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At least 307 records · Page 17

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NASA NTRS1987

Non-equilibrium effects in high temperature chemical reactions

Reaction rate data were collected for chemical reactions occurring at high temperatures during reentry of space vehicles. The principle of detailed balancing is used in modeling kinetics of chemical reactions at high temperatures. Although this principle does not hold for certain transient or incubation times in the initial phase of the reaction, it does seem to be valid for the rates of internal energy transitions that occur within molecules and atoms. That is, for every rate of transition within the internal energy states of atoms or molecules, there is an inverse rate that is related through an equilibrium expression involving the energy difference of the transition.

Johnson, Richard E.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Parabolic heavy ion flow in the polar magnetosphere

Recent observations by the Dynamics Explorer 1 satellite over the dayside polar cap magnetosphere have indicated downward flows of heavy ions such as O(+), O(2+), N(+), and N(2+) with flow velocities of the order 1 km/s (Lockwood et al., 1985). These downward flows were interpreted as the result of 'parabolic' flow of these heavy ionospheric ions from a source region associated with the polar cleft topside ionosphere. Here, a two-dimensional kinetic model is utilized to elicit features of the transport of very low energy O(+) ions from the cleft ionosphere. Bulk parameter (density, flux, thermal energies, etc.) distributions in the noon-midnight meridian plane illustrate the effects of varying convection electric fields and source energies. The results illustrate that, particularly under conditions of weak convection electric fields and weak ion heating in the cleft region, much of the intermediate altitude polar cap magnetosphere may be populated by downward flowing heavy ions. It is further shown how two-dimensional transport effects may alter the characteristic vertical profiles of densities and fluxes from ordinary profiles computed in one-dimensional steady-state models.

Horwitz, J. L.↗

NASA NTRS1987

A kinetic study of hydrous alteration of amorphous MgSiO smokes - Implications for cometary particles and chondrite matrix

Measurements of the rate of hydrous alteration of amorphous Mg-SiO smokes are reported as a function of temperature, as inferred by observing changes in the infrared spectra of these materials. It is shown that under the conditions reported for the nucleus of Comet Halley, based on measurements made by the Vega and Giotto missions, amorphous, anhydrous Mg-SiO smokes would become hydrated within several weeks in the dusty regolith observed on the surface. However, if such grains were released in 'jets' or from loose ice fragments, then previously amorphous grains would retain their anhydrous nature. Similarly, brief periods of aqueous activity on meteorite parent bodies would convert amorphous, fine-grained material to hydrated phyllosilicates much more rapidly than coarse mineral grains. A kinetic model might therefore be developed to explain the observed textural relationships in the matrices of carbonaceous chondrites such as Mokoia, where amorphous phyllosilicates are intimately associated with coarse anhydrous grains.

Nelson, Robert↗

NASA NTRS1986

Transport of accelerated low-energy ions in the polar magnetosphere

Recent satellite observations of low-energy (0-50 eV) ionospheric ions in the polar cap magnetosphere suggest that these ions are injected at the dayside cleft topside ionosphere. Using a two-dimensional kinetic model, several consequences of this ion flow from a narrow cleft source have been simulated and observed. These include: (1) the Kp/convection-dependent filling of the polar magnetosphere with ionospheric heavy ions, in which these ions are 'blown' further into the polar cap magnetosphere from the cleft during high Kp/convection; (2) the mass- and energy-dependent dispersion of these ions, as in a kind of 'geomagnetic spectrometer'; (3) the creation of 'supersonic' ion outflows as a natural velocity-filter effect of this geomagnetic spectrometer; and (4) the 'parabolic flow' of gravitationally bound heavy ions from the cleft ionosphere resulting in downward flow into the polar cap.

Horwitz, J. L.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Finite Larmor radius effect on ion pickup at Venus

The interaction of the solar wind with Venus is influenced by the pickup of newly born exospheric oxygen ions by the convecting magnetosheath plasma. The flow and field configuration of the magnetosheath plasma, together with the large gyroradius of the pickup ions, cause mass loading to occur preferentially on one side of the magnetosheath. The observed hemispherical asymmetry in the magnetic field in the near-planet magnetosheath, attributed to this pickup process, is confirmed by direct observation of the picked-up planetary particles. Test particle calculations show that a current system created by ion pickup has the appropriate location and magnitude to account for the magnetic field asymmetry. The results indicate that a fluid treatment of the Venus mass-loading problem is not entirely appropriate; a hybrid or kinetic model is necessary to incorporate the finite Larmor radius of the pickup particles which produces the observed asymmetry.

Phillips, J. L.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Investigation Of Epoxy Curing

Kinetic model describes major features of curing process. Report describes investigation of curing of epoxy resin used in carbon-fiber/epoxy version of cases of Space Shuttle booster rockets.

Cagliostro, D. E.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Direct solar-pumped iodine laser amplifier

A XeCl laser pumped iodine laser oscillator was developed which will be incorporated into the Master Oscillator Power Amplifier (MOPA) system. The developed XeCl laser produces output energy of about 60 mJ per pulse. The pulse duration was about 10 nsec. The kinetic model for the solar-pumped laser was refined and the algorithm for the calculation of a set of rate equations was improved to increase the accuracy and the efficiency of the calculation. The improved algorithm was applied to explain the existing experimental data taken from a flashlamp pumped iodine laser for three kinds of lasants, i-C3F7I, n-C4F9I, and t-C4F9I. Various solid laser materials were evaluated for solar-pumping. The materials studied were Nd:YAG, Nd:YLF, and Cr:Nd:GSGG crystals. The slope efficiency of 0.17 percent was measured for the Nd:YLF near the threshold pump intensity which was 211 solar constants (29W/sq cm). The threshold pump intensity of the Nd:YAG was measured to be 236 solar constants (32W/sq cm) and the near-threshold slope efficiency was 0.12 percent. True CW laser operation of Cr:Nd:GSGG was possible only at pump intensities less than or equal to 1,500 solar constants (203 W/sq cm). This fact was attributed to the high thermal focusing effect of the Cr:Nd:GSGG rod.

Han, Kwang S.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Operating characteristics of a 60 cm and a 10 cm electric arc-driven shock-tube

This paper describes the current status of the operating characteristics of the electric arc-driven shock-tube facility at Ames Research Center, focusing on its potential usefulness in the current and anticipated future applications. The paper specifically addresses the questions as to: (1) how well the behavior of the arc driver is understood and controlled, (2) how well the facility is equipped to test low-density, very-high-velocity nonequilibrium flow regimes, and (3) how closely the facility is expected to produce an equilibrium hypersonic flow when operated in shock-tunnel modes. For these issues, it is shown that: (1) a plasma kinetics model of the exploding wire closely describes the arc behavior in the driver, (2) the facility can produce a spectroscopically-clean flow in a low density regime with a shock velocity of 13 km/sec in air when used with an aluminum driven tube, and (3) when operated as a shock-tunnel, the high enthalpy flow in the test section is expected to deviate only slightly from the perfect equilibrium flow conditions at enthalpies corresponding to flight speeds of 5 km/sec or less.

Sharma, Surendra P.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Direct solar-pumped iodine laser amplifier

A XeCl laser which was developed earlier for an iodine laser oscillator was modified in order to increase the output pulse energy of XeCl laser so that the iodine laser output energy could be increased. The electrical circuit of the XeCl laser was changed from a simple capacitor discharge circuit of the XeCl laser to a Marx system. Because of this improvement the output energy from the XeCl laser was increased from 60 mj to 80 mj. Subsequently, iodine laser output energy was increased from 100 mj to 3 mj. On the other hand, the energy storage capability and amplification characteristics of the Vortek solar simulator-pumped amplifier was calculated expecting the calculated amplification factor is about 2 and the energy extraction efficiency is 26 percent due to the very low input energy density to the amplifier. As a result of an improved kinetic modeling for the iodine solar simulator pumped power amplifier, it is found that the I-2 along the axis of the tube affects seriously the gain profile. For the gas i-C3F7I at the higher pressures, the gain will decrease due to the I-2 as the pumping intensity increases, and at these higher pressures an increase in flow velocity will increase the gain.

Han, Kwang S.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Materials selection for long life in LEO: A critical evaluation of atomic oxygen testing with thermal atom systems

The use of thermal atom test methods as a materials selection and screening technique for low-Earth orbit (LEO) spacecraft is critically evaluated. The chemistry and physics of thermal atom environments are compared with the LEO environment. The relative reactivities of a number of materials determined to be in thermal atom environments are compared to those observed in LEO and in high quality LEO simulations. Reaction efficiencies measured in a new type of thermal atom apparatus are one-hundredth to one-thousandth those observed in LEO, and many materials showing nearly identical reactivities in LEO show relative reactivities differing by as much as a factor of 8 in thermal atom systems. A simple phenomenological kinetic model for the reaction of oxygen atoms with organic materials can be used to explain the differences in reactivity in different environments. Certain specific thermal test environments can be used as reliable materials screening tools. Using thermal atom methods to predict material lifetime in LEO requires direct calibration of the method against LEO data or high quality simulation data for each material.

Koontz, S. L.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Lubricant Jet Flow Phenomena in Spur and Helical Gears with Modified Addendums; for Radially Directed Individual Jets

This paper develops the mathematical relations for the Virtual Kinetic Model as an improvement over the vectorial model developed earlier. The model solution described provides the most energy efficient means of cooling gears, i.e., it requires the least pressure or pumping power to distribute the coolant onto the tooth surface. Further, this nozzle orientation allows impingement to the root of the tooth if needed and provides the most cooling control when compared to into-mesh and out-of-mesh cooling.

Akin, Lee S.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Simulation of collisional transport processes and the stability of planetary rings

The utility of the phase-space fluid method for the study of planetary ring dynamics is presently demonstrated through the numerical solution of a model kinetic equation for a flattened Keplerian disk. Attention is given to ringlets composed of single-sized particles, as well as to ringlets composed of two different-sized particles; in the latter case, the ringlets evolve in such a way that the lighter particles are confined by the heavier ones. The results obtained indicate that some natural process may sharpen the optical depth profile of edges even without an external forcing mechanism, and that intermediate optical depths are dynamically preferred in some cases.

Brophy, Thomas G.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Polymer etching in the oxygen afterglow - Increased etch rates with increased reactor loading

Reactor loading has an effect on the etch rate (rate of decrease of film thickness) of films of polyvinylfluoride (Tedlar) and polyethylene exposed in the afterglow of an RF discharge in oxygen. The etch rate is found to increase with the total surface area of the polymer exposed in the reactor. The etch rates of polypyromellitimide (Kapton H) and polystyrene under these conditions are very low. However, the etch rate of these polymers is greatly enhanced by adding either Tedlar or polyethylene to the reactor. A kinetic model is proposed based on the premise that the oxygen atoms produced by the RF discharge react with Tedlar or polyethylene to produce a much more reactive species, which dominates the etching of the polymers studied.

Lerner, N. R.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Kinetics and mechanism of soot formation in hydrocarbon combustion

The focus of this work was on kinetic modeling. The specific objectives were: detailed modeling of soot formation in premixed flames, elucidation of the effects of fuel structure on the pathway to soot, and the development of a numerical technique for accurate modeling of soot particle coagulation and surface growth. Those tasks were successfully completed and are briefly summarized.

Frenklach, Michael↗

NASA NTRS1989

Lubricant jet flow phenomena in spur and helical gears with modified addendums - For radially directed individual jets

Akin, L. S.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Materials selection for long life in low earth orbit - A critical evaluation of atomic oxygen testing with thermal atom systems

The use of thermal atom test methods as a materials selection and screening technique for low-earth orbit (LEO) spacecraft is critically evaluated. The chemistry and physics of thermal atom environments are compared with the LEO environment. The relative reactivities of a number of materials determined in thermal atom environments are compared with those observed in LEO and in high-quality LEO simulations. Reaction efficiencies (cu cm/atom) measured in a new type of thermal atom apparatus are one-thousandth to one ten-thousandth those observed in LEO, and many materials showing nearly identical reactivities in LEO show relative reactivities differing by as much as a factor of eight in thermal atom systems. A simple phenomenological kinetic model for the reaction of oxygen atoms with organic materials can be used to explain the differences in reactivity in different environments. Certain speciic thermal atom test environments can be used as reliable materials screening tools.

Koontz, S. L.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Computation of thermo-chemical nonequilibrium Martian atmospheric entry flows

The aerothermodynamics of a Martian atmospheric entry trajectory are studied. A chemical kinetics model for the CO2-N2 mixture found in the Martian atmosphere is implemented in a two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics method. The gas mixture is allowed to be in thermo-chemical nonequilibrium and to be composed of eight species characterized by two temperatures. The CO2 reaction model is validated by comparing computations to experimental results. Results for typical Martian entry conditions are presented and limitations of the current thermophysical model are discussed.

Candler, Graham V.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Thermoplastic polyimide NEW-TPI (trademark)

Thermal and rheological properties of a commercial thermoplastic polyimide, NEW-TPI (trademark), were characterized. The as-received material possesses initially a transient crystallite form with a bimodal distribution in peak melting temperatures. After the melting of the initial crystallite structure, the sample can be recrystallized by various thermal treatments. A bimodal or single modal melting peak distribution is formed for annealing temperatures below or above 360 C, respectively. The recrystallized crystallinities are all transient in nature. The polymers are unable to be recrystallized after being subjected to elevated temperature annealing above 450 C. The recrystallization mechanism was postulated, and a simple kinetics model was found to describe the behavior rather satisfactory under the conditions of prolonged thermal annealing. Rheological measurements made in the linear viscoelastic range support the evidence observed in the thermal analysis. Furthermore, the measurements sustain the manufacturer's recommended processing window of 400 to 420 C for this material.

Hou, Tan-Hung↗