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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

The Design, Construction and Testing of the Straw Tracking Detectors for the E989 Muon g-2 Experiment at Fermilab.

The requirement of science, to stretch the boundaries and our understanding of the standard model,is the driving force for the continuous development of our knowledge of the building blocks of theUniverse. Experiments are designed, built and tested to support the theories of the mathematiciansof the physics community and the theorists help interpret the experimental results, looking foravenues of new physics. However, as is known in both science and human nature, nothing is everperfect - there is always room for improvement.The E989 Muon g-2 Collaboration experiment at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (otherwiseknown as Fermilab), aims to quantify the muon anomalous magnetic moment to unprecedentedprecision and looks to increase the accuracy of the measurement by fourfold of the predecessorexperiment - E821 at Brookhaven. The discrepancy between the theoretical prediction of theanomalous magnetic moment of the muon and the experimental results, has given tantalisingindication of new physics, prompting an ”upgrade” for systematic accuracy on the E821.The particular focus of this thesis details the design, construction and quality testing of the strawtracking modules for the E989 experiment. The author was one of the dedicated technicians whobuilt and tested the tracker modules at the University of Liverpool High Energy Physics (HEP)department, she built and quality tested the modules, wrote the procedural document for the buildand subsequently was involved in the Run I startup, shut down and data taking shifts (for Run Iand Run II) which contributed to the recent release of the first unblinded data.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Muon Neutrino Charged Current Single Pion Production on Various Targets in the MINERvA Detector

Measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters at accelerator-based experiments require precise knowledge of neutrino interaction cross sections. A significant fraction of neutrino interactions observed in these experiments produce single charged pions. While single charged pion production has been measured on hydrocarbon and water, few precise measurements exist for heavier targets, and there are no high statistics measurements that directly compare pion production on different targets. This thesis measures differential cross sections of muon neutrino charged current single charged pion production with no other mesons in the final state in a neutrino beam with a mean energy of $\approx 6$ GeV. The pion production is studied on targets of scintillator, carbon, water, iron, and lead at MINERvA, a neutrino cross section experiment located in the NuMI beamline at Fermilab. These measured cross sections are differential in $\mu^-$ and $\pi^+$ kinematics. A strong suppression of low $Q^2 $ and an enhancement of low $T_\pi$ are observed relative to commonly used neutrino interaction models in both the light and heavy nuclear targets. Incorporation of these observed effects in future neutrino oscillation experiments will improve their ability to measure energy of neutrino interactions, and therefore measure the parameters governing neutrino oscillations.

Bercellie, Aaron↗
DOE OSTI2022

Muon neutrino charged current single pion production on various targets in the MINERvA detector

Measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters at accelerator-based experiments require precise knowledge of neutrino interaction cross sections. A significant fraction of neutrino interactions observed in these experiments produce single charged pions. While single charged pion production has been measured on hydrocarbon and water, few precise measurements exist for heavier targets, and there are no high statistics measurements that directly compare pion production on different targets. This thesis measures differential cross sections of muon neutrino charged current single charged pion production with no other mesons in the final state in a neutrinobeam with a mean energy of ≈ 6 GeV. The pion production is studied on targets of scintillator, carbon, water, iron, and lead at MINERvA, a neutrino cross section experiment located in the NuMI beamline at Fermilab. These measured cross sections are differential in μ - and π + kinematics. A strong suppression of low Q 2 and an enhancement of low π are observed relative to commonly used neutrino interaction models in both the light and heavy nuclear targets. Incorporation of these observed effects in future neutrino oscillation experiments will improve their ability to measure energy of neutrino interactions, and therefore measure the parameters governing neutrino oscillations.

Bercellie, Aaron↗
DOE OSTI2021

Highly efficient terahertz photoconductive metasurface detectors operating at microwatt-level gate powers

Despite their wide use in terahertz (THz) research and technology, the application spectra of photoconductive antenna (PCA) THz detectors are severely limited due to the relatively high optical gating power requirement. This originates from poor conversion efficiency of optical gate beam photons to photocurrent in materials with sub-picosecond carrier lifetimes. Here we show that using an ultra-thin (160 nm), perfectly absorbing low-temperature grown GaAs metasurface as the photoconductive channel drastically improves the efficiency of THz PCA detectors. This is achieved through perfect absorption of the gate beam in a significantly reduced photoconductive volume, enabled by the metasurface. This Letter demonstrates that sensitive THz PCA detection is possible using optical gate powers as low as 5 µW—three orders of magnitude lower than gating powers used for conventional PCA detectors. We show that significantly higher optical gate powers are not necessary for optimal operation, as they do not improve the sensitivity to the THz field. This class of efficient PCA THz detectors opens doors for THz applications with low gate power requirements.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2021

IR challenges and the machine detector interface at FCC-ee

The FCC-ee, with its unprecedented luminosity goal and high energy reach, creates challenges and requires solutions to many issues in order to produce a realistic design for the complex machine detector interface. The interaction region design for the FCC-ee adopts the crab-waist collision scheme and proposes an elegant local chromaticity correction system. An asymmetric layout of nearby dipoles suppresses the critical energy of synchrotron radiation incoming to the detector at the interaction point to a maximum value of 100 keV. The main challenge of the FCC-ee machine detector interface design is to combine the many conflicting accelerator and 2 T detector constraints, aiming for the optimal trade-off choices that simultaneously allow for a best machine performance in terms of integrated luminosity and data taking efficiency. Much of the success of the FCC-ee will be related to the interaction region design, as a result of the ingredients coming from areas of accelerator physics, mechanical engineering and detector optimization.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Overview and Status of the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility Far Detectors Cryogenics System

The Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) will host the Far Detectors of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), an international multi-kiloton Long-Baseline neutrino experiment that will be installed about a mile underground in Lead, SD. Detectors will be located inside four cryostats filled with almost 70,000 metric tons of ultrapure liquid argon, with a level of impurities lower than 100 parts per trillion of oxygen equivalent. The cryogenics infrastructure supporting this experiment is provided by the Long- Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF). This contribution presents modes of operation, layout and main features of the LBNF Far Detectors cryogenics system, which is composed of the following subsystems: argon receiving facilities, nitrogen system, argon distribution system, argon purification and regeneration systems, argon circulation system, argon condensers system, internal cryogenics, miscellaneous items, and process controls. An international engin eering tea m is designing these systems and will manufacture, install, test, commission, and qualify them. This contribution describes the main features, performance, functional requirements, and modes of operation of the LBNF Far Detectors cryogenics system. It also presents the status of the design, along with present and future needs to support the DUNE experiment.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Development of a new CEDAR for kaon identification at the NA62 experiment at CERN

The NA62 experiment at CERN utilises a differential Cherenkov counter with achromatic ring focus (CEDAR) for tagging kaons within an unseparated monochromatic beam of charged hadrons. The CEDAR-H detector was developed to minimise the amount of material in the path of the beam by using hydrogen gas as the radiator medium. The detector was shown to satisfy the kaon tagging requirements in a test-beam before installation and commissioning at the experiment. The CEDAR-H performance was measured using NA62 data collected in 2023.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2026

Online Alpha Monitoring of High Cs-137 Hanford and SRS High Level Waste with Tensioned Metastable Fluid Detectors

The Department of Energy’s Hanford and Savannah River Sites maintain millions of gallons of caustic supernate and salt high activity waste in their high-level waste (HLW) tank farm inventories. The Savannah River Site is currently treating this waste with a calixarene-based solvent extraction of Cs-137 to reduce these inventories. Hanford is employing an at-tank crystalline silico titanate (CST) based solid phase extraction methodology to reduce their liquid HLW inventories. Due to the high solubility of Cs-137 and the relative insolubility of the actinides in these caustic waste forms, the beta to alpha radioactivity ratio can often exceed six orders of magnitude in the feed solutions to these treatment processes. This unique characteristic leads to significant technical challenges in making rapid gross alpha measurements in the presence of the overwhelming beta, gamma, as well as dissolved sodium salt in these HLW matrices. Conventional radioanalytical techniques, such as liquid scintillation analysis or gas flow proportional counting require significant radiochemistry preparation prior to the radiometric measurements for gross alpha activity. These required pretreatments render these technologies untenable for rapid quantification of gross alpha activity that could be required to support on or at-line measurements ensuring a waste stream will meet regulatory requirements. The radiation measurement properties of Tensioned Metastable Fluid Detectors (TMFDs) have been studied by Purdue University’s Taleyarkhan research group for well over a decade. Fluids tensioned to the appropriate degree will rupture when struck by radiation, resulting in a measurable cavitation event. The negative pressure generating this tension can be adjusted by centrifugal rotation or by acoustic means in such a way that these cavitation events can be generated from alpha radiation but will not be generated by beta or gamma radiation. Purdue University and the Savannah River National Laboratory are currently collaborating to develop a gamma/beta blind, spectroscopic alpha measurement system based on the Tensioned Metastable Fluid Detector technology to provide a potential solution for performing rapid gross alpha measurements on these high gamma/beta sample matrices. Measurements using the Indirect Drive Acoustically Tensioned Metastable Fluid Detectors developed as part of this collaboration were performed with an alpha emitting radionuclide. Successful determination of gross alpha activity was observed, indicating a potential pathway for rapid gross alpha measurements in remote-handled shielded cells or in process situations requiring online alpha monitoring. Measurements using this system have been conducted on high beta activity solutions, demonstrating the beta blind capability of this system. Measurements are currently underway to test the system’s capability to measure gross alpha activity on Savannah River Site high level waste high Cs-137 samples that have been measured by the SRNL radiochemistry team. This work was supported by the DOE EM Technology Development program.

DiPrete, David [Savannah River National Laboratory↗
DOE OSTI2024

Effects of Proton Irradiation on the Performance of Skipper CCDs

Skipper CCDs are a mature detector technology that has been suggested for future space telescope instruments requiring sub-electron readout noise in the near-ultraviolet to the near-infrared. While modern skipper CCDs inherit from the radiation-tolerant p-channel detectors developed by LBNL, the effects of high doses of ionizing radiation on skipper CCDs (such as those expected in space) remains largely unmeasured. We report preliminary results on the performance of p-channel skipper CCDs following irradiation with 217-MeV protons at the Northwestern Medicine Proton Center. The total nonionizing energy loss (NIEL) experienced by the detectors exceeds 6 years at the Sun-Earth Lagrange Point 2 (L2). We demonstrate that the skipper amplifier continues to function as expected following this irradiation. Owing to the low readout noise of these detectors, controlled irradiation tests can be used to sensitively characterize the charge transfer inefficiency, dark current, and the density and time constants of charge traps as a function of proton fluence. We conclude with a brief outlook toward future tests of these detectors at other proton and gamma-ray facilities.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Characterisation of signal-induced noise in Hamamatsu R11265 Multianode Photomultiplier Tubes

Signal-induced noise is observed in Hamamatsu R11265 Multianode Photomultiplier Tubes, manifesting up to several microseconds after the single photoelectron response signal and localised in specific anodes. The mean number of noise pulses varies between devices, and shows significant dependence on the applied high-voltage. The characterisation of this noise and the mitigation strategies to perform optimal single-photon counting at 40 MHz, as required by the LHCb Ring-Imaging Cherenkov detectors, are reported.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Anti-reflection coating with mullite and Duroid for large-diameter cryogenic sapphire and alumina optics

We developed a broadband two-layer anti-reflection (AR) coating for use on a sapphire half-wave plate (HWP) and an alumina infrared (IR) filter for the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarimetry. Measuring the faint CMB B-mode signals requires maximizing the number of photons reaching the detectors and minimizing spurious polarization due to reflection with an off-axis incident angle. Sapphire and alumina have high refractive indices of 3.1 and are highly reflective without an AR coating. This paper presents the design, fabrication, quality control, and measured performance of an AR coating using thermally sprayed mullite and Duroid 5880LZ. This technology enables large optical elements with diameters of 600 mm. We also present a thermography-based nondestructive quality control technique, which is key to assuring good adhesion and preventing delamination when thermal cycling. We demonstrate the average reflectance of about 2.6% (0.9%) for two observing bands centered at 90/150 (220/280) GHz. At room temperature, the average transmittance of a 105 mm square test sample at 220/280 GHz is 83%, and it will increase to 90% at 100 K, attributed to reduced absorption losses. Therefore, our developed layering technique has proved effective for 220/280 GHz applications, particularly in addressing dielectric loss concerns. This AR coating technology has been deployed in the cryogenic HWP and IR filters of the Simons Array and the Simons observatory experiments and applies to future experiments such as CMB-S4.

Sakaguri, Kana (ORCID:0000000156678118)↗
DOE OSTI2023

SPT-SLIM: Line Intensity Mapping with the South Pole Telescope

Line-intensity mapping (LIM) at millimeter wavelengths is a powerful emerging probe of the large-scale structure of the Universe, but achieving meaningful constraints on cosmological parameters with LIM requires focal planes with orders of magnitudes more detectors than existing instruments. SPT-SLIM is an upcoming experiment to demonstrate LIM observations of CO at 0.5 < z < 2.0 using on-chip spectrometers with kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs), a new technology that enables scaling to the much larger arrays of detectors needed to probe cosmology. I will describe the overall experimental design and specific goals of SPT-SLIM. In addition, I will highlight results of the detector and readout electronics development for SPT-SLIM and the status of the camera integration and commissioning in the lab.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Data Augmentation for Neutron Spectrum Unfolding with Neural Networks

Neural networks require a large quantity of training spectra and detector responses in order to learn to solve the inverse problem of neutron spectrum unfolding. In addition, due to the under-determined nature of unfolding, non-physical spectra which would not be encountered in usage should not be included in the training set. While physically realistic training spectra are commonly determined experimentally or generated through Monte Carlo simulation, this can become prohibitively expensive when considering the quantity of spectra needed to effectively train an unfolding network. In this paper, we present three algorithms for the generation of large quantities of realistic and physically motivated neutron energy spectra. Using an IAEA compendium of 251 spectra, we compare the unfolding performance of neural networks trained on spectra from these algorithms, when unfolding real-world spectra, to two baselines. We also investigate general methods for evaluating the performance of and optimizing feature engineering algorithms.

McGreivy, James (ORCID:0000000321723411)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Using quantum noise correlation analysis to measure ion temperature

Quantum noise correlation analysis was tested at the proof-of-concept level as a technique to measure ion temperature in a plasma. If eventually successful, this technique could enable a compact, inexpensive, and robust ion temperature diagnostic suitable for a burning plasma environment. Ion temperature is a key parameter determining the fusion performance of a burning plasma, as the fusion cross-section has a strong dependence on ion temperature. This ion temperature diagnostic would require only a small optical view of the plasma through a port to passively record impurity line emission. The instrumentation would be remote from the reactor behind the neutron and bio-shielding. The technique relies solely on quantum correlations of the photons emitted by a plasma impurity to measure ion temperature; there is no grating dispersion of an emission line-width or pulse-height analysis of photon energy. This measurement innovation was tested with instrumentation consisting of two single-photon detectors with high timing resolution, a time-tagging unit, and simple light collection optics. This instrumentation measures the second-order correlation between the light intensity falling on the two detectors. The next steps beyond the proof-of-concept level will be development of diagnostic designs for application of this technique to high-temperature and burning plasmas. Arrays of single-photon avalanche detectors to multiplex measurements of photon correlation will be required to reduce signal integration time to an acceptable duration.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Development of Large Area µRWELL Detectors for CLAS12 High Luminosity Upgrade at Jefferson Lab

The high-luminosity upgrade of the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS12) will significantly enhance the physics reach of experiments in Hall B at JLab. However, at the current luminosity of L = 1 × 1035 cm-2 s-1, the reconstruction efficiency of charged particles in the forward region of the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS12) is at the level of 85% and limited in part by the drift chambers inability to handle high occupancy, in the first tracking region (DC-R1) of the Forward Detector. The reconstruction efficiency is expected to drop even lower at higher luminosities with the current tracking technology. Various options under consideration to achieve the desired performance at a higher luminosity of L = 2 × 1035 cm-2 s-1 include the addition of fast tracking layers to complement DC-R1 or the replacement of DC-R1 with a different tracking detector technology altogether. In either case, a novel generation of compact, simple and robust Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD) known as the Resistive Micro-Well detector (µRWELL) is the ideal candidate to satisfy the requirements in terms of timing O (10 ns) and position O (100 µm) resolutions. A large µRWELL prototype, combined with a two-dimensional U-V strip readout layer based on the novel concept of capacitive-sharing approach has been developed as a proof of principle for fast tracking capabilities in the forward region of CLAS12 high-luminosity upgrade. In this talk, we will present the technical aspects of the design choices of the large µRWELL prototype under development and report on the detector assembly process and preliminary performance characteristic tests. We will also discuss the plans for the test and characterization of the prototype in beam during spring 2023 CEBAF run. Finally, we will report on ongoing R&D efforts on small prototypes with the goal to improve rate capability, spatial resolution performance and minimize material thickness.

Gnanvo, Kondo↗
DOE OSTI2024

Calibration of the DUNE Far Detector Using Cosmic-ray Muon Events

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) aims to set new limits on parameters associated with neutrino oscillations, neutrino astrophysics, and beyond the Standard Model (SM) searches such as nucleon decay. DUNE will quantify the magnitude of CP violation in the lepton sector, and determine the neutrino mass ordering. These benefit highly from the large target mass and excellent imaging, tracking, and particle identification capabilities of Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LArTPCs). Detector calibration is essential to make precise physics measurements. For instance, accurate energy reconstruction is necessary for measuring many of the aforementioned quantities with the precision required for discovering new physics and fully exploiting the capabilities of the detector. Cosmic muons are a freely available natural source of calorimetric data and can be used for calibrating various detector parameters. This thesis provides an analysis of simulated cosmic-ray muon events generated with the Muon Simulation Underground (MUSUN) generator in the DUNE horizontal drift (HD) far detector (FD). The study focuses on analysing the energy and angular distribution of various classes of muon events, as well as characterising the different particles produced by cosmic muon interactions. The analysis of π0 → 2γ events within the cosmic-ray muon sample is presented in this thesis with a detailed study of reconstructing electromagnetic showers. The π0 mass is reconstructed within the DUNE FD, yielding a value of (136 ± 7) MeV/c2. Additionally, the thesis introduces methods for dE/dx calibration using simulated and reconstructed muon tracks. A calibration constant Ccal = (5.469 ± 0.003) × 10−3 ADC × tick/e is obtained through a model-dependent calibration process, where 1 tick corresponds to 500 ns of sampling time of an ADC. Furthermore, a calibration technique is presented, demonstrating precise translation from dQ/dx to dE/dx. This calibration method is applied to stopping muons, charged pions, and protons in the DUNE FD, addressing the measurement of energy loss in the detector volume. These are important calibrations of the DUNE FD and will contribute to achieving the exciting physics goals of the experiment.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Impact of Spontaneous Fission Neutron Emission Energy on Neutron Detector Response

A parametric study was simulated in MCNP to investigate the impact of spontaneous fission neutron energy on neutron detector response. A total of 880 configurations were simulated by varying 3 He pressure and polyethylene reflector thickness for 8 different isotopes. Results showed that deviations between the simulated isotopes become more prevalent at higher energies with 238 U showing the greatest deviation. It was also observed that configurations comparable to most detection setups, 10 atm and 6 - 8 cm polyethylene, were closer to the upper bound of deviations from a 252 Cf. 240 Pu, a common spontaneous fission source of interest, ranged from 2% - 3% within this space. This suggests that further investigation is required to determine exact correction factors when calibrating neutron detectors with a 252 Cf. Although demonstrated here for a 4π-detection system, future plans include simulating a more detailed model of the MC-15 detection setup to determine exact correction factors for future experiments.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

A wide-field micro-computed tomography detector: micron resolution at half-centimetre scale

Ideal three-dimensional imaging of complex samples made up of micron-scale structures extending over mm to cm, such as biological tissues, requires both wide field of view and high resolution. For existing optics and detectors used for micro-CT (computed tomography) imaging, sub-micron pixel resolution can only be achieved for fields of view of <2 mm. This article presents a unique detector system with a 6 mm field-of-view image circle and 0.5 µm pixel size that can be used in micro-CT units utilizing both synchrotron and commercial X-ray sources. A resolution-test pattern with linear microstructures and whole adult Daphnia magna were imaged at beamline 8.3.2 of the Berkeley Advanced Light Source. Volumes of 10000 × 10000 × 7096 isotropic 0.5 µm voxels were reconstructed over a 5.0 mm × 3.5 mm field of view. Measurements in the projection domain confirmed a 0.90 µm measured spatial resolution that is largely Nyquist-limited. This unprecedented combination of field of view and resolution dramatically reduces the need for sectional scans and computational stitching for large samples, ultimately offering the means to elucidate changes in tissue and cellular morphology in the context of larger, whole, intact model organisms and specimens. This system is also anticipated to benefit micro-CT imaging in materials science, microelectronics, agricultural science and biomedical engineering.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗