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At least 307 records · Page 17

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NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Influence Network: Network visualization of influence between stories for Earth Science data and information exploration

Using storytelling to present data has been demonstrated as an effective way to help data users gain deeper insight of information. For this purpose, the “Data in Action” story concept has been adopted by NASA Commercial Smallsat Data Acquisition (CSDA) Program to encourage creating and sharing data information in story form. To aid researchers in exploring similar stories and data in their fields of interest, we created an “Influence Network” within the “Data in Action” framework. The Influence Network is a data visualization system component which gathers information of story relationships using a concept called “influence,” which we define based on the number of visits and keyword similarity between stories. The visualization then provides insights into the influence flows between different stories within the system. The visualization of this “Influence Network” focuses on one story at a time, introducing a time series of neighbor stories that have the most influence to the currently focused story. By focusing on views over time and visualizing influence flows between stories, we aim to assist authors in understanding how their readers perceive their stories as well as advancing their methods for delivering more meaningful stories to expand and lower the barrier to use of CSDA datasets.

Dan Pham↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Application of Artificial Intelligence Deep Learning to Visually Identify Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris Impacts

Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) are changing the World. Novel approaches to training AI systems have led to dramatic reductions in the amount of time required. Training an AI system could take years and teams of people using traditional methods, but with the advancements of Deep Learning (DL) models this training can now be accomplished by an individual in a matter of minutes. The development of “fast AI” libraries has delivered AI to essentially everyone. Democratization of AI power has inspired many to revisit past problems that will benefit from DL approaches. For example, the application of AI has improved detection of breast cancer by 20% compared to traditional detection methods. Computer vision and machine learning are being used to identify soil deficiencies and provide planting recommendations to farmers. Success stories like these and many others have provided inspiration to see if AI can help improve one of our needed capabilities – that of visually identifying micrometeoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) impact damage to spacecraft from images of the spacecraft exterior. The need to visually locate and characterize spacecraft MMOD impact damage has been present since the early days of space travel. This is often done by either having a crew member take photographs of the spacecraft through a window using a hand-held camera or ground personnel directing externally-mounted cameras. The photographs are then transmitted back to Earth for visual analysis. This method of MMOD damage inspection works well and has been used on various spacecraft including the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station (ISS). One of the issues with the current method that we believe AI could improve is the speed and possibly the accuracy in identifying MMOD impacts. Note that detecting MMOD impacts in images can be very difficult. The visual appearance of an MMOD impact can change dramatically with lighting conditions, size of impact, depth of penetration, material types, surface waviness, fabric coverings, camera & lens, distance to surface, spacecraft orientation, analyst experience, and many other factors. Currently, this takes a team of highly-experienced specialists in both the fields of Image Analysis and MMOD impacts. This paper documents our initial research in training an AI DL model using the fast-AI library to identify actual and simulated MMOD impacts and perforations into exposed flat surfaces. While we recognize that this initial goal seems modest, it must be noted that what we have done would have taken teams of individuals and years of training just ten years ago. Our long-term goal is to add complexity and use-cases to the DL model being trained to expand the capabilities of this model so that it can be used to identify MMOD impacts on all types of spacecraft surfaces.

Cameron M Collins↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Flow Visualization for Plume-Surface Interaction at Martian-Relevant Lander Environments

This paper describes a jet impingement experiment performed in a large-scale vacuum chamber at Martian-relevant ambient pressure conditions, with the motivation of studying plume-surface interaction (PSI) caused by the exhaust plume of a lander interacting with the planetary surface. Flow visualization of an inert supersonic jet was performed using planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF), which is a molecular-based, two-dimensional measurement technique. Representative instantaneous and time-averaged visualizations of the impinging jet at two different nozzle flow conditions corresponding to the underexpanded and overexpanded jet regimes are presented for up to six different dimensionless altitudes h/De. The time-averaged measured spatial distribution of impingement pressures at these conditions is also reported. The PLIF visualizations appear to be critical towards explaining unexpected behavior in the impingement pressure, such as a higher impingement pressure for the underexpanded condition at h/De = 10, compared to a lower altitude of h/De = 8. This behavior can be attributed to differences in the stagnation shock structure observed in the PLIF images. The PLIF images also reveal significant flow separation at the nozzle exit for the overexpanded jet conditions. Further analysis of the test data as well as combined flow visualization and surface diagnostics for future ground tests will help inform engineering designs for landings on the Martian surface while mitigating PSI risks.

PLIF↗

NASA NTRS2024

Multidisciplinary Analytics, Visualization, and Reporting Interface for Integrated Countermeasures

Exploration class missions will have communication latency requiring crew members to make decisions more autonomously, with less support from ground personnel. Therefore, new software is needed to provide crew the ability to not only visualize their countermeasures data, but to also derive comprehensive, nuanced, and multidisciplinary insights regarding the health and performance informatics throughout a mission. The Multidisciplinary Analytics, Visualization, and Reporting Interface for Integrated Countermeasures (MAVRIIC) software seeks to establish a centralized approach to countermeasure data visualization that will facilitate a more holistic understanding of crew members' well-being and performance and enable the development of informed and autonomous decision-making support systems aligned with the evolving requirements of Exploration missions. The culmination of MAVRIIC phase 1 (end of FY23) marked the release of a full-stack, cloud-based ground tool displaying visualizations of in-flight exercise data, exercise ground testing, and exercise MEDB reports. Phase 2 of MAVRIIC (FY24) focuses on beginning the expansion of data contents to domains outside of exercise, including functional fitness, sensorimotor, food/nutrition, radiation, bone, and cardio/vision. Phase 3 and phase 4 will comprise enhanced analytics integration and initiation of flight tool development for infusion into the Artemis Program and eventually the Mars Transit Habitat.

Kent Lawrence Kalogera↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Flow Visualization for Plume-Surface Interaction at Martian-Relevant Lander Environments

PLIF↗

NASA NTRS2008

Design of an Eye Limiting Resolution Visual System Using Commercial-Off-the-Shelf Equipment

A feasibility study was conducted to determine if a flight simulator with an eye-limiting resolution out-the-window (OTW) visual system could be built using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) technology and used to evaluate the visual performance of Air Force pilots in an operations context. Results of this study demonstrate that an eye limiting OTW visual system can be built using COTS technology. Further, a series of operationally-based tasks linked to clinical vision tests can be used within the synthetic environment to demonstrate a correlation and quantify the level of correlation between vision and operational aviation performance.

visual systems↗

NASA NTRS1962

VISUAL CONTROL OF RENDEZVOUS

Space rendezvous involving human occupants will be required in many phases of space flight. In order that rendezvous capability be concurrent with other phases of manned space flight to insure that such tasks as the rotation and addition of crews for manned space station, supply of stations and launching complexes for deep-space probes, and the emergency rescue of personnel may be carried out, it is desirable to determine the ability of a human pilot to control the rendezvous maneuver. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has conducted a study program to determine vehicle requirements and control techniques for a number of proposed methods for performing piloted space rendezvous. The final step in each phase of the rendezvous study program has been a simulation of the man-machine combination to test its feasibility. Initially, an analytical study was conducted to determine a range of conditions that would exist at the beginning of the terminal phase of rendezvous (ref. 1). Piloted systems were investigated for rendezvous control using these initial conditions. One such study of piloted rendezvous in which all the required control information was displayed to the simulator pilot on instruments is presented in reference 2. While the control of the rendezvous maneuver by use of the instrument display was shown to be feasible, the sufficiently accurate measurement of the necessary information to operate the instrument was realized to be a difficult problem. Consideration was therefore given to the possibility of maneuvering range and range rate required for the control of the rendezvous from visual sightings made during the initial control application. To provide this capability, an analytical study was made. This analytical study, presented in reference 3, derived three techniques for obtaining range and range rate visually and conducted a simplified preliminary situation to test the three analytical techniques. The study reported herein is a continuation of the simulation work begun in reference 3, and is aimed at determining the ability of a pilot to use visual information to reduce or eliminate the need for some or all of the data that would normally be displayed on instruments.

Rendezvous↗

NASA NTRS2002

The footprints of visual attention in the Posner cueing paradigm revealed by classification images

In the Posner cueing paradigm, observers' performance in detecting a target is typically better in trials in which the target is present at the cued location than in trials in which the target appears at the uncued location. This effect can be explained in terms of a Bayesian observer where visual attention simply weights the information differently at the cued (attended) and uncued (unattended) locations without a change in the quality of processing at each location. Alternatively, it could also be explained in terms of visual attention changing the shape of the perceptual filter at the cued location. In this study, we use the classification image technique to compare the human perceptual filters at the cued and uncued locations in a contrast discrimination task. We did not find statistically significant differences between the shapes of the inferred perceptual filters across the two locations, nor did the observed differences account for the measured cueing effects in human observers. Instead, we found a difference in the magnitude of the classification images, supporting the idea that visual attention changes the weighting of information at the cued and uncued location, but does not change the quality of processing at each individual location.

Non-NASA Center↗

NASA NTRS2000

Visual motion integration for perception and pursuit

To examine the relationship between visual motion processing for perception and pursuit, we measured the pursuit eye-movement and perceptual responses to the same complex-motion stimuli. We show that humans can both perceive and pursue the motion of line-figure objects, even when partial occlusion makes the resulting image motion vastly different from the underlying object motion. Our results show that both perception and pursuit can perform largely accurate motion integration, i.e. the selective combination of local motion signals across the visual field to derive global object motion. Furthermore, because we manipulated perceived motion while keeping image motion identical, the observed parallel changes in perception and pursuit show that the motion signals driving steady-state pursuit and perception are linked. These findings disprove current pursuit models whose control strategy is to minimize retinal image motion, and suggest a new framework for the interplay between visual cortex and cerebellum in visuomotor control.

NASA Center ARC↗

NASA NTRS2000

A signal detection model predicts the effects of set size on visual search accuracy for feature, conjunction, triple conjunction, and disjunction displays

Recently, quantitative models based on signal detection theory have been successfully applied to the prediction of human accuracy in visual search for a target that differs from distractors along a single attribute (feature search). The present paper extends these models for visual search accuracy to multidimensional search displays in which the target differs from the distractors along more than one feature dimension (conjunction, disjunction, and triple conjunction displays). The model assumes that each element in the display elicits a noisy representation for each of the relevant feature dimensions. The observer combines the representations across feature dimensions to obtain a single decision variable, and the stimulus with the maximum value determines the response. The model accurately predicts human experimental data on visual search accuracy in conjunctions and disjunctions of contrast and orientation. The model accounts for performance degradation without resorting to a limited-capacity spatially localized and temporally serial mechanism by which to bind information across feature dimensions.

Non-NASA Center↗

NASA NTRS1999

Visual-motor recalibration in geographical slant perception

In 4 experiments, it was shown that hills appear steeper to people who are encumbered by wearing a heavy backpack (Experiment 1), are fatigued (Experiment 2), are of low physical fitness (Experiment 3), or are elderly and/or in declining health (Experiment 4). Visually guided actions are unaffected by these manipulations of physiological potential. Although dissociable, the awareness and action systems were also shown to be interconnected. Recalibration of the transformation relating awareness and actions was found to occur over long-term changes in physiological potential (fitness level, age, and health) but not with transitory changes (fatigue and load). Findings are discussed in terms of a time-dependent coordination between the separate systems that control explicit visual awareness and visually guided action.

NASA Center ARC↗

NASA NTRS1999

Effects of body orientation and rotation axis on pitch visual-vestibular interaction

Spatial transformations of the vestibular-optokinetic system must account for changes in head position with respect to gravity in order to produce compensatory oculomotor responses. The purpose of this experiment was to study the influence of gravity on the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in darkness and on visual-vestibular interaction in the pitch plane in human subjects using two different comparisons: (1) Earth-horizontal axis (EHA) rotation about an upright versus a supine body orientation, and (2) Earth-horizontal versus Earth-vertical (EVA) rotation axes. Visual-vestibular responses (VVR) were evaluated by measuring the slow phase velocity of nystagmus induced during sinusoidal motion of the body in the pitch plane (at 0.2 Hz and 0.8 Hz) combined with a constant-velocity vertical optokinetic stimulation (at +/- 36 degrees/s). The results showed no significant effect on the gain or phase of the VOR in darkness or on the VVR responses at 0.8 Hz between EHA upright and EHA supine body orientations. However, there was a downward shift in the VOR bias in darkness in the supine orientation. There were systematic changes in VOR and VVR between EHA and EVA for 0.2 Hz, including a reduced modulation gain, increased phase lead, and decreased bias during EVA rotation. The same trend was also observed at 0.8 Hz, but at a lesser extent, presumably due to the effects of eccentric rotation in our EVA condition and/or to the different canal input across frequencies. The change in the bias at 0.2 Hz between rotation in darkness and rotation with an optokinetic stimulus was greater than the optokinetic responses without rotation. During EHA, changes in head position relative to gravity preserve graviceptor input to the VVR regardless of body orientation. However, the modifications in VVR gain and phase when the rotation axis is aligned with gravity indicate that this graviceptive information is important for providing compensatory eye movements during visual-vestibular interaction in the pitch plane.

Non-NASA Center↗

NASA NTRS1995

Modulation of high-frequency vestibuloocular reflex during visual tracking in humans

1. Humans may visually track a moving object either when they are stationary or in motion. To investigate visual-vestibular interaction during both conditions, we compared horizontal smooth pursuit (SP) and active combined eye-head tracking (CEHT) of a target moving sinusoidally at 0.4 Hz in four normal subjects while the subjects were either stationary or vibrated in yaw at 2.8 Hz. We also measured the visually enhanced vestibuloocular reflex (VVOR) during vibration in yaw at 2.8 Hz over a peak head velocity range of 5-40 degrees/s. 2. We found that the gain of the VVOR at 2.8 Hz increased in all four subjects as peak head velocity increased (P < 0.001), with minimal phase changes, such that mean retinal image slip was held below 5 degrees/s. However, no corresponding modulation in vestibuloocular reflex gain occurred with increasing peak head velocity during a control condition when subjects were rotated in darkness. 3. During both horizontal SP and CEHT, tracking gains were similar, and the mean slip speed of the target's image on the retina was held below 5.5 degrees/s whether subjects were stationary or being vibrated at 2.8 Hz. During both horizontal SP and CEHT of target motion at 0.4 Hz, while subjects were vibrated in yaw, VVOR gain for the 2.8-Hz head rotations was similar to or higher than that achieved during fixation of a stationary target. This is in contrast to the decrease of VVOR gain that is reported while stationary subjects perform CEHT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS).

NASA Discipline Neuroscience↗

NASA NTRS2004

Dynamic visual acuity using "far" and "near" targets

CONCLUSIONS: DVA may be useful for assessing the functional consequences of an impaired gaze stabilization mechanism or for testing the effectiveness of a rehabilitation paradigm. Because target distance influences the relative contributions of canal and otolith inputs, the ability to measure DVA at near and far viewing distances may also lead to tests that will independently assess canal and otolith function. OBJECTIVE: To present and test a methodology that uses dynamic visual acuity (DVA) to assess the efficacy of compensatory gaze mechanisms during a functionally relevant activity that differentially measures canal and otolith function. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The effect of treadmill walking at a velocity of 1.79 m/s on subjects' visual acuity was assessed at each of two viewing distances. A custom-written threshold determination program was used to display Landolt C optotypes on a laptop computer screen during a "far" (4 m) target condition and on a micro-display for a "near" (50 cm) target condition. The walking acuity scores for each target distance were normalized by subtracting a corresponding acuity measure obtained while standing still on the treadmill belt. RESULTS: As predicted by subjective reports of relative target motion, the decrease in visual acuity was significantly greater (p < 0.00001) for the near compared to the far condition.

Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology↗

NASA NTRS2014

CANDELS Visual Classifications: Scheme, Data Release, and First Results

We have undertaken an ambitious program to visually classify all galaxies in the five CANDELS fields down to H <24.5 involving the dedicated efforts of 65 individual classifiers. Once completed, we expect to have detailed morphological classifications for over 50,000 galaxies spanning 0 < z < 4 over all the fields. Here, we present our detailed visual classification scheme, which was designed to cover a wide range of CANDELS science goals. This scheme includes the basic Hubble sequence types, but also includes a detailed look at mergers and interactions, the clumpiness of galaxies, k-corrections, and a variety of other structural properties. In this paper, we focus on the first field to be completed - GOODS-S, which has been classified at various depths. The wide area coverage spanning the full field (wide+deep+ERS) includes 7634 galaxies that have been classified by at least three different people. In the deep area of the field, 2534 galaxies have been classified by at least five different people at three different depths. With this paper, we release to the public all of the visual classifications in GOODS-S along with the Perl/Tk GUI that we developed to classify galaxies. We present our initial results here, including an analysis of our internal consistency and comparisons among multiple classifiers as well as a comparison to the Sersic index. We find that the level of agreement among classifiers is quite good and depends on both the galaxy magnitude and the galaxy type, with disks showing the highest level of agreement and irregulars the lowest. A comparison of our classifications with the Sersic index and restframe colors shows a clear separation between disk and spheroid populations. Finally, we explore morphological k-corrections between the V-band and H-band observations and find that a small fraction (84 galaxies in total) are classified as being very different between these two bands. These galaxies typically have very clumpy and extended morphology or are very faint in the V-band.

Visual↗

NASA NTRS2013

Simulations and Visualizations of Hurricane Sandy (2012) as Revealed by the NASA CAMVis

Storm Sandy first appeared as a tropical storm in the southern Caribbean Sea on Oct. 22, 2012, moved northeastward, turned northwestward, and made landfall near Brigantine, New Jersey in late October. Sandy devastated surrounding areas, caused an estimated damage of $50 billion, and became the second costliest tropical cyclone (TC) in U.S. History surpassed only by Hurricane Katrina (2005). To save lives and mitigate economic damage, a central question to be addressed is to what extent the lead time of severe storm prediction such as Sandy can be extended (e.g., Emanuel 2012; Kerr 2012). In this study, we present 10 numerical experiments initialized at 00 and 1200 UTC Oct. 22-26, 2012, with the NASA coupled advanced global modeling and visualization systems (CAMVis). All of the predictions realistically capture Sandy's movement with the northwestward turn prior to its landfall. However, three experiments (initialized at 0000 UTC Oct. 22 and 24 and 1200 UTC Oct. 22) produce larger errors. Among the 10 experiments, the control run initialized at 0000 UTC Oct. 23 produces a remarkable 7-day forecast. To illustrate the impact of environmental flows on the predictability of Sandy, we produce and discuss four-dimensional (4-D) visualizations with the control run. 4-D visualizations clearly demonstrate the following multiscale processes that led to the sinuous track of Sandy: the initial steering impact of an upper-level trough (appearing over the northwestern Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico), the blocking impact of systems to the northeast of Sandy, and the binary interaction with a mid-latitude, upper-level trough that appeared at 130degrees west longitude on Oct. 23, moved to the East Coast and intensified during the period of Oct. 29-30 prior to Sandy's landfall.

visualizations↗

NASA NTRS2014

Federated Giovanni: A Distributed Web Service for Analysis and Visualization of Remote Sensing Data

The Geospatial Interactive Online Visualization and Analysis Interface (Giovanni) is a popular tool for users of the Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) and has been in use for over a decade. It provides a wide variety of algorithms and visualizations to explore large remote sensing datasets without having to download the data and without having to write readers and visualizers for it. Giovanni is now being extended to enable its capabilities at other data centers within the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS). This Federated Giovanni will allow four other data centers to add and maintain their data within Giovanni on behalf of their user community. Those data centers are the Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center (PO.DAAC), MODIS Adaptive Processing System (MODAPS), Ocean Biology Processing Group (OBPG), and Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC). Three tiers are supported: Tier 1 (GES DISC-hosted) gives the remote data center a data management interface to add and maintain data, which are provided through the Giovanni instance at the GES DISC. Tier 2 packages Giovanni up as a virtual machine for distribution to and deployment by the other data centers. Data variables are shared among data centers by sharing documents from the Solr database that underpins Giovanni's data management capabilities. However, each data center maintains their own instance of Giovanni, exposing the variables of most interest to their user community. Tier 3 is a Shared Source model, in which the data centers cooperate to extend the infrastructure by contributing source code.

Giovanni↗

NASA NTRS2017

Recent Advancements in the Infrared Flow Visualization System for the NASA Ames Unitary Plan Wind Tunnels

The following details recent efforts undertaken at the NASA Ames Unitary Plan wind tunnels to design and deploy an advanced, production-level infrared (IR) flow visualization data system. Highly sensitive IR cameras, coupled with in-line image processing, have enabled the visualization of wind tunnel model surface flow features as they develop in real-time. Boundary layer transition, shock impingement, junction flow, vortex dynamics, and buffet are routinely observed in both transonic and supersonic flow regimes all without the need of dedicated ramps in test section total temperature. Successful measurements have been performed on wing-body sting mounted test articles, semi-span floor mounted aircraft models, and sting mounted launch vehicle configurations. The unique requirements of imaging in production wind tunnel testing has led to advancements in the deployment of advanced IR cameras in a harsh test environment, robust data acquisition storage and workflow, real-time image processing algorithms, and evaluation of optimal surface treatments. The addition of a multi-camera IR flow visualization data system to the Ames UPWT has demonstrated itself to be a valuable analyses tool in the study of new and old aircraft/launch vehicle aerodynamics and has provided new insight for the evaluation of computational techniques.

Infrared Thermography↗