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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 307 records · Page 17
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2013

Enhancement of the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell with multi-wall carbon nanotubes/polypyrrole composite counter electrodes prepared by electrophoresis/electrochemical polymerization

Graphical abstract: The overall energy conversion efficiency of the DSSC employing the MWCNT/PPy CE reached 3.78%. Compared with a reference DSSC using single MWCNT film CE with efficiency of 2.68%, the energy conversion efficiency was increased by 41.04%. Highlights: ► MWCNT/PPy composite film prepared by electrodeposition layer by layer was used as counter electrode in DSSC. ► The overall energy conversion efficiency of the DSSC was 3.78% by employing the composite film. ► The energy conversion efficiency increased by 41.04% compared with efficiency of 2.68% by using the single MWCNT film. ► We analyzed the mechanism and influence factor of electron transfer in the composite electrode by EIS. - Abstract: For the purpose of replacing the precious Pt counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with higher energy conversion efficiency, multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/polypyrrole (PPy) double layers film counter electrode (CE) was fabricated by electrophoresis and cyclic voltammetry (CV) layer by layer. Atom force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) demonstrated the morphologies of the composite electrode and Raman spectroscopy verified the PPy had come into being. The overall energy conversion efficiency of the DSSC employing the MWCNT/PPy CE reached 3.78%. Compared with a reference DSSC using single MWCNT film CE with efficiency of 2.68%, the energy conversion efficiency was increased by 41.04%. The result of impedance showed that the charge transfer resistance R{sub ct} of the MWCNT/PPy CE had the lowest value compared to that of MWCNT or PPy electrode. These results indicate that the composite film with high conductivity, high active surface area, and good catalytic properties for I{sub 3}{sup −} reduction can potentially be used as the CE in a high-performance DSSC.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Current density distributions and sputter marks in electron cyclotron resonance ion sources

Most electron cyclotron resonance ion sources use hexapolar magnetic fields for the radial confinement of the plasma. The geometry of this magnetic structure is then-induced by charged particles-mapped onto the inner side of the plasma electrode via sputtering and deposition. The resulting structures usually show two different patterns: a sharp triangular one in the central region which in some cases is even sputtered deep into the material (referred to as thin groove or sharp structure), and a blurred but still triangular-like one in the surroundings (referred to as broad halo). Therefore, both patterns seem to have different sources. To investigate their origins we replaced the standard plasma electrode by a custom-built plasma electrode acting as a planar, multi-segment current-detector. For different biased disc voltages, detector positions, and source biases (referred to the detector) we measured the electrical current density distributions in the plane of the plasma electrode. The results show a strong and sharply confined electron population with triangular shape surrounded by less intense and spatially less confined ions. Observed sputter- and deposition marks are related to the analysis of the results. Our measurements suggest that the two different patterns (thin and broad) indeed originate from different particle populations. The thin structures seem to be caused by the hot electron population while the broad marks seem to stem from the medium to highly charged ions. In this paper we present our measurements together with theoretical considerations and substantiate the conclusions drawn above. The validity of these results is also discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Electrical characterization of fluorinated benzothiadiazole based conjugated copolymer – a promising material for high-performance solar cells

Measurements of electrical conductivity, electron work function, carrier mobility of holes and the diffusion length of excitons were performed on samples of conjugated polymers relevant to polymer solar cells. A state of the art fluorinated benzothiadiazole based conjugated copolymer (PBDT{sub THD} − DTBTff) was studied and benchmarked against the reference polymer poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT). We employed, respectively, four electrode conductivity measurements, Kelvin probe work function measurements, carrier mobility using charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage (CELIV) measurements and diffusion length determinaton using surface photovoltage measurements.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

CHI Research. Final Technical Report

The spherical tokamak is a leading candidate for a Fusion Nuclear Science Facility (FNSF) due to its compact size and modular configuration. It is highly desirable for the FNSF to be compact in size and simpler in configuration. Since the central solenoid cannot be used for driving current during the steady-state phase, the tokamak design would also be simplified if it could be built without the solenoid, and it would allow access to lower aspect ratio configurations. Great progress has been made in developing Transient CHI as a viable solenoid-free plasma start-up method. These are: (a) The generation of closed flux current in HIT-II and NSTX, and the successful coupling of this current to induction from the central solenoid, (b) the generation of 0.1 MA closed flux current in HIT-II and demonstration of CHI plasma quality similar to that produced inductively, (c) the generation of a record 0.2 MA of closed flux current in NSTX and the coupling of the CHI-produced discharge in NSTX to induction with subsequent transitioning to a high-performance H-mode discharge when neutral beams were injected and (e) CHI-started discharges to which induction has been applied have ramped-up to 1 MA in NSTX with record low flux consumption. Modeling of the CHI process using TSC and NIMROD has led to a much-improved understanding of the physics of magnetic reconnection leading to large volume flux closure. The NIMROD results indicate that this reconnection mechanism scales to arbitrarily high toroidal field and can be either axisymmetric Sweet-Parker like reconnection or it can be enhanced through plasmoid formation. Motivated by the exciting experimental and modeling results from HIT-II and NSTX, we explored the application of CHI to a reactor configuration, and identified methods for enabling CHI capability in a FNSF-sized experiment. In the first, proven, concept referred to as "NSTX-like", the entire blanket structure is insulated from the vessel using insulating supports. In the second configuration referred to as "DIII-D - like", a toroidal insulated electrode is placed on top of the blanket structure to shield the insulator from neutrons, allowing more than six years of full power operations before insulator replacement. The second concept requires an experimental test for concept validation. To test this second concept, during the period of 2013 to 2016, we designed and implemented a new simpler design CHI configuration on QUEST. Initial TSC modeling and experimental results suggests that work on QUEST may lead to a simpler Transient CHI configuration for a ST-FNSF. Transient CHI is now also in the process of being implemented on the PEGASUS ST at the University of Washington to study very high-current start-up potential of transient CHI.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Tribocorrosion resistance of borided ASTM F1537 alloy

We report new results about the tribocorrosion resistance of borided ASTM F1537 alloy immersed in Hank's solution were obtained in this study. A CoB-Co2B layer, with around 30 mu m of thickness, was obtained at the surface of the cobalt-based alloy using the powder-pack boriding process at 1273 K with 6 h of exposure. The tribocorrosion tests were carried out in the borided ASTM F1537 alloy and the non-borided ASTM F1537 alloy (reference material) using a linear reciprocating tribometer coupled with a standard three-electrode electrochemical cell. A counterpart of alumina (ball of 4.8 mm-diameter) was used, with a constant applied load of 20 N, and a total sliding distance of 100 m. The total material loss rate due to tribocorrosion (T), which included the mass loss rate due to wear (W) and that due to corrosion (C), was estimated according to the ASTM G119 procedure. The results showed that the presence of CoB-Co 2 B layer at the surface of the ASTM F1537 alloy increased the tribocorrosion resistance around 1.2 times compared with the reference material. In addition, for the reference material, 55% of the material loss rate was attributed to the wear-corrosion synergism in comparison with 47% estimated for the borided ASTM F1537 alloy. Finally, the influence of wear affected in greater extent than corrosion in the reference material, whilst the corrosion-wear regime was obtained for the borided ASTM F1537

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Accounting for Debye sheath expansion for proud Langmuir probes in magnetic confinement fusion plasmas

A Child-Langmuir law-based method for accounting for Debye sheath expansion while fitting the current-voltage I-V characteristic of proud Langmuir probes (electrodes that extend into the volume of the plasma) is described. For Langmuir probes of a typical size used in tokamak plasmas, these new estimates of electron temperature and ion saturation current density values decreased by up to 60% compared to methods that did not account for sheath expansion. Changes to the collection area are modeled using the Child-Langmuir law and effective expansion perimeter l p , and the model is thus referred to as the “perimeter sheath expansion method.” l p is determined solely from electrode geometry, so the method may be employed without prior measurement of the magnitude of the sheath expansion effects for a given Langmuir probe and can be used for electrodes of different geometries. This method correctly predicts the non-saturating ΔI/ΔV slope for cold, low-density plasmas where sheath-expansion effects are strong, as well as for hot plasmas where ΔI/ΔV ~ 0, though it is shown that the sheath can still significantly affect the collection area in these hot conditions. The perimeter sheath expansion method has several advantages compared to methods where the non-saturating current is fitted: (1) It is more resilient to scatter in the I-V characteristics observed in turbulent plasmas. (2) It is able to separate the contributions to the ΔI/ΔV slope from sheath expansion to that of the high energy electron tail in high Te conditions. (3) It calculates the change in the collection area due to the Debye sheath for conditions where ΔI/ΔV ~ 0 and for V = V f .

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Effect of electrode rinse solutions on the electrodialysis of concentrated salts

The data presented indicate that modest attention to the chemistry of the electrode rinse solution can yield as much as 56% improvement in process efficiency. When operating electrodialysis (ED) with salt concentrations greater than 10,000 mg/l (as NaCl) the amperage can be relatively high even at low voltages. To maximize the overall rate of ion transport from diluate to concentrate, there is a need to minimize resistances in the electrode cells since these can represent as much as 30% of the total resistances in the entire process and in this particular ED unit, represented resistance roughly equivalent to that within the membrane stack. This work describes the performance of a 10-cell pair, 200 cm 2 (0.02 m 2 ) per membrane, pilot ED unit operated in batch mode at 5 V potential. The feedstock to the stack was varied from 0.5% to 6% NaCl. Results from Volt-amp profiles (2.0–15 V) were used as the rationale for choosing the preferred electrode rinse solution, 90 g/l (kg/m 3 ) disodium sulfate at pH 12.5. The recommended solution of 30 g/l (kg/m 3 ) disodium sulfate at neutral pH was tested against stronger solutions (60, 90, and 120 g/l (kg/m 3 ) disodium sulfate) at neutral pH and with 1 g/l (kg/m 3 ) sodium hydroxide added to yield solutions at pH 12.5. There were stark differences in the performance of the ED unit between the solutions at pH 7 and those at pH 12.5. The slopes of the Volt-amp profiles improved indicating less resistance to ion flow at pH 12.5. Most of the difference can be attributed to the greater conductivity of sodium hydroxide compared to disodium sulfate, where even a modest addition of 1 g/l (kg/m 3 ) sodium hydroxide increased the conductivity of the solution between 8 and 20% depending on the concentration of disodium sulfate. Most notably, the initiation voltage was 2.39 ± 0.08 V with solutions at pH 7 and 1.99 V ± 0.04 V when the rinse solutions were around pH 12.5, a difference of around 0.42 V. Since the full batch runs were performed at 5.0 V, this 0.42 V differential represented a loss of 8% in process efficiency. A series of tests showed a shift in initiation voltage occurred between pH 11.5 and 12.5. Nernst equations for water electrolysis are coupled with a simple flux model that estimates the concentration of hydroxide and hydronium ions at the electrode surfaces. This model indicates that the potential demanded by the electrodes is directly linked to the current. Furthermore, there is a steep drop in the potential demanded by the anode when there is sufficient hydroxide available to generate oxygen from hydroxide as opposed to generation from water. The voltage demand is minimal at pH 12.5 and reflective of the reference standard voltage (just over 1.23 V predicted at 0.1 amps). However, the flux model predicts that the voltage demanded by the electrodes at pH 7 is 1.61 V at 0.1 amps (the lowest amperage measurable with the power pack). In conclusion, comparing this result to the reference standard (E 0 = -1.23 V) yields a satisfactory explanation for the observed difference below reference standard of 0.42 V.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Origin of Ferroelectric Phase Stabilization via the Clamping Effect in Ferroelectric Hafnium Zirconium Oxide Thin Films

The presence of the top electrode on hafnium oxide-based thin films during processing has been shown to drive an increase in the amount of metastable ferroelectric orthorhombic phase and polarization performance. This “Clamping Effect,” also referred to as the Capping or Confinement Effect, is attributed to the mechanical stress and confinement from the top electrode layer. However, other contributions to orthorhombic phase stabilization have been experimentally reported, which may also be affected by the presence of a top electrode. In this study, it is shown that the presence of the top electrode during thermal processing results in larger tensile biaxial stress magnitudes and concomitant increases in ferroelectric phase fraction and polarization response, whereas film chemistry, microstructure, and crystallization temperature are not affected. Through etching experiments and measurement of stress evolution for each processing step, it is shown that the top electrode locally inhibits out-of-plane expansion in the HZO during crystallization, which prevents equilibrium monoclinic phase formation and stabilizes the orthorhombic phase. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of the clamping effect and orthorhombic phase formation in ferroelectric hafnium oxide-based thin films, which informs the future design of these materials to maximize ferroelectric phase purity and corresponding polarization behavior.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Old Woman Creek Wetland Sediment and Electrochemical Sensor Microbial Community, 2023

We are developing a technique to monitor microbiological activities referred to as zero resistance ammetry, which entails the deployment of graphite electrodes in sediments. Measurement of current between electrodes of contrasting redox regimes and/or predominant terminal electron accepting processes can be used as an indicator of the extents of microbiological activity. We deployed an electrode array at depths of 2 mm, 4 mm, 76 mm, 78 mm, 152 mm, 154 mm, 227 mm, and 229 mm below the wetland sediment water interface in the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Center, Huron, OH, USA (Lat. = 41.380833, Long. = -82.508889). A core was collected from adjacent sediment and subsamples were collected from depth intervals of 0 – 25 mm, 25 – 127 mm, 127 – 128 mm, and below 178 mm. To determine if the microbial communities attached to the electrodes were reflective of the adjacent sediment-associated microbial community, we conducted a 16S rRNA gene-based (V4 region) survey of these respective materials. This data package contains the results of these surveys, including metadata on the depths from which samples were collected (samples.csv), DNA extraction and sequencing information (OWC_DEPTH_AMPLICON_SEQUENCING_METADATA), sequence processing information (OWC_DEPTH_BIOINFORMATIC_METADATA.csv), an operational taxonomic unit (OTU) table (OWC_DEPTH_97OTUS_TABLE.csv), and nucleotide sequences of OTUs (OWC_DEPTH_97OTUS_SEQS.fasta). All files can be opened using a text-editing application. The fasta file is compatible with bioinformatics applications.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1999

Diagnostic for Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition and Etch Systems

In order to meet NASA's requirements for the rapid development and validation of future generation electronic devices as well as associated materials and processes, enabling technologies ion the processing of semiconductor materials arising from understanding etch chemistries are being developed through a research collaboration between Stanford University and NASA-Ames Research Center, Although a great deal of laboratory-scale research has been performed on many of materials processing plasmas, little is known about the gas-phase and surface chemical reactions that are critical in many etch and deposition processes, and how these reactions are influenced by the variation in operating conditions. In addition, many plasma-based processes suffer from stability and reliability problems leading to a compromise in performance and a potentially increased cost for the semiconductor manufacturing industry. Such a lack of understanding has hindered the development of process models that can aid in the scaling and improvement of plasma etch and deposition systems. The research described involves the study of plasmas used in semiconductor processes. An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source in place of the standard upper electrode assembly of the Gaseous Electronics Conference (GEC) radio-frequency (RF) Reference Cell is used to investigate the discharge characteristics and chemistries. This ICP source generates plasmas with higher electron densities (approximately 10(exp 12)/cu cm) and lower operating pressures (approximately 7 mTorr) than obtainable with the original parallel-plate version of the GEC Cell. This expanded operating regime is more relevant to new generations of industrial plasma systems being used by the microelectronics industry. The motivation for this study is to develop an understanding of the physical phenomena involved in plasma processing and to measure much needed fundamental parameters, such as gas-phase and surface reaction rates. species concentration, temperature, ion energy distribution, and electron number density. A wide variety of diagnostic techniques are under development through this consortium grant to measure these parameters. including molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, broadband ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectroscopy, a compensated Langmuir probe. Additional diagnostics. Such as microwave interferometry and microwave absorption for measurements of plasma density and radical concentrations are also planned.

Cappelli, Mark A.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Research Activities at Plasma Research Laboratory at NASA Ames Research Center

In order to meet NASA's requirements for the rapid development and validation of future generation electronic devices as well as associated materials and processes, enabling technologies are being developed at NASA-Ames Research Center using a multi-discipline approach. The first step is to understand the basic physics of the chemical reactions in the area of plasma reactors and processes. Low pressure glow discharges are indispensable in the fabrication of microelectronic circuits. These plasmas are used to deposit materials and also etch fine features in device fabrication. However, many plasma-based processes suffer from stability and reliability problems leading to a compromise in performance and a potentially increased cost for the semiconductor manufacturing industry. Although a great deal of laboratory-scale research has been performed on many of these processing plasmas, little is known about the gas-phase and surface chemical reactions that are critical in many etch and deposition processes, and how these reactions are influenced by the variation in operating conditions. Such a lack of understanding has hindered the development of process models that can aid in the scaling and improvement of plasma etch and deposition systems. Our present research involves the study of such plasmas. An inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) source in place of the standard upper electrode assembly of the Gaseous Electronics Conference (GEC) radio-frequency (RF) Reference Cell is used to investigate the discharge characteristics. This ICP source generates plasmas with higher electron densities and lower operating pressures than obtainable with the original parallel-plate version of the GEC Cell. This expanded operating regime is more relevant to new generations of industrial plasma systems being used by the microelectronics industry. The research goal is to develop an understanding of the physical phenomena involved in plasma processing and to measure much needed fundamental parameters, such as gas phase and surface reaction rates, species concentration, temperature, ion energy distribution, and electron number density.

Sharma, S. P.↗
DOE OSTI2025

SOC Microstructural Analyzer

This program was designed to analyze the 3-phase microstructure of the electrodes of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) or electrolysis cell (SOEC), both referred to in combination as a solid oxide cell (SOC). It is agnostic to the exact system, so it could be repurposed to analyze any 3-phase microstructure. This tool directly analyzes segmented voxel-based data that has been segmented into phase IDs (1,2,3). The voxels will be analyzed directly for: - tortuosity factors - triple phase boundaries - 2-phase interfacial areas, using a meshed isosurface - mean diameters of each phase, using an inscribed sphere method - standard deviation of the diameters of each phase, from the same inscribed sphere data - connectivity information Comprehensive information is available in the readme file (within the zipped repository in Markdown language, and also available here as a rendered PDF). Please cite this page / DOI, as well as https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.14775, for usage.

3D microstructure↗
DOE OSTI2019

Carbons with Regular Pore Geometry Yield Fundamental Insights into Supercapacitor Charge Storage

We conduct molecular dynamics simulations of electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) using a library of ordered, porous carbon electrode materials called zeolite templated carbons (ZTCs). The well-defined pore shapes of the ZTCs enable us to determine the influence of pore geometry on both charging dynamics and charge storage mechanisms in EDLCs, also referred to as supercapacitors. We show that charging dynamics are negatively correlated with the pore-limiting diameter of the electrode material and display signatures of both progressive charging and ion trapping. However, the equilibrium capacitance, unlike charging dynamics, is not strongly correlated to commonly used, purely geometric descriptors such as pore size. Instead, we find a strong correlation of capacitance to the charge compensation per carbon (CCpC), a descriptor we define in this work as the average charge of the electrode atoms within the coordination shell of a counterion. A high CCpC indicates efficient charge storage, as the strong partial charges of the electrode are able to screen counterion charge, enabling higher ion loading and thus more charge storage within the electrode at a fixed applied voltage. We determine that adsorption sites with a high CCpC tend to be found within pockets with a smaller radius of curvature, where the counterions are able to minimize their distance with multiple points on the electrode surface, and therefore induce stronger local partial charges.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS1985

Precise Electrochemical Drilling of Repeated Deep Holes

Tooling enables maintenance of close tolerances. Tooling includes guide that holds electrochemical drilling electrodes in proper relative alinement and guide-positioning fixture clamps directly on reference surfaces of strut. High precision achieved by positioning tooling anew on each strut before drilling: Tolerances of (0.008 mm) maintained in some details.

Kincheloe, J. P.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Stable bromine charge storage in porous carbon electrodes using tetraalkylammonium bromides for reversible solid complexation

Electrolytes for use in electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs; often referred as supercapacitors or ultracapacitors) are disclosed. In one example, the electrolyte comprises viologen in both the anolyte and the catholyte (with bromide). In another example, the electrolyte comprises viologen (in the anolyte) and tetraalkylammonium with bromide (in the catholyte), wherein the tetraalkylammonium is used to achieve solid complexation of bromine in the activated carbon of the cathode. In a third example, a zinc bromine/tetraalkylammonium supercapacitor/battery hybrid is disclosed. Also disclosed is a corrosion resistant bipolar pouch cell that can be used with the electrolyte embodiments described herein.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

The effect of ink ball milling time on interparticle interactions and ink microstructure and their influence on crack formation in rod-coated catalyst layers

This work investigates the influence of ballmilling (sometimes also referred to as jar roller milling) time on cathode catalyst layer (CL) inks and electrode properties using formulations and coating methods relevant for industrial manufacturing. Four CL inks with the same composition were milled for 24, 48, 72, or 96 h. Rheological investigation of these inks showed a reduction of elastic moduli and steady-shear viscosity with continuous ink milling, which is correlated to a decrease in particle-particle interactions as well as formation of smaller agglomerates. Optical microscopy (OM) analysis of the fabricated electrodes revealed a trend in surface crack formation; formulations milled for 24 h contained the lowest average surface crack area percentages of 0.370% at heavy-duty loadings of ~0.300 mg Pt cm -2 , compared to 2.418% for the ink milled for 96 h. Further characterization of the CL through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging showed a decrease in the mean agglomerate and pore size with milling time. Furthermore, these smaller electrode features were consistent with reduced fracture resistance and, hence, development of larger stresses during drying. Our results highlight the need to consider ink processing as an important component in defect-free CL manufacturing.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2019

1T MoS 2 nanosheets with extraordinary sodium storage properties via thermal-driven ion intercalation assisted exfoliation of bulky MoS 2

Metallic phase (1T) MoS 2 has attracted enormous attention as an appealing energy storage material for batteries, supercapacitors, and catalysts. However, a facile fabrication method is lacking and the intensive understanding of its sodium storage mechanism is absent. Herein, ultrathin 1T MoS 2 nanosheets (1-2 layers) are directly fabricated via and are investigated as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries. Interestingly, the as-prepared 1T MoS 2 nanosheets demonstrate a high reversible capacity of 450 mAh g -1 at 50 mA g -1 and outstanding cycling stability with a high capacity retention ratio of 94% after 200 cycles at 1 A g -1 , which is far superior to that of the 2H phase counterpart. Density function theory (DFT) calculations show that, in addition to significantly enhanced electronic conductivity, 1T MoS 2 also possesses much more sodium philicity and faster Na atom mobility in comparison with the 2H phase. More importantly, as revealed by ex-situ Raman, in-situ X-ray diffraction, and DFT calculations, the 1T MoS 2 is more capable of suppressing the dissolution of S species from the material structure compared with the 2H phase, leading to excellent cycling stability. Furthermore, the facile and easily scalable method as well as the deep mechanism analysis will provide a very important reference for the development of high-performance MoS 2 anodes and other SIB electrode materials.

1T MoS2↗
DOE OSTI2021

Plasma-driven solution electrolysis

Plasmas interacting with liquids enable the generation of a highly reactive interfacial liquid layer due to a variety of processes driven by plasma-produced electrons, ions, photons, and radicals. These processes show promise to enable selective, efficient, and green chemical transformations and new material synthesis approaches. While many differences are to be expected between conventional electrolysis and plasma–liquid interactions, plasma–liquid interactions can be viewed, to a first approximation, as replacing a metal electrode in an electrolytic cell with a gas phase plasma. For this reason, we refer to this method as plasma-driven solution electrochemistry (PDSE). In this Perspective, we address two fundamental questions that should be answered to enable researchers to make transformational advances in PDSE: How far from equilibrium can plasma-induced solution processes be driven? and What are the fundamental differences between PDSE and other more traditional electrochemical processes? Different aspects of both questions are discussed in five sub-questions for which we review the current state-of-the art and we provide a motivation and research vision.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗