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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 325 records · Page 18

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DOE OSTI2025

PROACTIVE Focus Area 4: Structured Decision Metrics Analysis (Final Report)

A structured decision metrics analysis was developed as one of the tasks under PROACTIVE’s Focus Area 4 (FA4) and used structured decision metrics for processes, items, and facilities (PIF) to determine the efficacy of an M&V system in meeting treaty goals and technical objectives. The method starts with the functional decomposition of a “treaty” with the M&V system overlaid on it. A Functional Decomposition Rubric (FDR) for each PIF is used to determine a score ranging from 0 (weak) to 4 (strong) for assurance, security, and burden. The individual scores are combined to provide an overall Verification System Score (VSS) which assesses the overall verification system’s suitability given goals; scores for each step of the process are also given. The outcome of the evaluation is to identify needs or modifications to the enterprise model, verification system, or proposed testbed capabilities. VeriScore was used to evaluate FA4’s Spiral 0 exercise; those results are included in this report. The VeriScore and FDR framework can also be used in a non-treaty environment, as any goal/objective/method structure will work, thus expanding its applicability beyond traditional arms control structures.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

NASA NTRS1965

Circuit maintains digital decision threshold at preset level

Optimum decision-level circuit maintains the decision threshold at any preselected percentage of the input-signal amplitude. Communications equipment involving recognition of transmitted digital information can benefit from this circuit.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1967

System automatically provides dynamic launch decision criteria

Saturn 5 Dynamic Launch Decision Criteria model provides instantaneous criteria, derived from the parametric behavior of a complex system such as a space launch vehicle plus its payload, for the decision making of launch management personnel.

Doig, J. E.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Determination of ILS category 2 decision height window requirements

A method for determining the appropriate longitudinal and lateral decision height dispersion limits for any airplane/control system combination during an instrument landing approach is presented. An example is worked out to clarify the steps required. It is shown that the current longitudinal decision height dispersion limits are well suited for a DC-8 with the example control system, but that the lateral limits are too loose to guarantee acceptable touchdowns with the example system subjected to recommended wind and shear disturbances.

Johnson, W. A.↗

NASA NTRS1971

The impact of management science on political decision making

The possible impact on public policy and organizational decision making of operations research/management science (OR/MS) is discussed. Criticisms based on the assumption that OR/MS will have influence on decision making and criticisms based on the assumption that it will have no influence are described. New directions in the analysis of analysis and in thinking about policy making are also considered.

White, M. J.↗

NASA NTRS1971

Some implications of the technology assessment function for the effective public decision-making process

A preliminary provisional assessment of the prospects for the establishment of an adequate technology assessment function and the implications of the assessment function for the public decision process are presented. Effects of the technology assessment function on each phase of the public decision process and briefly explored. Significant implications during the next decade are projected with respect to the following phases: invention and development of alternative means (technological configurations); evaluation, selection and promotion of preferred courses of action; and modification of statutory scheme or social action program as an outcome of continuing monitoring and appraisal.

Mayo, L. H.↗

NASA NTRS1974

The application of natural science data to land management decision-making

A natural environmental analysis process which allows the decision maker to know the probable consequences of a decision prior to the act is developed. Emphasis is placed on the fit between the natural environment and the social, economic, and functional attributes of man's communities and the transition from nature in its present state to various forms and intensities of development. Applications of the analysis are examined. It is concluded that the analysis is a workable system for land use management.

Williams, D. L.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Experiments in pilot decision-making during simulated low visibility approaches

A simulation task is reported which incorporates both kinds of variables, informational and psychological, to successfully study pilot decision making behavior in the laboratory. Preliminary experiments in the measurement of decisions and the inducement of stress in simulated low visibility approaches are described.

Curry, R. E.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Offset quadrature communications with decision-feedback carrier synchronization

In order to accommodate a quadrature amplitude-shift-keyed (QASK) signal, Simon and Smith (1974) have modified the decision-feedback loop which tracks a quadrature phase-shift-keyed (QPSK). In the investigation reported approaches are considered to modify the loops in such a way that offset QASK signals can be tracked, giving attention to the special case of an offset QPSK. The development of the stochastic integro-differential equation of operation for a decision-feedback offset QASK loop is discussed along with the probability density function of the phase error process.

Simon, M. K.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Decision-related cortical potentials during an auditory signal detection task with cued observation intervals

Cortical-evoked potentials were recorded from human subjects performing an auditory detection task with confidence rating responses. Unlike earlier studies that used similar procedures, the observation interval during which the auditory signal could occur was clearly marked by a visual cue light. By precisely defining the observation interval and, hence, synchronizing all perceptual decisions to the evoked potential averaging epoch, it was possible to demonstrate that high-confidence false alarms are accompanied by late-positive P3 components equivalent to those for equally confident hits. Moreover the hit and false alarm evoked potentials were found to covary similarly with variations in confidence rating and to have similar amplitude distributions over the scalp. In a second experiment, it was demonstrated that correct rejections can be associated with a P3 component larger than that for hits. Thus it was possible to show, within the signal detection paradigm, how the two major factors of decision confidence and expectancy are reflected in the P3 component of the cortical-evoked potential.

Squires, K. C.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Improved resource use decisions and actions through remote sensing

Operational uses of remote sensing for improving management decisions and actions concerning resource uses are considered in terms of first generation, or direct-action; and second generation or indirect, delayed-action applications. From among applications completed during 1974-75, seven case studies are offered in illustration of the many contrasts which can be drawn between first and second generation application studies. These include: (1) multi-agency river basin planning; (2) corridor assessment and route location for highway location together with improvement of county-level planning decisions; (3) improving timber management practices; (4) enforcement of new state statutes; (5) county-wide open space preservation; (6) land value reappraisal relative to property tax equalization; and (7) optimizing agri-business processing plant locations.

Hill-Rowley, R.↗

NASA NTRS1976

On optimal soft-decision demodulation

A necessary condition is derived for optimal J-ary coherent demodulation of M-ary (M greater than 2) signals. Optimality is defined as maximality of the symmetric cutoff rate of the resulting discrete memoryless channel. Using a counterexample, it is shown that the condition derived is generally not sufficient for optimality. This condition is employed as the basis for an iterative optimization method to find the optimal demodulator decision regions from an initial 'good guess'. In general, these regions are found to be bounded by hyperplanes in likelihood space; the corresponding regions in signal space are found to have hyperplane asymptotes for the important case of additive white Gaussian noise. Some examples are presented, showing that the regions in signal space bounded by these asymptotic hyperplanes define demodulator decision regions that are virtually optimal.

Lee, L.-N.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Pilot interaction with automated airborne decision making systems

An investigation was made of interaction between a human pilot and automated on-board decision making systems. Research was initiated on the topic of pilot problem solving in automated and semi-automated flight management systems and attempts were made to develop a model of human decision making in a multi-task situation. A study was made of allocation of responsibility between human and computer, and discussed were various pilot performance parameters with varying degrees of automation. Optimal allocation of responsibility between human and computer was considered and some theoretical results found in the literature were presented. The pilot as a problem solver was discussed. Finally the design of displays, controls, procedures, and computer aids for problem solving tasks in automated and semi-automated systems was considered.

Rouse, W. B.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Factors Affecting the Corporate Decision-Making Process of Air Transport Manufacturers

Fuel economy is a pivotal question influencing the future sale and utilization of commercial aircraft. The NASA Aircraft Energy Efficiency (ACEE) Program Office has a program intended to accelerate the readiness of advanced technologies for energy efficient aircraft. Because the decision to develop a new airframe or engine is a major financial hazard for manufacturers, it is important to know what factors influence the decision making process. A method is described for identifying and ranking individuals and organizations involved at each stage of commercial air transport development, and the barriers that must be overcome in adopting new technologies.

Ollila, R. G.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Evaluation of NASA-sponsored research on capital investment decision making in the civil aviation industry

Significant findings of three studies undertaken to provide the NASA Aircraft Energy Efficiency (ACEE) Office with information regarding how aircraft manufacturers and commercial airlines make investment decisions concerning the acquisition of new and derivative technology are analyzed and their general implications explored. Topics discussed include: the market for airline aircraft, factors affecting the corporate decision making process of air transport manufacturers, and flight equipment purchasing practices of representative air carriers.

Donovan, D. J.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Distribution of control decisions in remote manipulation

The particular characteristics of the problem of distributing control decisions between man and computer in remotely controlled manipulation are discussed. State of the art is reviewed from two viewpoints: (1) specifications of both control commands and control context of sensor signals the operator inputs to the manipulator control computer; (2) operations the manipulator control computer performs on operator commands and realtime sensor signals to control the manipulator for a specified task. JPL breadboard systems, system components, and control experiments are described related to the development and evaluation of manipulator control systems with capabilities of distributing control decisions between man and computer.

Bejczy, A. K.↗

NASA NTRS1976

The uncertainty threshold principle - Fundamental limitations of optimal decision making under dynamic uncertainty

The fundamental limitations of the optimal control of dynamic systems with random parameters are analyzed by studying a scalar linear-quadratic optimal control example. It is demonstrated that optimum long-range decision making is possible only if the dynamic uncertainty (quantified by the means and covariances of the random parameters) is below a certain threshold. If this threshold is exceeded, there do not exist optimum decision rules. This phenomenon is called the 'uncertainty threshold principle'. The implications of this phenomenon to the field of modelling, identification, and adaptive control are discussed.

Athans, M.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Risk of natural environment changes after Space Shuttle deorbit decision

The purpose of the present paper is to point out the risk of change of certain natural environment events that may be of concern in Space Shuttle landing analyses and deorbit decisions. These events are: precipitation, except light rain showers; thunderstorms with ceilings below 4000 ft; runway crosswinds above 20 knots peak at 33 ft; and thunderstorms in the descending glide path. Risk calculations showed that for deorbit decisions made one hour before landing, the maximum risk of change from favorable to unfavorable natural environment conditions is approximately 12 percent, the risk existing for only a few hours in midafternoon. Thunderstorms in the glide path account for more than three fourths of the total risk.

Brown, S. C.↗