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At least 307 records · Page 17

Scale Model Acoustic Test Overview

Launch environments, such as liftoff acoustic (LOA) and ignition overpressure (IOP), are important design factors for any vehicle and are dependent upon the design of both the vehicle and the ground systems. LOA environments are used directly in the development of vehicle vibro-acoustic environments and IOP is used in the loads assessment. The Scale Model Acoustic Test (SMAT) program was implemented to verify the Space Launch Systems LOA and IOP environments for the vehicle and ground systems including the Mobile Launcher (ML) and tower. The SMAT is currently in the design and fabrication phase. The SMAT program is described in this presentation.

Counter, Douglas D.↗

Influence of large deflection and transverse shear on random response of rectangular symmetric composite laminates to acoustic loads

Nonlinear equations of motion of symmetrically laminated anisotropic plates are derived accounting for von Karman strains. The effect of transverse shear is included in the formulation and the rotatory inertia effect is ignored. Using a single-mode Galerkin procedure the nonlinear modal equation is obtained. Direct equivalent linearization is employed. The response of acoustic excitation on moderately thick composite panels is studied. Further, the effects of transverse shear on large deflection vibration of laminates under random excitation are studied. Mean-square deflection and mean-square inplane stresses are obtained for some symmetric graphite-epoxy laminates. Using equilibrium equations and the continuity requirements, the mean-square transverse shear stresses are calculated. The results obtained will be useful in the sonic fatigue design of composite aircraft panels. The analysis is presented in detail for simply supported plate. The analogous equations for a clamped case are given in the appendix.

Mei, Chuh↗

Effects of acoustic sources

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of acoustics on the laminar flow on the side of a nacelle. A flight test was designed to meet this goal and a brief review of the purpose is given. A nacelle with a significant length of laminar flow was mounted on the wing of NASA OV-1. Two noise sources are also mounted on the wing: one in the center body of the nacelle; the second in a wing mounted pod outboard of the nacelle. These two noise sources allow for a limited study of the effect of source direction in addition to control of the acoustic level and frequency. To determine the range of Tollmien-Schlichting frequencies, a stability analysis using the pressure coefficient distribution along the side of the nacelle was performed. Then by applying these frequencies and varying the acoustic level, a study of the receptivity of the boundary layer to the acoustic signal, as determined by the shortening of the length of laminar flow, was conducted. Results are briefly discussed.

Schoenster, James A.↗

Machine Learning Methods for Estimating Propeller Source Noise Spheres

In this work, several neural network function approximations are compared for inter- polating, storing, and sampling acoustic source spheres with applications to propeller noise estimation. These methods are compared using an acoustic model of the three bladed GL-10 propeller at different flight conditions, with training data generated using NASA’s ANOPP-PAS module. The source spheres used to train the networks capture the tonal propeller noise due to both the blade thickness and loading. This tonal noise prediction method allows the vehicle noise to be estimated for auralization and acoustic control. Three radial basis function neural network architectures are compared in this work. The first two networks directly estimate the parameters of the source sphere at different flight conditions but differ in the number of layers used. The third network estimates the parameters of the source sphere using a weighted combination of spherical basis functions. These networks are trained on numerically generated source spheres, with operating points given in terms of the propeller rotation rate, freestream speed, and propeller angle of attack. The performance of the neural network is determined using a validation dataset of withheld data points. This performance is quantified in terms of the approximation error, training time, and sample time. The third network, which estimates the weights of the spherical basis functions, performs the best in both average and maximum approximation errors in all cases. This network’s worst case performance is 5.6 % relative dif- ference of a model parameter associated with acoustic pressure. The direct estimation network with a single layer has the worst approximation error in all cases. Additionally, the spherically defined network has the slowest sample time at 0.05 seconds per thousand points. Both direct estimation methods produce a thousand sample points in approximately 0.001 seconds.

Acoustics↗

The noise from supersonic elliptic jets

This paper presents calculations of the noise radiated by a supersonic elliptic jet. The large scale structures in the jet, that are the predominant source of noise in the downstream direction, are modeled as instability waves. The evolution of the instability waves is determined by a local, linear, inviscid analysis. An expression is derived for the acoustic field outside the jet and the far field directivity associated with each instability wave. Calculations are performed for a Mach 1.5 elliptic jet with aspect ratio 2:1 and a Mach 2.0 elliptic jet with aspect ratio 2:1 and a Mach 2.0 elliptic jet with aspect ratio 3:1. The mean flow development is taken from experimental results. Comparisons are made with far field acoustic measurements.

Morris, Philip J.↗

Near-field noise of a single-rotation propfan at an angle of attack

The near field noise characteristics of a propfan operating at an angle of attack are examined utilizing the unsteady pressure field obtained from a 3-D Euler simulation of the propfan flowfield. The near field noise is calculated employing three different procedures: a direct computation method in which the noise field is extracted directly from the Euler solution, and two acoustic-analogy-based frequency domain methods which utilize the computed unsteady pressure distribution on the propfan blades as the source term. The inflow angles considered are -0.4, 1.6, and 4.6 degrees. The results of the direct computation method and one of the frequency domain methods show qualitative agreement with measurements. They show that an increase in the inflow angle is accompanied by an increase in the sound pressure level at the outboard wing boom locations and a decrease in the sound pressure level at the (inboard) fuselage locations. The trends in the computed azimuthal directivities of the noise field also conform to the measured and expected results.

Nallasamy, M.↗

Near-field noise of a single rotation propfan at an angle of attack

The near-field noise characteristics of a propfan operating at an angle of attack are examined utilizing the unsteady pressure field obtained from a three-dimensional Euler simulation of the propfan flowfield. The near-field noise is calculated employing three different procedures: a direct computation method in which the noise field is extracted directly from the Euler solution, and two acoustic-analogy-based frequency domain methods which utilize the computed unsteady pressure distribution on the propfan blades as the source term. The inflow angles considered are -0.4, 1.6, and 4.6 degrees. The results of the direct computation method and one of the frequency domain methods show qualitative agreement with measurements. They show that an increase in the inflow angle is accompanied by an increase in the sound pressure level at the outboard wing boom locations and a decrease in the sound pressure level at the (inboard) fuselage locations. The trends in the computed azimuthal directivities of the noise field also conform to the measured and expected results.

Nallasamy, M.↗

Acoustic results of the blade-vortex interaction acoustic test of a 40 percent model rotor in the DNW

Acoustic data of a 40 percent scale model of the 4-bladed B0-105 main rotor, measured in a large test section aeroacoustic wind tunnel, are presented. Rotor blade-vortex interaction (BVI) noise data were acquired using a traversing in-flow microphone array in the low to moderate speed flight range. Results are presented which document the flight conditions for maximum BVI impulsive noise; assess the acoustic farfield by BVI noise; map the directivity of BVI impulsive noise in a large plane below and upstream of the rotor; illustrate the temporal characteristics of the BVI signals as a function of tip-speed-ratio; and show the existence of retreating side BVI signals. The occurrence of a strongly focused radiation pattern, as opposed to a more omnidirectional pattern, was found to be very dependent on the rotor operating condition. Multiple interactions per blade were observed at the lowest speed cases, with broader impulsive content, while the higher speed cases exhibited fewer interactions per blade, with much sharper, higher amplitude acoustic signals. BVI acoustic signals were measured under the aft retreating quadrant of the rotor and found to originate from the retreating side of the rotor.

Martin, Ruth M.↗

Acoustic source location in the secondary mixing region of a jet-blown flap using a cross-correlation technique

An experimental investigation of the acoustic sources in the secondary mixing region of a laboratory-scale jet-flap was made using a causality correlation technique. The processed signal of a hot-film anemometer probe was cross correlated with the output signal of a far-field microphone. Axial acoustic source strength distributions were measured for three far-field microphone locations: plus or minus 45 deg in the flyover plane and 45 deg in the sideline plane. These measurements showed that the acoustic sources in the secondary mixing region are highly directional, radiating much more effectively to the -45 deg-microphone, located below the plane of the flap surface. A relative maximum in the acoustic source strength measured for the microphones in the flyover plane occurred very near the flap trailing edge, which may be due to an edge amplification effect predicted by the theoretical work of Ffowcs Williams and Hall.

Becker, R. S.↗

Acoustics of laminar boundary layers breakdown

Boundary layer flow transition has long been suggested as a potential noise source in both marine (sonar-dome self noise) and aeronautical (aircraft cabin noise) applications, owing to the highly transient nature of process. The design of effective noise control strategies relies upon a clear understanding of the source mechanisms associated with the unsteady flow dynamics during transition. Due to formidable mathematical difficulties, theoretical predictions either are limited to early linear and weakly nonlinear stages of transition, or employ acoustic analogy theories based on approximate source field data, often in the form of empirical correlation. In the present work, an approach which combines direct numerical simulation of the source field with the Lighthill acoustic analogy is utilized. This approach takes advantage of the recent advancement in computational capabilities to obtain detailed information about the flow-induced acoustic sources. The transitional boundary layer flow is computed by solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations without model assumptions, thus allowing a direct evaluation of the pseudosound as well as source functions, including the Lighthill stress tensor and the wall shear stress. The latter are used for calculating the radiated pressure field based on the Curle-Powell solution of the Lighthill equation. This procedure allows a quantitative assessment of noise source mechanisms and the associated radiation characteristics during transition from primary instability up to the laminar breakdown stage. In particular, one is interested in comparing the roles played by the fluctuating volume Reynolds stress and the wall-shear-stresses, and in identifying specific flow processes and structures that are effective noise generators.

Wang, Meng↗

Engine quieting - Nacelle acoustic treatment

This paper describes a major research and development program directed towards reducing the fan noise radiated from the turbofan engines used in current Boeing and McDonnell-Douglas four-engine commercial transports. The reduction in fan noise is expected to be achieved by the modification of the engine nacelles and by the judicious application of acoustically absorptive materials in the fan inlet and discharge ducts. The results of ground tests conducted with full scale acoustically treated nacelles indicate that fan noise reductions on the order of 12 PNdB to 15 PNdB below the noise levels of the current subsonic turbofan engine installations are feasible.

Nelson F Rekos↗

Crystalline structure and symmetry dependence of acoustic nonlinearity parameters

A quantitative measure of elastic wave nonlinearity in crystals is provided by the acoustic nonlinearity parameters. The nonlinearity parameters are defined for arbitrary propagation modes for solids of arbitrary crystalline symmetry and are determined along the pure mode propagation directions for 33 crystals of cubic symmetry from data reported in the literature. The magnitudes of the nonlinearity parameters are found to exhibit a strong dependence on the crystalline structure and symmetries associated with the modal direction in the solid. Calculations based on the Born-Mayer potential for crystals having a dominant repulsive contribution to the elastic constants from the interatomic pair potential suggest that the origin of the structure dependence is associated with the shape rather than the strength of the potential. Considerations based on variations in crystal symmetry during loading along pure mode propagation directions of face-centered-cubic solids provide a qualitative explanation for the dependence of the acoustic nonlinearity parameters on modal direction.

Cantrell, John H.↗

Analysis of Dual Rotating Rake Data from the NASA Glenn Advanced Noise Control Fan Duct with Artificial Sources

The Rotating Rake mode measurement system was designed to measure acoustic duct modes generated by a fan stage. Initially, the mode amplitudes and phases were quantified from a single rake measurement at one axial location. To directly measure the modes propagating in both directions within a duct, a second rake was mounted to the rotating system with an offset in both the axial and the azimuthal directions. The rotating rake data analysis technique was then extended to include the data measured by the second rake. The analysis resulted in a set of circumferential mode levels at each of the two rake microphone locations. Radial basis functions were then least-squares fit to this data to obtain the radial mode amplitudes for the modes propagating in both directions within the duct. Validation experiments have been conducted using artificial acoustic sources. Results are shown for the measurement of the standing waves in the duct from sound generated by one and two acoustic sources that are separated into the component modes propagating in both directions within the duct. Measured reflection coefficients from the open end of the duct are compared to analytical predictions.

Noise↗

Core Noise: Overview of Upcoming LDI Combustor Test

This presentation is a technical summary of and outlook for NASA-internal and NASA-sponsored external research on core (combustor and turbine) noise funded by the Fundamental Aeronautics Program Fixed Wing Project. The presentation covers: the emerging importance of core noise due to turbofan design trends and its relevance to the NASA N+3 noise-reduction goal; the core noise components and the rationale for the current emphasis on combustor noise; and the current and planned research activities in the combustor-noise area. Two NASA-sponsored research programs, with particular emphasis on indirect combustor noise, "Acoustic Database for Core Noise Sources", Honeywell Aerospace (NNC11TA40T) and "Measurement and Modeling of Entropic Noise Sources in a Single-Stage Low-Pressure Turbine", U. Illinois/U. Notre Dame (NNX11AI74A) are briefly described. Recent progress in the development of CMC-based acoustic liners for broadband noise reduction suitable for turbofan-core application is outlined. Combustor-design trends and the potential impacts on combustor acoustics are discussed. A NASA GRC developed nine-point lean-direct-injection (LDI) fuel injector is briefly described. The modification of an upcoming thermo-acoustic instability evaluation of the GRC injector in a combustor rig to also provide acoustic information relevant to community noise is presented. The NASA Fundamental Aeronautics Program has the principal objective of overcoming today's national challenges in air transportation. The reduction of aircraft noise is critical to enabling the anticipated large increase in future air traffic. The Quiet Performance Research Theme of the Fixed Wing Project aims to develop concepts and technologies to dramatically reduce the perceived community noise attributable to aircraft with minimal impact on weight and performance.

Hultgren, Lennart S.↗

Hypersonic Boundary-Layer Transition over a Blunt Circular Cone in a Mach 8 Digital Wind Tunnel

To understand the effects of freestream acoustic disturbances on transition reversal over a blunt body, three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS) were conducted to investigate the interaction of a tunnel-like acoustic disturbance field with a Mach 8 laminar boundary layer over a 7 deg half-angle blunt cone with a nose radius of 𝑅 𝑛 = 5.2 mm. The flow conditions and the axisymmetric cone geometry matched those measured in the Sandia Hypersonic Wind Tunnel at Mach 8 (Sandia HWT-8), and the incident freestream acoustic disturbances in the DNS were generated by acoustic radiation from the nozzle-wall turbulent boundary layer in the same tunnel. Consistent with the predictions of the nonmodal instability analysis, the study shows the emergence of a second spectral peak for moderately oblique waves between 150 kHz and 200 kHz in the aft part of the cone. The spectral energy of temperature and streamwise velocity fluctuations is initially concentrated within the entropy layer. These fluctiations are eventually “swallowed” by the boundary layer as the entropy-layer thickness 𝛿 𝑆 becomes similar to the boundary-layer thickness 𝛿h𝑡 at downstream locations. The numerical schlieren contours show the same inclined structures commonly observed in blunt cone experiments, and these structures are found to be three dimensional and advect with a constant speed approximately equal to the mean flow speed near the edge of the boundary layer.

Hypersonic Flow↗

Hypersonic Boundary-Layer Transition over a Blunt Circular Cone in a Mach 8 Digital Wind Tunnel

To understand the effects of freestream acoustic disturbances on transition reversal over a blunt body, three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS) were conducted to investigate the interaction of a tunnel-like acoustic disturbance field with a Mach 8 laminar boundary layer over a 7 deg half-angle blunt cone with a nose radius of 𝑅 𝑛 = 5.2 mm. The flow conditions and the axisymmetric cone geometry matched those measured in the Sandia Hypersonic Wind Tunnel at Mach 8 (Sandia HWT-8), and the incident freestream acoustic disturbances in the DNS were generated by acoustic radiation from the nozzle-wall turbulent boundary layer in the same tunnel. Consistent with the predictions of the nonmodal instability analysis, the study shows the emergence of a second spectral peak for moderately oblique waves between 150 kHz and 200 kHz in the aft part of the cone. The spectral energy of temperature and streamwise velocity fluctuations is initially concentrated within the entropy layer. These fluctiations are eventually “swallowed” by the boundary layer as the entropy-layer thickness 𝛿 𝑆 becomes similar to the boundary-layer thickness 𝛿h𝑡 at downstream locations. The numerical schlieren contours show the same inclined structures commonly observed in blunt cone experiments, and these structures are found to be three dimensional and advect with a constant speed approximately equal to the mean flow speed near the edge of the boundary layer.

Hypersonic Flow↗

Attenuation of intense sinusoidal waves in air-saturated, bulk porous materials

As intense, initially sinusoidal waves propagate in fluids, shocks form and excess attenuation of the wave occurs. Data are presented indicating that shock formation is not necessary for the occurrence of excess attenuation in nonlinear, lossy media, i.e., air-saturated, porous materials. An empirical equation is used to describe the excess attenuation of intense sinusoids in porous materials. The acoustic nonlinearity of and the excess attenuation in porous materials may be predicted directly from dc flow resistivity data. An empirical relationship is used to relate an acoustic nonlinearity parameter to the fundamental frequency and relative dc nonlinearity of two structurally different materials.

Kuntz, Herbert L.↗