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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 307 records · Page 17
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Novel Approach to PV Inverter Modeling and Simulation Leveraging Experiments, Learning Based Modeling and Co-Simulation: Preprint

Photovoltaic inverter (PV) inverter manufacturers use custom, proprietary control approaches and topologies in their inverter design. Due to this proprietary nature, it is not possible to share EMT domain models for system studies. This research work presents a novel approach in experimental design, high fidelity data collection, use of learning-based modeling, and co-simulation to enhance the PV inverter modeling. We used a 20 kW off-the-shelf grid following PV inverter and subjected the inverter to controlled tests including voltage and frequency step changes, as well as solar irradiance variations. The recorded high frequency data was used in learning-based model training. This learning-based model was imported into an Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) simulation tool using co-simulation techniques to complete the modeling effort and integrate the model into an EMT simulation tool. The three key components in this research work are the design of experimental setup, use of learning-based approach for model development and use of co-simulation to complete the approach. The proposed approach will allow users to develop a model in a really short period of time and achieve reasonable inverter models.

artificial intelligence↗
NASA NTRS1972

The state of the ionosphere above Alma Ata

The basic patterns are described in the behavior of critical frequencies and minimum effective heights of the ionosphere's reflecting E, F1, and F2 layers, according to ionospheric recorder measurements from 1943 to 1967. The variations of critical frequencies and virtual heights are compared with the relative sunspot numbers and the flux of the sun's radio emission at 10.7 cm.

Rudina, M. P.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Frequency Bandwidth Optimization of Left-Handed Metamaterial

Recently, left-handed metamaterials (LHM s) have been demonstrated with an effective negative index of refraction and with antiparallel group and phase velocities for microwave radiation over a narrow frequency bandwidth. In order to take advantage of these characteristics for practical applications, it will be beneficial to develop LHM s with increased frequency bandwidth response and lower losses. In this paper a commercial three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation code is used to explore the effects of geometry parameter variations on the frequency bandwidth of a LHM at microwave frequencies. Utilizing an optimizing routine in the code, a geometry was generated with a bandwidth more than twice as large as the original geometry.

Chevalier, Christine T.↗
NASA NTRS1987

First dynamic spectra of stellar microwave flares

The VLA has been used in the spectral-line mode at 1.4 GHz to obtain the first dynamic spectra of stellar sources other than the sun. Two very intense, highly circularly polarized, microwave outbursts were observed on the dMe flare star UV Cet, in addition to a slowly varying, unpolarized component. One outburst was purely left circularly polarized and showed no variations as a function of frequency across the 41 MHz band, whereas the other was as much as 70 percent right-circularly polarized and showed distinct variations with frequency. Although the slowly varying emission is probably due to incoherent gyrosynchrotron emission, the two flaring events are the result of coherent mechanisms. The coherent emission is interpreted in terms of plasma radiation and the cyclotron maser instability.

Bastian, T. S.↗
NASA NTRS1965

Tetrode-transistor fm oscillator.

Tetrode-driven transistor crystal oscillator with frequency controlled by variation of second base current of tetrode operating in reverse mode

FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEM↗
DOE OSTI2021

Evidence for Trapping-Induced Nonlinear Frequency Shifts in Langmuir Waves Driven via Stimulated Raman Scattering

Thomson scattering is used to detect the spectra of Langmuir waves driven through the backward stimulated Raman scattering process in a diffraction limited laser focal spot. Measured Langmuir wave spectral frequencies are found to vary in time and have broadened spectral power, consistent with a nonlinear frequency shift of the driven Langmuir wave due to electron-trapping. Broadening of the Langmuir wave spectral power is observed to decrease in time, consistent with measured variations in the frequency shift of the driven Langmuir waves. Furthermore, the observed spectral broadening is consistent with the temporally short (ps), bursty nature of backward stimulated Raman scattered light observed in simulations that cannot be resolved by the Thomson scattering diagnostic. Comparison of the broadened spectrum with time integrated spectra from two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations shows favorable comparison in the broadened spectral widths, supporting the supposition of electron-trapping induced, nonlinear shifting of daughter Langmuir wave frequencies.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1981

Downward shift of the acceleration/injection region during solar flares

Simultaneous observations of impulsive hard X-rays and type III radio bursts associated with two recent solar flares have been analyzed in order to study the characteristic increase in the starting frequency of fast-drift type III bursts during the impulsive phase. The time variation of the starting frequency has been found to be similar to that of approximately 35 keV X-rays, especially during the increasing phase. A similar variation has been observed for the low frequency cutoff of these bursts. The observations are consistent with a systematic downward shift of the electron acceleration/injection region during the impulsive phase of a solar flare.

Kane, S. R.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Application of a one-strip integral method to the unsteady supersonic aerodynamics of an inclined flat surface

The method of integral relations is applied in a one-strip approximation to the perturbation equations governing small motions of an inclined, sharp-edged, flat surface about the mean supersonic steady flow. Algebraic expressions for low reduced-frequency aerodynamics are obtained and a set of ordinary differential equations are obtained for general oscillatory motion. Results are presented for low reduced-frequency aerodynamics and for the variation of the unsteady forces with frequency. The method gives accurate results for the aerodynamic forces at low reduced frequency which are in good agreement with available experimental data. However, for cases in which the aerodynamic forces vary rapidly with frequency, the results are qualitatively correct, but of limited accuracy. Calculations indicate that for a range of inclination angles near shock detachment such that the flow in the shock layer is low supersonic, the aerodynamic forces vary rapidly both with inclination angle and with reduced frequency.

Bennett, R. M.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Nonadiabatic nonradial p-mode frequencies of the standard solar model, with and without helium diffusion

The nonadiabatic frequencies of a standard solar model and a solar model that includes helium diffusion are discussed. The nonadiabatic pulsation calculation includes physics that describes the losses and gains due to radiation. Radiative gains and losses are modeled in both the diffusion approximation, which is only valid in optically thick regions, and the Eddington approximation, which is valid in both optically thin and thick regions. The calculated pulsation frequencies for modes with l less than or equal to 1320 are compared to the observed spectrum of the Sun. Compared to a strictly adiabatic calculation, the nonadiabatic calculation of p-mode frequencies improves the agreement between model and observation. When helium diffusion is included in the model the frequencies of the modes that are sensitive to regions near the base of the convection zone are improved (i.e., brought into closer agreement with observation), but the agreement is made worse for other modes. Cyclic variations in the frequency spacings of the Sun as a function of frequency of n are presented as evidence for a discontinuity in the structure of the Sun, possibly located near the base of the convection zone.

Guenther, D. B.↗
NASA NTRS2011

The Sun, Its Extended Corona, the Interplanetary Space, the Earth's Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, Middle and Low Atmosphere, are All Parts of a Complex System - the Heliosphere

Various manifestations of solar activity cause disturbances known as space weather effects in the interplanetary space, near-Earth environment, and all the Earth's "spheres. Longterm variations in the frequency, intensity and relative importance of the manifestations of solar activity are due to the slow changes in the output of the solar dynamo, and they define space climate. Space climate governs long-term variations in geomagnetic activity and is the primary natural driver of terrestrial climate. To understand how the variable solar activity affects the Earth's environment, geomagnetic activity and climate on both short and long time scales, we need to understand the origins of solar activity itself and its different manifestations, as well as the sequence of coupling processes linking various parts of the system. This session provides a forum to discuss the chain of processes and relations from the Sun to the Earth's surface: the origin and long-term and short-term evolution of solar activity, initiation and temporal variations in solar flares, CMEs, coronal holes, the solar wind and its interaction with the terrestrial magnetosphere, the ionosphere and its connection to the neutral dominated regions below and the plasma dominated regions above, the stratosphere, its variations due to the changing solar activity and its interactions with the underlying troposphere, and the mechanisms of solar influences on the lower atmosphere on different time-scales. Particularly welcome are papers highlighting the coupling processes between the different domains in this complex system.

Gopalswamy, Natchimuthuk↗
NASA NTRS1995

The role of photospheric magnetic fields in the variation of solar oscillation eigenfrequencies

The frequencies of solar oscillations have been found to be higher at the peak of the solar cycle, their variation being consistent with that expected from a change in the solar structure confined to the Sun's outer layers. In this work, a technique is introduced for estimating the effect of the highly inhomogeneous photospheric magnetic field on solar oscillation eigenfrequencies, and its results are compared with the solar data. It is found that the observed steep rise in frequency shift at low frequency and the leveling of or decline at high frequency are well reproduced by the model. The correct order of magnitude for the frequency changes is also reproduced, at least at low frequency. The model implies a particular functional form for the variation of the frequency changes with order and degree, and it is suggested that future advances in observation and theory will therefore allow this model to be confirmed or refuted.

Rosenthal, C. S.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Pulse-timing study of Vela X-1 based on Hakucho and Tenma data - 1980-1984

The extensive observations of Vela X-1 acquired from 1980 to 1984 with the Hakucho and Tenma satellites, using a pulse-filtering technique that provides a significant improvement in pulse-timing precision, are reexamined. The details of the preparation of this data base, including the determination of updated orbital parameters based on these and previously published observations covering a 10-yr interval, are reported. Preparatory to estimation of angular-acceleration flux-correlation pairs, substantially improved estimates of the power density of fluctuations in the derivative of the pulse frequency on analysis periods between 0.5 and 80 days are presented. These results support the phenomenological hypothesis that unresolved fluctuations in the angular acceleration of the neutron star, describable as random noise, are responsible for the entire history of the observed variation in pulse frequency of Vela X-1 on all time scales longer than a few days.

Deeter, J. E.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Submillimeter-Wave Cloud Ice Radiometry

Submillimeter-wave cloud ice radiometry is a new and innovative technique for characterizing cirrus ice clouds. Cirrus clouds affect Earth's climate and hydrological cycle by reflecting incoming solar energy, trapping outgoing IR radiation, sublimating into vapor, and influencing atmospheric circulation. Since uncertainties in the global distribution of cloud ice restrict the accuracy of both climate and weather models, successful development of this technique could provide a valuable tool for investigating how clouds affect climate and weather. Cloud ice radiometry could fill an important gap in the observational capabilities of existing and planned Earth-observing systems. Using submillimeter-wave radiometry to retrieve properties of ice clouds can be understood with a simple model. There are a number of submillimeter-wavelength spectral regions where the upper troposphere is transparent. At lower tropospheric altitudes water vapor emits a relatively uniform flux of thermal radiation. When cirrus clouds are present, they scatter a portion of the upwelling flux of submillimeter-wavelength radiation back towards the Earth as shown in the diagram, thus reducing the upward flux o f energy. Hence, the power received by a down-looking radiometer decreases when a cirrus cloud passes through the field of view causing the cirrus cloud to appear radiatively cool against the warm lower atmospheric thermal emissions. The reduction in upwelling thermal flux is a function of both the total cloud ice content and mean crystal size. Radiometric measurements made at multiple widely spaced frequencies permit flux variations caused by changes in crystal size to be distinguished from changes in ice content, and polarized measurements can be used to constrain mean crystal shape. The goal of the cloud ice radiometry program is to further develop and validate this technique of characterizing cirrus. A multi-frequency radiometer is being designed to support airborne science and spacecraft validation missions. This program has already extended the initial millimeter-wave modeling studies to submillimeter-wavelengths and has improved the realism of the cloud scattering models. Additionally a proof-of-concept airborne submillimeter-wave radiometer was constructed and fielded. It measured a radiometric signal from cirrus confirming the basic technical feasibility of this technique. This program is a cooperative effort of the University of Colorado, Colorado State University, Swales Aerospace, and Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Additional information is contained in the original.

Walter, Steven J.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Error Analysis of Wind Measurements for the University of Illinois Sodium Doppler Temperature System

Four-frequency lidar measurements of temperature and wind velocity require accurate frequency tuning to an absolute reference and long term frequency stability. We quantify frequency tuning errors for the Illinois sodium system, to measure absolute frequencies and a reference interferometer to measure relative frequencies. To determine laser tuning errors, we monitor the vapor cell and interferometer during lidar data acquisition and analyze the two signals for variations as functions of time. Both sodium cell and interferometer are the same as those used to frequency tune the laser. By quantifying the frequency variations of the laser during data acquisition, an error analysis of temperature and wind measurements can be calculated. These error bounds determine the confidence in the calculated temperatures and wind velocities.

Pfenninger, W. Matthew↗
NASA NTRS2001

Thermal Electron Contributions to Current-Driven Instabilities: SCIFER Observations in the 1400-km Cleft Ion Fountain and Their Implications to Thermal Ion Energization

SCIFER TECHS observations of the variations in the thermal electron distribution in the 1400-km altitude cleft are associated with periods of intense ion heating and field-aligned currents. Energization of the thermal ion plasma in the mid-altitude cleft occurs within density cavities accompanied by enhanced thermal electron temperatures, large field-aligned thermal electron plasma flows and broadband low-frequency electric fields. Variations in the thermal electron contribution to field-aligned current densities indicate small scale (approximately 100's m) filamentary structure embedded within the ion energization periods. TECHS observations of the field-aligned drift velocities and temperatures of the thermal electron distribution are presented to evaluate the critical velocity thresholds necessary for the generation of electrostatic ion cyclotron and ion acoustic instabilities. This analysis suggests that, during periods of thermal ion energization, sufficient drift exists in the thermal electron distribution to excite the electrostatic ion cyclotron instability. In addition, brief periods exist within the same interval where the drift of the thermal electron distribution is sufficient to marginally excite the ion acoustic instability. In addition, the presence an enhancement in Langmuir emission at the plasma frequency at the center of the ion energization region, accompanied by the emission's second-harmonic, and collocated with observations of high-frequency electric field solitary structures suggest the presence of electron beam driven decay of Langmuir waves to ion acoustic modes as an additional free energy source for ion energization.

Adrian, Mark L.↗
DOE OSTI2020

$t_1$-Noise eliminated dipolar heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence solid-state NMR spectroscopy

Heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) spectroscopy is one of the key tools in the arsenal of the solid-state NMR spectroscopist to probe chemical and spatial proximities between two different nuclei and enhance spectral resolution. Dipolar heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (D-HMQC) is a powerful technique that can be potentially utilized to obtain 1 H detected 2D HETCOR solid-state NMR spectra of any NMR active nucleus. A long-standing problem in 1 H detected D-HMQC solid-state NMR experiments is the presence of t 1 -noise which reduces sensitivity and impedes spectral interpretation. In this contribution, we describe novel pulse sequences, termed t 1 -noise eliminated (TONE) D-HMQC, that minimize t 1 -noise and can provide higher sensitivity and resolution than conventional D-HMQC. Monte-Carlo and numerical simulations confirm that t 1 -noise in conventional D-HMQC primarily occurs because random MAS frequency fluctuations cause variations in the NMR signal amplitude from scan to scan, leading to imperfect cancellation of uncorrelated signals by phase cycling. The TONE D-HMQC sequence uses 1 H π-pulses to refocus the evolution of 1 H CSA across each SR4 2 1 recoupling block, improving the stability of the pulse sequence to random MAS frequency fluctuations. The 1 H refocusing pulses also restore the orthogonality of in-phase and anti-phase magnetization for all crystallite orientations at the end of each recoupling block, enabling the use of 90° flip-back or LG spin-lock trim pulses to reduce the intensity of uncorrelated signals. We demonstrate the application of these methods to acquire 1 H detected 2D 1 H{ 35 Cl} and 1 H{ 13 C} HETCOR spectra of histidine·HCl·H 2 O with reduced t 1 -noise. To show generality, we also apply these methods to obtain 2D 1 H{ 17 O} spectra of 20%- 17 O fmoc-alanine and for the first time at natural abundance, 2D 1 H{ 25 Mg} HETCOR spectra of magnesium hydroxide. The TONE D-HMQC sequences are also used to probe 1 H– 25 Mg and 1 H– 27 Al proximities in Mg–Al layered double hydroxides and confirm the even mixing of Mg and Al in these materials.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1986

Spectroscopic aspects of differential method for sounding gas composition of the atmosphere

The problems concerning the dynamics of populations of the sounded atmospheric gas molecule levels taking into account the nonmonochromatic character of radiation, durations of exciting and sounding pulses, rates of relaxation of excited vibration-rotation states population along different channels in a natural multicomponent mixture of gases and air were investigated. The problems of spectroscopic software, completeness and accuracy of the initial spectroscopic information, information on channels and rates of relaxation from the viewpoint of developing specific schemes of sounding are discussed. The values of deviations of vibration-rotation level populations of some atmospheric molecules from their equilibrium value at simultaneous action of double frequency radiation on the sounding path and the corresponding dynamic variation of lidar return amplitude were estimated. The importance of nonlinear spectrosopic effects in the lidar return value variation at sounding radiation frequency equaling the resonance frequency of vibration-rotation transition in the problem on sounding the humidity profiles and concentrations of gaseous pollutants was also estimated.

Zuev, V. V.↗