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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 307 records · Page 17
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NASA NTRS1981

Geometric dilution of precision in Global Positioning System navigation

The evaluation of the GPS navigation performance is essentially equivalent to the computation of the diagonal terms of the geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) matrix. Certain theoretical results concerning the general properties of the GDOP matrix are obtained. An efficient algorithm for the computation of the GDOP matrix and the navigation performance index is given; and applications of the results are illustrated by numerical examples.

Fang, B. T.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Muon hyperfine fields in iron and its dilute alloys

The temperature dependence of the interstitial magnetic field, B, as determined by the rotation of the spin of the muon, has been measured for dilute polycrystalline iron alloys with Mo, Ti, and Nb additions over a temperature range of 240 to 633 K. In all cases the behaviors differ from one another and from the Fe(Al) alloys previously studied. B, which is negative with respect to the magnetization, is increased in magnitude by Al and Mo, and decreased greatly by Ti. The addition of Nb creates a two-phase alloy from which the role of heterogeneity and/or strain on B in iron can be assessed. If the temperature dependence of the hyperfine field extracted from B for Fe(Mo) alloys is interpreted on the model previously used to discuss the Fe(Al) data, then the muon must be attracted to the Mo atom while repelled by the Al atoms as the temperature decreases.

Stronach, C. E.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Dilution Jet Mixing Program, phase 1

The effect of jet to mainstream density ratio, flow area convergence as encounted in transition sections, and nonuniform mainstream profile upstream of dilution orifices on the mixing of a row of jets with a confined cross flow was quantified. It is found that: (1) jet spreading rate in transverse direction is increased with increasing J, H/D and with decreasing S/D; (2) the density ratio has only a second order effect on the jet mixing characteristics for a constant momentum ratio; (3) the temperature distributions in the jet mixing region are strongly influenced by the undisturbed mainstream profile; (4) flow area convergence enhances mixing in radial and transverse directions. An asymmetric convergent duct with flat wall injection has the same jet mixing characteristics as a symmetric convergent duct. An asymmetric convergent duct with slant wall injection has a faster jet spreading rate in the transverse direction.

Srinivasan, R.↗
NASA NTRS1983

ECUT: Energy Conversion and utilization Technologies program biocatalysis research activity. Generation of chemical intermediates by catalytic oxidative decarboxylation of dilute organic acids

A rhodium-based catalyst was prepared and preliminary experiments were completed where the catalyst appeared to decarboxylate dilute acids at concentrations of 1 to 10 vol%. Electron spin resonance spectroscoy was used to characterize the catalyst as a first step leading toward modeling and optimization of rhodium catalysts. Also, a hybrid chemical/biological process for the production of hydrocarbons has been assessed. These types of catalysts could greatly increase energy efficiency of this process.

Distefano, S.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Dilution Zone Mixing

Studies to characterize dilution zone mixing; experiments on the effects of free-stream turbulence on a jet in crossflow; and the development of an interactive computer code for the analysis of the mixing of jets with a confined crossflow are reviewed.

Holdeman, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Engineering correlations of variable-property effects on laminar forced convection mass transfer for dilute vapor species and small particles in air

A simple engineering correlation scheme is developed to predict the variable property effects on dilute species laminar forced convection mass transfer applicable to all vapor molecules or Brownian diffusing small particle, covering the surface to mainstream temperature ratio of 0.25 T sub W/T sub e 4. The accuracy of the correlation is checked against rigorous numerical forced convection laminar boundary layer calculations of flat plate and stagnation point flows of air containing trace species of Na, NaCl, NaOH, Na2SO4, K, KCl, KOH, or K2SO4 vapor species or their clusters. For the cases reported here the correlation had an average absolute error of only 1 percent (maximum 13 percent) as compared to an average absolute error of 18 percent (maximum 54 percent) one would have made by using the constant-property results.

Gokoglu, S. A.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Dilution jet mixing program

Parametric tests were conducted to quantify the mixing of opposed rows of jets (two-sided injection) in a confined cross flow. Results show that jet penetrations for two sided injections are less than that for single-sided injections, but the jet spreading rates are faster for a given momentum ratio and orifice plate. Flow area convergence generally enhances mixing. Mixing characteristics with asymmetric and symmetric convergence are similar. For constant momentum ratio, the optimum S/H(0) with in-line injections is one half the optimum value for single sided injections. For staggered injections, the optimum S/H(0) is twice the optimum value for single-sided injection. The correlations developed predicted the temperature distributions within first order accuracy and provide a useful tool for predicting jet trajectory and temperature profiles in the dilution zone with two-sided injections.

Srinivasan, R.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Dilution jets in accelerated cross flows

Results of flow visualization experiments and measurements of the temperature field produced by a single jet and a row of dilution jets issued into a reverse flow combustor are presented. The flow in such combustors is typified by transverse and longitudinal acceleration during the passage through its bending section. The flow visualization experiments are designed to examine the separate effects of longitudinal and transverse acceleration on the jet trajectory and spreading rate. A model describing a dense single jet in a lighter accelerating cross flow is developed. The model is based on integral conservation equations, including the pressure terms appropriate to accelerating flows. It uses a modified entrainment correlation obtained from previous experiments of a jet in a cross stream. The flow visualization results are compared with the model calculations in terms of trajectories and spreading rates. Each experiment is typified by a set of three parameters: momentum ratio, density ratio and the densimetric Froude number.

Lipshitz, A.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Lagrange thermodynamic potential and intrinsic variables for He-3 He-4 dilute solutions

For a two-fluid model of dilute solutions of He-3 in liquid He-4, a thermodynamic potential is constructed that provides a Lagrangian for deriving equations of motion by a variational procedure. This Lagrangian is defined for uniform velocity fields as a (negative) Legendre transform of total internal energy, and its primary independent variables, together with their thermodynamic conjugates, are identified. Here, similarities between relations in classical physics and quantum statistical mechanics serve as a guide for developing an alternate expression for this function that reveals its character as the difference between apparent kinetic energy and intrinsic internal energy. When the He-3 concentration in the mixtures tends to zero, this expression reduces to Zilsel's formula for the Lagrangian for pure liquid He-4. An investigation of properties of the intrinsic internal energy leads to the introduction of intrinsic chemical potentials along with other intrinsic variables for the mixtures. Explicit formulas for these variables are derived for a noninteracting elementary excitation model of the fluid. Using these formulas and others also derived from quantum statistical mechanics, another equivalent expression for the Lagrangian is generated.

Jackson, H. W.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Dilution jet mixing

Schematics are given for test section configurations, orifice configurations, and the dilution jet mixing test rig used to collect a data base on mixing a single sided and a two sided row of jets with a confined cross flow. Parameters investigated include momentum ratio; nonuniform cross stream temperature and velocity profiles; cold/hot injection, and cross stream flow area convergence. Graphs show measured theta momentum distributions for: (1) in line and staggered orifice configurations; and (2) the profiled mainstream; and (3) flow area convergence.

Srinivasan, S.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Vortex modeling of single and multiple dilution jet mixing in a crossflow

An analytical model for the behavior of normally injected jets in a crossflow is developed and applied to fluids of differing densities. Central to the model are the dynamics of the vortex pair structure associated with the local jet cross-section and the entrainment of crossflow by jet fluid. Two specific cases are modeled: one involving a single dilution jet in a crossflow, in which trajectories are found to scale primarily with jet-to-crossflow momentum ratio, and the other involving a series of spanwise jets injected into a crossflow, which indicates scaling with momentum ratio and with the spacing-to-orifice-diameter ratio. In the case of multiple jet penetration, however, merging of the jets into an approximately two-dimensional jet downstream of injection is observed for low spacing-to-diameter ratios.

Karagozian, A. R.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Dilution jet mixing program, phase 3

The main objectives for the NASA Jet Mixing Phase 3 program were: extension of the data base on the mixing of single sided rows of jets in a confined cross flow to discrete slots, including streamlined, bluff, and angled injections; quantification of the effects of geometrical and flow parameters on penetration and mixing of multiple rows of jets into a confined flow; investigation of in-line, staggered, and dissimilar hole configurations; and development of empirical correlations for predicting temperature distributions for discrete slots and multiple rows of dilution holes.

Srinivasan, R.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Dynamics of Bridgman-Stockbarger growth of non-dilute binary alloys

The coupling between heat and mass transfer in the Bridgman-Stockbarger growth of nondilute crystals induces growth rate transients that are longer than those caused by heat transfer alone. The dynamics of the diffusion-controlled growth for thermophysical properties representative of Pb(1-x)Sn(x)Te and Hg(1-x)Cd(x)Te are computed from a one-dimensional solidification model which includes melt-crystal phase behavior. Results show that the growth rate response to a step change in pull rate for both systems differs from the exponential decay observed for dilute alloys and that growth rates cannot be inferred from axial segregation data in nondilute systems due to the dependence of the segregation coefficient on composition.

Bourret, E. D.↗
NASA NTRS1984

NASA dilution jet mixing, phase 3

Many of the gas turbine combustors in operation use multiple rows of dilution jets, and some have geometries that are different from circular holes. The data base available in literature is generally applicable to a single row of circular holes. Tests were performed with uniform mainstream conditions for several orifice plate configurations. Temperature and pressure measurements were made in the test section at 4 axial and 11 transverse stations. These measurements were made with a 60-element rake probe. Test results for some of these cases are discussed.

Srinivasan, R.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Experiments and modeling of dilution jet flow fields

Experimental and analytical results of the mixing of single, double, and opposed rows of jets with an isothermal or variable-temperature main stream in a straight duct are presented. This study was performed to investigate flow and geometric variations typical of the complex, three-dimensional flow field in the dilution zone of gas-turbine-engine combustion chambers. The principal results, shown experimentally and analytically, were the following: (1) variations in orifice size and spacing can have a significant effect on the temperature profiles; (2) similar distributions can be obtained, independent of orifice diameter, if momentum-flux ratio and orifice spacing are coupled; (3) a first-order approximation of the mixing of jets with a variable-temperature main stream can be obtained by superimposing the main-stream and jets-in-an-isothermal-crossflow profiles; (4) the penetration of jets issuing mixing is slower and is asymmetric with respect to the jet centerplanes, which shift laterally with increasing downstream distance; (5) double rows of jets give temperature distributions similar to those from a single row of equally spaced, equal-area circular holes; (6) for opposed rows of jets, with the orifice centerlines in line, the optimum ratio of orifice spacing to duct height is one-half the optimum value for single-side injection at the same momentum-flux ratiol and (7) for opposed rows of jets, with the orifice centerlines staggered, the optimum ratio of orifice spacing to duct height is twice the optimum value for single-side injection at the same momentum-flux ratio.

Holdeman, James D.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Transmission of order in some unusual dilute systems

As a system is diluted, the critical temperature T may fall to zero at a concentration X sub c greater than the percolation concentration, because mere connectivity does not guarantee the transmission of order even at T = 0. Detailed results, including bounds on X sub c, are presented for the three-state Potts antiferromagnet on a triangular lattice and for quadrupolar models of (o-H2)x(p-H2)1-x mixtures on fcc and triangular lattices.

Adler, Joan↗
NASA NTRS1987

A Numerical Study of the Effects of Curvature and Convergence on Dilution Jet Mixing

An analytical program was conducted to assemble and assess a three-dimensional turbulent viscous flow computer code capable of analyzing the flow field in the transition liners of small gas turbine engines. This code is of the TEACH type with hybrid numerics, and uses the power law and SIMPLER algorithms, an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system, and an algebraic Reynolds stress turbulence model. The assessments performed in this study, consistent with results in the literature, showed that in its present form this code is capable of predicting trends and qualitative results. The assembled code was used to perform a numerical experiment to investigate the effects of curvature and convergence in the transition liner on the mixing of single and opposed rows of cool dilution jets injected into a hot mainstream flow.

Holdeman, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1987

The details of the convective evaporation of dense and dilute clusters of drops

A global model describing the convective evaporation of dense and dilute clusters of drops has been formulated starting from first principles. The volume of the cluster and the number of drops in a given cluster are fixed, and the drops do not move with respect to each other. The model has been tested for three different drag models and shows less than 10-percent sensitivity in the prediction of the droplet lifetime. The initial relative velocity between drops and gases is a weak control parameter in the 40-1000-cm/s regime.

Bellan, J.↗