of kNN-CDFs to primordial non-Gaussianity. An interesting result is that for halo samples with $M_\mathrm{ h}\langle 10^{14}$ M$_\odot$ $h^{-1}$, the kNN-CDFs respond to equilateral PNG in a manner distinct from the other parameters. This persists in the galaxy catalogues in redshift space and can be differentiated from the impact of galaxy modelling, at least within the halo occupation distribution (HOD) framework considered here. kNN-CDFs are related to counts-in-cells and, through mapping a subset of the kNN-CDF measurements into the count-in-cells picture, we show that our results can be modelled analytically. A caveat of the analysis is that we only consider the HOD framework, including assembly bias. It will be interesting to validate these results with other techniques for modelling the galaxy–halo connection, e.g. (hybrid) effective field theory or semi-analytical methods.

Coulton, William R. (ORCID:0000000212973673)↗

High pressure Marinelli for counting low activity compressed gas samples

Quantification of low-activity noble gases in air is typically accomplished through separation of the noble gas from air followed by radiometric assay. Here, this work is aimed at quantification of radioactive noble gas in air without extraction. A high pressure aluminum Marinelli counting vessel was designed and fabricated that can be placed on a coaxial high purity germanium detector for gamma counting. Characterization of the performance of this Marinelli using MCNP modeling, large excesses of activity, and low-activity noble gas in air is discussed. Minimum detectable concentrations achieved during a 24 h count are: 5, 10, 50, and 1 Bq/m 3 for 133 Xe, 133m Xe, 131m Xe, and 135 Xe, respectively.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Diphoton excess through dark mediators

Preliminary ATLAS and CMS results from the first 13 TeV LHC run have encountered an intriguing excess of events in the diphoton channel around the invariant mass of 750 GeV. We investigate a possibility that the current excess is due to a heavy resonance decaying to light metastable states, which in turn give displaced decays to very highly collimated e + e – pairs. Such decays may pass the photon selection criteria, and successfully mimic the diphoton events, especially at low counts. We investigate two classes of such models, characterized by the following underlying production and decay chains: gg → S → A'A' → (e + e – )(e + e – ) and qq¯→ Z' → sa → (e + e – ) (e + e – ), where at the first step a heavy scalar, S, or vector, Z', resonances are produced that decay to light metastable vectors, A', or (pseudo-)scalars, s and a. Setting the parameters of the models to explain the existing excess, and taking the ATLAS detector geometry into account, we marginalize over the properties of heavy resonances in order to derive the expected lifetimes and couplings of metastable light resonances. In conclusion, we observe that in the case of A', the suggested range of masses and mixing angles ϵ is within reach of several new-generation intensity frontier experiments.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Experimental Study and Fractal Analysis on the Anisotropic Performance of Explosively Welded Interfaces of 304 Stainless Steel/245 Carbon Steel

The mechanical anisotropy of an explosive welding composite plate made of 304 stainless steel/245 steel was studied through shear experiments performed on explosively welded wavy interfaces along several orientation angles. The results indicated that the strength and the fracture energy of samples significantly varied with the orientation angles. The fracture surfaces of all samples were observed using a scanning electron microscope and through three-dimensional structure microscopy. The periodic features of all the fracture surfaces were clearly shown in different fracture modes. The fractal dimension of the fracture surfaces was calculated based on the fractal geometry by the box-counting method in MATLAB. The cohesive element model was used to analyze the fracture energy according to the physical dependence of the fractal dimension on thermodynamic entropy and interface separation energy. The fracture energy was an exponential function of the fractal dimension value, which was in good agreement with the experimental results. All results were validated for effective use in the application of anisotropy analysis to the welded interface and structural optimization of explosively welded composite plates.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Absolute decay counting of 146 Sm with 4π cryogenic microcalorimetry

We present a methodology for absolute activity counting of long-lived isotopes based on cryogenic Decay Energy Spectroscopy. A 146 Sm source was produced at the TRIUMF Laboratory and then processed and purified at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, yielding a pure sample. The source was embedded within a 4π thermal absorber coupled to a magnetic microcalorimeter achieving nearly 100% counting efficiency. Experimental uncertainties were studied and modeled, including thermal coupling of the source to the absorber, pulse pile-up, trigger, and event selection efficiencies. Here, the absolute activity of the pure 146 Sm source was measured to better than 1% uncertainty.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Maximising the investment returns of a grid‐connected battery considering degradation cost

Energy storage systems (ESSs) are being deployed widely due to numerous benefits including operational flexibility, high ramping capability, and decreasing costs. This study investigates the economic benefits provided by battery ESSs when they are deployed for market‐related applications, considering the battery degradation cost. A comprehensive investment planning framework is presented, which estimates the maximum revenue that the ESS can generate over its lifetime and provides the necessary tools to investors for aiding the decision making process regarding an ESS project. The applications chosen for this study are energy arbitrage and frequency regulation. Lithium‐ion batteries are considered due to their wide popularity arising from high efficiency, high energy density, and declining costs. A new degradation cost model based on energy throughput and cycle count is developed for Lithium‐ion batteries participating in electricity markets. The lifetime revenue of ESS is calculated considering battery degradation and a cost–benefit analysis is performed to provide investors with an estimate of the net present value, return on investment and payback period. The effect of considering the degradation cost on the estimated revenue is also studied. The proposed approach is demonstrated on the IEEE Reliability Test System and historical data from PJM Interconnection.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Effect of likelihood misspecification in Gaussian process-driven autonomous experimentation

In recent years, several groups have designed Autonomous Experiment (AE) models with the aim of using them as an alternative method for neutron scattering scanning. In an AE, Gaussian processes (GPs) are most frequently used due to their interpretability, their non-parametric nature, their universal approximation, and their closed-form predictive distribution. GPs have two key components, namely, the model for the likelihood of a neutron count knowing the underlying dynamic structure factor and the acquisition function. In this paper, we investigate the impact, on the quality of an AE, of the likelihood and acquisition function choices, in energy scans and (Q, ω) ones, with respect to the signal-over-noise ratio. While we hypothesized that the quality of GP predictions would decrease when the normal to Poisson likelihood approximation breaks down at low count rates, we found that the use of the correct Poisson likelihood does not improve the quality of the data collected, as well as yields very poor results in (Q, ω) scans at low count rates. In fact, the best results are obtained with a combination of normal likelihood, including the observation noise, and the change in variance acquisition function. In addition, we find that the performance, or quality of the predictive distribution, is a misleading measure of efficiency, that is, of the quality of the data collected.

Perryman, David Elliott [Inst. Laue-Langevin (ILL)↗

STUDIES IN ASTRONOMICAL TIME SERIES ANALYSIS. VI. BAYESIAN BLOCK REPRESENTATIONS

This paper addresses the problem of detecting and characterizing local variability in time series and other forms of sequential data. The goal is to identify and characterize statistically significant variations, at the same time suppressing the inevitable corrupting observational errors. We present a simple nonparametric modeling technique and an algorithm implementing it-an improved and generalized version of Bayesian Blocks-that finds the optimal segmentation of the data in the observation interval. The structure of the algorithm allows it to be used in either a real-time trigger mode, or a retrospective mode. Maximum likelihood or marginal posterior functions to measure model fitness are presented for events, binned counts, and measurements at arbitrary times with known error distributions. Problems addressed include those connected with data gaps, variable exposure, extension to piecewise linear and piecewise exponential representations, multivariate time series data, analysis of variance, data on the circle, other data modes, and dispersed data. Simulations provide evidence that the detection efficiency for weak signals is close to a theoretical asymptotic limit derived by Arias-Castro et al. In the spirit of Reproducible Research all of the code and data necessary to reproduce all of the figures in this paper are included as supplementary material.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Fault-tolerant resource comparison of qudit and qubit encodings for diagonal quadratic operators

Finite local Hilbert-space truncations arise naturally in quantum simulations of lattice field theories and motivate qudit encodings, but their fault-tolerant advantage over qubit encodings remains unclear. We compare the non-Clifford cost of implementing quadratic diagonal evolutions, exemplified by 𝑈 = 𝑒$^{−𝑖⁢𝑡⁢𝜙^2_𝑥}$ in a uniform field-amplitude discretization of a real scalar field, using either one logical 𝑑-level qudit or 𝑛 𝑏 = ⌈log 2⁡ 𝑑⌉ logical qubits. We analyze two standard settings: product-formula simulation and linear combination of unitaries (LCU) per block encoding, taking the resource metric to be the number of non-Clifford gates after synthesis into a discrete logical gate set. Because tight synthesis bounds for general single-qudit rotations are not known, we express the qudit constructions in terms of embedded two-level SU⁡(2) rotations and derive explicit finite-𝑑 break-even conditions for their synthesis cost; these serve as compiler targets for when qudit encodings can outperform the qubit baseline. Within the constructive models studied here, product-formula implementations would require an exponentially stronger per-primitive synthesis advantage for qudits to win asymptotically, while in the LCU setting the qubit encoding is asymptotically cheaper in 𝑑. Nevertheless, the finite-𝑑 threshold analysis identifies low-dimensional regions in which qudits can yield meaningful constant-factor savings, particularly for LCU-based implementations. As a secondary analysis of the LCU construction, we use an idealized negligible-overhead qubit-qudit code-switching model to give an absolute 𝑇-count comparison and reinterpret the savings as an allowable per-switch overhead budget.

Godwood, Samuel [Univ. of Liverpool (United Kingdo↗

Strength distributions of laminated FeNi-based metal amorphous nanocomposite ribbons

Metal Amorphous Nanocomposite (MANC) materials offer low losses at high magnetic switching frequency, enabling high power density motors with increased rotational speed. While MANCs have high strength, they are brittle. The use of motor components such as a rotor consisting of brittle material presents a reliability concern. Here, a promising MANC alloy is subjected to tensile tests and failure is observed with high-speed photography. A method is developed to prepare tensile specimens of laminated MANC and epoxy layers, simulating the stacking of an epoxy-impregnated tape-wound core. Tensile tests are conducted for single layer ribbon and for five- and ten-layer stacks of laminated material with thin layers of thermosetting epoxy. Failure distributions are shown to have increasing Weibull modulus with increasing layer count. The composite MANC material system is modeled using chain-of-bundles models. Using a k-failure model, we show that single ribbon strength distribution data can be used to predict well the failure distribution of laminated stacks. The agreement occurs when the assumed ineffective length, over which load is recovered in a failed layer, is comparable to the observed interlaminar separation length.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE COVID-19 Data Curation Effort: Overview of Initial Data Collection Coverage (March - June 2020)

During the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, major case reporting outlets quickly coalesced around two or three primary vendors. Johns Hopkins University and The New York Times were among the more prominent, and all were of great value to the nation, particularly during the uncertain early stages of the pandemic. They primarily focused on three major attributes: number of new cases, deaths, and recovery, but only at the state level. Recognizing that many states were reporting very detailed data sets (e.g., hospital beds) at a count level or finer, the ORNL Pandemic Modeling team embarked on a major data curation effort from March to June 2020 for the purpose of capturing this wealth of detailed data. The challenge of curating this data was daunting. The number of attributes reported by the states grew on almost on a weekly basis. States were routinely shifting their web tool strategies away from easily parsable HTML-based formatting to new Tableau and ArcGIS content. This growth in the sheer number of attributes combined with the unpredictable shifts in data format meant an aggressive and agile combination of automated scripting and manual scraping was required to capture new daily streams. To keep up, the team had to scale up staff and widen its approach for capture and storage. The DOE COVID-19 data collection effort resulted in over 11 million data points being collected, covering over 13,000 unique geographies and over 2,000 unique attributes that spanned predominantly from early March through the end of June 2020.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗

Improving the Representation of Hydropower in Production Cost Models

One of the challenges of a high-renewable, low-carbon system is that grid operators will no longer be able to count on fossil-fired generation should wind miss its forecast or modeling errors create shortage issues, and this change has operational and reliability implications that affect variable renewable energy integration. Hydropower can help in that it can provide many of the services that have been traditionally provided by fossil generation. However, getting the most from hydropower can be challenging in that its capabilities vary with time and are affected by other water users' needs, two complexities that are not well represented in most of today's production cost models (PCMs). This work is an early step in addressing these gaps and making the most of hydropower's capabilities.

cost model↗

On state-of-charge determination for lithium-ion batteries

Accurate estimation of state-of-charge (SOC) of a battery through its life remains challenging in battery research. Although improved precisions continue to be reported at times, almost all are based on regression methods empirically, while accuracy is often not properly addressed. Here, a comprehensive review is set to address such issues, from fundamental principles that are supposed to define SOC to methodologies to estimate SOC for practical use. It covers topics from calibration, regression (including modeling methods) to validation in terms of precision and accuracy. At the end, we intend to answer the following questions: 1) can SOC estimation be self-adaptive without bias? 2) Why Ah-counting is a necessity in almost all battery-model-assisted regression methods? 3) How to establish a consistent framework of coupling in multi-physics battery models? 4) To assess the accuracy in the SOC estimation, statistical methods should be employed to analyze factors that contribute to the uncertainty. Finally, we hope, through this proper discussion of the principles, accurate SOC estimation can be widely achieved.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Dynamical Constraints on the Dark Matter Distribution of the Sculptor Dwarf Spheroidal from Stellar Proper Motions

In this work, we compare the transverse velocity dispersions recently measured within the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy to the predictions of our previously published dynamical model. This was designed to fit the observed number count and velocity dispersion profiles of both metal-rich and metal-poor stars, both in cored and in cusped potentials. At the projected radius where the proper motions (PMs) were measured, this model (with no change in parameters) predicts transverse dispersions in the range of 6–9.5 km s -1 , with the tangential dispersion about 1 km s -1 larger than the (projected) radial dispersion. Both dispersions are predicted to be about 1 km s -1 larger for metal-poor than for metal-rich stars. At this projected radius, cored and cusped potentials predict almost identical transverse dispersions. The measured tangential dispersion (8.5 ± 3.2 km s -1 ) agrees remarkably well with these predictions, while the measured radial dispersion (11.5 ± 4.3 km s -1 ) differs only at about the 1σ level. Thus, the PM data are in excellent agreement with previous data, but do not help to distinguish between cored and cusped potentials. Lastly, this will require velocity dispersion data (either from PMs or from radial velocities) with uncertainties well below 1 km s -1 over a range of projected radii.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗