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At least 307 records · Page 17

The PACE-MAPP Polarized Ocean Bio-optical Model

The MAPP polarimeter retrieval algorithm, originally developed for the airborne NASA GISS Research Scanning Polarimeter, is being adapted to the PACE observing system to allow for a simultaneous retrieval of aerosol, thin cirrus, and ocean products using both PACE polarimeters and the OCI shortwave infrared channels. Here, we describe the polarized ocean bio-optical model we have developed for PACE-MAPP, which is designed to use a combination of homogenous and coated spheres to more accurately model the absorption and backscattering properties of algal and non-algal particles, and which also includes absorption by colored dissolved organic matter. We first use Lorenz-Mie computations to create lookup tables to accurately and efficiently characterize the optical properties of homogeneous and coated spheres embedded in water for PACE. We then use these lookup tables to develop a bio-optical model that consists of an external mixture of homogeneous (non-algal) and coated (algal) spheres. Lastly, we use the bio-optical model in forward radiative transfer computations to perform inversions of MODIS remote sensing reflectance for a variety of ocean regions. We explore the sensitivity of these inversions to ocean constituent inherent optical properties.

James Allen↗

Mission Overview and Status IGARSS Conference

The Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission is a strategic climate continuity mission that was defined in the 2010 document Responding to the Challenge of Climate and Environmental Change: NASA’s Plan for Climate-Centric Architecture for Earth Observations and Applications from Space (referred to as the “Climate Initiative”). Scheduled for launch in January 2024, the PACE mission represents NASA’s next investment in ocean biology, clouds, and aerosol data records [1]. PACE will extend the high quality ocean ecological, ocean biogeochemical, cloud, and aerosol particle data records begun by NASA in the 1990s, building on the exceptional heritages of the Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). The PACE project office at NASA’s GSFC is responsible for the satellite development, launch and operations. The NASA Headquarters PACE Program Science office is responsible for supporting the science data processing system and assembling competed community science teams, which will include field-based vicarious calibration and data product validation efforts to support the PACE Project Science team. The mission is planned for launch into a Sun synchronous polar orbit at 676.5 km with an inclination of 98 degrees and a 1 pm local ascending node crossing time. The PACE observatory is comprised of three instruments, an Ocean Color Instrument (OCI) and two polarimeters, the Hyper-Angular Rainbow Polarimeter 2 (HARP2) and the Spectro-Polarimeter for Exploration (SPEXone). The OCI is the primary instrument on the observatory and is being developed at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The OCI is a hyperspectral scanning radiometer designed to measure spectral radiances from the ultraviolet to shortwave infrared (SWIR) to enable advanced ocean color and heritage cloud and atmospheric aerosol science [2]. The HARP2 and SPEXone are complimentary instruments on the PACE observatory, acquired outside of GSFC. The HARP2 is multi-spectral, wide swath (supporting atmospheric correction of OCI), and hyper-angular, with capabilities for cloud science that exceed what is capable from OCI alone. The SPEXone is narrow swath, multi-angular, and hyperspectral, with capabilities for atmospheric aerosol science that exceed what can be accomplished with OCI. NASA Headquarters directed the mission development to be guided by a Design-to-Cost (DTC) process. All elements of the mission, other than the cost, are in the DTC trade space. At the heart of the DTC process are the mission studies, performed across all the mission elements. The mission studies were used to define appropriate approaches within and across elements while maximizing science capabilities at a high cost confidence. Mission baseline requirements development is also embedded within the DTC process, as these requirements were not established at the onset of the mission concept development. Baseline mission requirements are a product of the mission studies and are defined by the project office as part of the DTC process. At the time of this writing, OCI, HARP2 and SPEXone are integrated onto the PACE spacecraft, creating the PACE observatory. The instruments and spacecraft subsystems are undergoing combined functional performance testing in preparation for observatory-level environmental testing prior to shipment to the launch site. Here, we will provide an update on science capabilities and observatory readiness for its early 2024 launch.

remote sensing↗

Properties of the Flight Model Gas Electron Multiplier for the GEMS Mission

We present the gain properties of the gas electron multiplier (GEM) foil in pure dimethyl ether (DME) at 190 Torr. The GEM is one of the micro pattern gas detectors and it is adopted as a key part of the X-ray polarimeter for the GEMS mission. The X-ray polarimeter is a time projection chamber operating in pure DME gas at 190 Torr. We describe experimental results of (1) the maximum gain the GEM can achieve without any discharges, (2) the linearity of the energy scale for the GEM operation, and (3) the two-dimensional gain variation of the active area. First, our experiment with 6.4 keV X-ray irradiation of the whole GEM area demonstrates that the maximum effective gain is 2 x 10(exp 4) with the applied voltage of 580 V. Second, the measured energy scale is linear among three energies of 4.5, 6.4, and 8.0 keV. Third, the two-dimensional gain mapping test derives the standard deviation of the gain variability of 7% across the active area.

gas electron multiplier (GEM)↗

Linear Stokes Measurement of Thermal Targets using Compact LWIR Spectropolarimeter

The trade-o↵ between spectral resolution and instrument throughput is analyzed for a compact, uncooled, longwave infrared (LWIR) channeled spectropolarimeter (IRCSP). The IRCSP was developed as a part of the Submm Wave and InfraRed Polarimeters (SWIRP) project out of NASA’s Goddard Spaceflight Center. The IRCSP scientific objective targets measurements of AOLP and DOLP with 1-μm spectral resolution from 8.5 - 12.5 μm in a single snapshot. The geometry of the field stop determines the field of view (FOV) of the IRCSP. This work relates the spectral resolution, instrument throughput, and polarimetric accuracy of a spectro-polarimeter to the FOV. The accuracy of linear Stokes retrievals for low temperature thermal targets are predicted for varying FOV and measurement noise conditions. This work presents a method to quantify the achievable accuracy in AOLP and DOLP as a function of field stop dimensions and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). While smaller field stops are shown to improve accuracy as the spectral resolution is increased, low SNR is the dominant source of error for the IRCSP prototype. For the IRCSP, a SNR of at least 80 is required to produce DOLP measurements with < 5% error for targets with DOLP < 0.2.

LWIR↗

Atmospheric Correction Over Ocean for Hyperspectral Radiometers Using Multi-Angle Polarimetric Retrievals

We developed a fast and accurate POLYnomial based Atmospheric Correction (POLYAC) algorithm for hyperspectral radiometric measurements, which parameterizes the atmospheric path radiances using aerosol properties retrieved from co-located multi-wavelength Multi-Angle Polarimeter (MAP) measurements. This algorithm has been applied to co-located Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration (SPEX) airborne and Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) measurements, where SPEX airborne was used as a proxy of hyperspectral radiometers, and RSP as the MAP. The hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance obtained from POLYAC is accurate when compared to Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) ocean color products. POLYAC provides a robust alternative atmospheric correction algorithm for hyperspectral or multi-spectral radiometric measurements for scenes involving coastal oceans and/or absorbing aerosols, where traditional atmospheric correction algorithms are less reliable.

ocean color↗

Adaptive Data Screening for Multi-Angle Polarimetric Aerosol and Ocean Color Remote Sensing Accelerated by Automatic Differentiation

Remote sensing measurements from multi-angle polarimeters (MAPs) contain rich aerosol microphysical property information, and these sensors have been used to perform retrievals in optically complex atmosphere and ocean systems. Previous studies have concluded that, generally, five moderately separated viewing angles in each spectral band provide sufficient accuracy for aerosol property retrievals, with performance gradually saturating as angles are added above that threshold. The Hyper-Angular Rainbow Polarimeter (HARP) instruments provide high angular sampling with a total of 90-120 unique angles across four bands, a capability developed mainly for liquid cloud retrievals. In practice, not all view angles are optimal for aerosol retrievals due to impacts of clouds, sun glint, and other impediments. The many viewing angles of HARP can provide resilience to these effects, if the impacted views are screened from the dataset, as the remaining views may be sufficient for successful analysis. In this study, we discuss how the number of available viewing angles impacts aerosol and ocean color retrieval uncertainties, as applied to two versions of the HARP instrument. AirHARP is an airborne prototype that was deployed in the ACEPOL field campaign, while HARP2 is an instrument in development for the upcoming NASA Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission. Based on synthetic data, we find that a total of 20-30 angles across all bands (i.e. five to eight viewing angles per band) are sufficient to achieve good retrieval performance. Following from this result, we develop an adaptive multi-angle polarimetric data screening (MAPDS) approach to evaluate data quality by comparing measurements with their best-fitted forward model. The FastMAPOL retrieval algorithm is used to retrieve scene geophysical values, by matching an efficient, deep learning-based, radiative transfer emulator to observations. The data screening method effectively identifies and removes viewing angles affected by thin cirrus clouds and other anomalies, improving retrieval performance. This was tested with AirHARP data, and we found agreement with the High Spectral Resolution Lidar-2 (HSRL-2) aerosol data. The data screening approach can be applied to modern satellite remote sensing missions, such as PACE, where a large amount of multi-angle, hyperspectral, polarimetric measurements will be collected.

multi-angle polarimeter↗

Remote Sensing of Aerosol Water Fraction, Dry Size Distribution and Soluble Fraction Using Multi-Angle, Multi-Spectral Polarimetry

A framework to infer volume water fraction, soluble fraction and dry size distributions of fine-mode aerosol from multi-angle, multi-spectral polarimetry retrievals of column-averaged ambient aerosol properties is presented. The method is applied to observations of the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) obtained during two NASA aircraft campaigns, namely the Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) and the Cloud, Aerosol, and Monsoon Processes Philippines Experiment (CAMP2Ex). All aerosol retrievals are statistically evaluated using in situ data. Volume water fraction is inferred from the retrieved ambient real part of the refractive index, assuming a dry refractive index of 1.54 and by applying a volume mixing rule to obtain the effective ambient refractive index. The uncertainties in inferred volume water fraction resulting from this simplified model are discussed and estimated to be lower than 0.2 and decreasing with increasing volume water fraction. The daily mean retrieved volume water fractions correlate well with the in situ values with a mean absolute difference of 0.09. Polarimeter-retrieved ambient effective radius for daily data is shown to increase as a function of volume water fraction as expected. Furthermore, the effective variance of the size distributions also increases with increasing effective radius, which we show is consistent with an external mixture of soluble and insoluble aerosol. The relative variations of effective radius and variance over an observation period are then used to estimate the soluble fraction of the aerosol. Daily results of soluble fraction correlate well with in situ-observed sulfate mass fraction with a correlation coefficient of 0.79. Subsequently, inferred water and soluble fractions are used to derive dry fine-mode size distributions from their ambient counterparts. While dry effective radii obtained in situ and from RSP show similar ranges, in situ values are generally substantially smaller during the ACTIVATE deployments, which may be due to biases in RSP retrievals or in the in situ observations, or both. Both RSP and in situ observations indicate the dominance of aerosol with low hygroscopicity during the ACTIVATE and CAMP2Ex campaigns. Furthermore, RSP indicates a high degree of external mixing of particles with low and high hygroscopicity. These retrievals of fine-mode water volume fraction and soluble fraction may be used for the evaluation of water uptake in atmospheric models. Furthermore, the framework allows us to estimate the variation in the concentration of fine-mode aerosol larger than a specific dry radius limit, which can be used as a proxy for the variation in cloud condensation nucleus concentrations. This framework may be applied to multi-angle, multi-spectral satellite data expected to be available in the near future.

Amount of water in particulate matter↗

Retrievals of Aerosol Optical Depth Over the Western North Atlantic Ocean During ACTIVATE

Aerosol optical depth was retrieved from two airborne remote sensing instruments, the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) and Second Generation High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL-2), during the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE). The field campaign offers a unique opportunity to evaluate an extensive 3-year dataset under a wide range of meteorological conditions from two instruments on the same platform. However, a long-standing issue in atmospheric field studies is that there is a lack of reference datasets for properly validating field measurements and estimating their uncertainties. Here we address this issue by using the triple collocation method, in which a third collocated satellite dataset from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is introduced for comparison. HSRL-2 is found to provide a more accurate retrieval than RSP over the study region. The error standard deviation of HSRL-2 with respect to the ground truth is 0.027. Moreover, this approach enables us to develop a simple, yet efficient, quality control criterion for RSP data. The physical reasons for the differences in two retrievals are determined to be cloud contamination, aerosols near the surface, multiple aerosol layers, absorbing aerosols, non-spherical aerosols, and simplified retrieval assumptions. These results demonstrate the pathway for optimal aerosol retrievals by combining information from both lidars and polarimeters for future airborne and satellite missions.

Aerosol optical depth↗

Stellar X-ray polarimetry on OSO-1

The importance of stellar X-ray polarimetry is reviewed. A graphite crystal polarimeter sensitive near 2.6 and 5.2 keV which was designed for the OSO-1 satellite is described. The instrument's predicted performance for many stellar X-ray sources is presented, and the fundamental questions that can be resolved with the OSO-1 polarimeter are considered. The sensitivity of the instrument is such that, during an observation time of 24 hours, the polarization of the Crab nebula can be measured with an accuracy of 0.6 percent.

Landecker, P. B.↗

Multidisciplinary research in the space sciences. Scope B: Experimental X-ray astronomy

A research program to design and develop instruments suitable for rocket-borne X-ray astronomy experiments is discussed. Successful designs that were implemented are summarized. The designs include the following: (1) a large area modular X-ray focusing system, (2) incoherent scattering polarimeters, (3) Bragg crystal spectrometers and polarimeters, and (4) a focusing collector for long wavelength. The applications of these instruments to the observation of X-ray sources in rocket-borne experiments are analyzed.

Novick, R.↗

Polarization studies of planetary atmospheres

Studies are considered of the planets Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The era of precise planetary polarimetry began with the work of Lyot (1929). The investigations in this field were continued by Dollfus (1957), who added detailed studies of planetary regions. A new breakthrough came with the availability of photoemissive detectors, which led to extensive measurements of the wavelength dependence of the polarization of planets. Two very recent developments have been the inclusion of photoelectric polarimeters on planetary space probes and the development of precise polarimeters for the measurement of elliptical polarization.

Coffeen, D. L.↗

A novel method for measuring the polarization angle of satellite radio waves

One of the most important parameters for the study of the physics of the ionosphere is the columnar electron content. This can be obtained indirectly by measuring the Faraday rotation of signals emitted from satellites. Many different types of polarimeters have been developed for this purpose. Efforts to develop a new type of polarimeter, suitable for extensive network operation, led to a novel technique for measuring the polarization angle.

Antoniadis, D. A.↗

Solar activity observed in X-rays and the EUV from OSO 7

Spectroheliograms obtained with the EUV spectroheliograph aboard OSO 7 between 1.7 and 400 A with a spatial resolution of at least 20 x 20 arc seconds are described, and results of an initial analysis of the Goddard X-ray polarimeter measurements are given and discussed in the light of current flare theories. The EUV observations are consistent with a picture in which coronal enhancement overlying an active region is made up of a nested set of arches or loops, with foot-points in regions of opposite magnetic polarity. The outermost arches are coolest, while those nearer the center are hotter. Along a given field line there is a temperature gradient such that the highest temperature occurs at the highest point of the magnetic arch. Polarimeter data provide evidence for polarization of about 20% in a number of X-ray bursts.

Thomas, R. J.↗

Columbia University OSO-8 instrument for stellar and solar X-ray spectroscopy and polarimetry

A spectrometer and a polarimeter consisting of large-area panels of mosaic crystals have been constructed and prepared for use in the OSO-8 satellite. The instrumentation is planned for study of stellar and solar X-ray spectra between 1.8-8 keV and stellar X-ray polarization at 2.6 keV. Aspects of the design which enable the instrument to make measurements of the diverse range of stellar and solar phenomena are described. Some of the unique features, such as high sensitivity, high temporal resolution, and spectral range, are discussed. The applicability of the spectrometer and polarimeter to various current problems in X-ray astronomy is considered.

Wolff, R. S.↗

Ultraviolet spectrometer/polarimeter

Improved satellite instrument package consists of telescope, spectrometer with polarimeter, five detectors, and control electronics. Instrument is designed to study solar ultraviolet radiation. Polarimeter will determine four Stokes parameters and possible mechanisms for producing linear and circular polarization. Density measurements of Earth's upper atmosphere constituents are possible.

Source record↗

Solar Maximum Mission Experiment - Ultraviolet Spectroscopy and Polarimetry on the Solar Maximum Mission

The Ultraviolet Spectrometer and Polarimeter on the Solar Maximum Mission spacecraft is described. It is pointed out that the instrument, which operates in the wavelength range 1150-3600 A, has a spatial resolution of 2-3 arcsec and a spectral resolution of 0.02 A FWHM in second order. A Gregorian telescope, with a focal length of 1.8 m, feeds a 1 m Ebert-Fastie spectrometer. A polarimeter comprising rotating Mg F2 waveplates can be inserted behind the spectrometer entrance slit; it permits all four Stokes parameters to be determined. Among the observing modes are rasters, spectral scans, velocity measurements, and polarimetry. Examples of initial observations made since launch are presented.

Tandberg-Hanssen, E.↗

Dynamics of the eruptive prominence of 6 May 1980 and its relationship to the coronal transient

The active prominence of the 6 May 1980 has been observed between 5.23 and 10.22 UT with the Ultraviolet Spectrometer and Polarimeter (UVSP) on board the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) satellite. Intensities of 1548 A line of CIV and dopplershifts have been derived. A motion of the magnetic tube maintaining the prominence material is noted. This motion is followed by a coronal transient observed with the Coronagraph and Polarimeter (C/P) between 11 and 13 UT. It is suggested that the event is related to a MHD wave induced by a flare occurring behind the solar disk, and a MHD modeling of the perturbation is proposed.

Mein, N.↗

The solar vector magnetograph of the Okayama Astrophysical Observatory

The vector magnetograph of the Okayama Astrophysical Observatory is fed to the 65 cm solar coude telescope with a 10 m Littrow spectrograph. The polarimeter put at the telescope focus analyzes the incident polarization. Photomultipliers (PMT) at the exit of the spectrograph pick up the modulated light signals and send them to the electronic controller. The controller analyzes frequency and phase of the signal. The analyzer of the polarimeter is a combination of a single wave plate rotating at 40 Hz and a Wallaston prism. Incident linear and circular polarizations are modified at four times and twice the rotation frequency, respectively. Two compensators minimize the instrumental polarization, mainly caused by the two tilt mirrors in the optical path of the telescope. The four photomultipliers placed on the wings of the FeI 5250A line give maps of intensity, longitudinal field and transverse field. The main outputs, maps of intensity, and net linear and circular polarizations in the neighboring continuum are obtained by the other two monitor PMTs.

Makita, M.↗