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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 325 records · Page 18
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1974

Justification of permissible doses of radiation during prolonged space flights

Maximum permissible radiation doses for astronauts are reported based on chronic radiation experiments with dogs and actual measurements during space flights. Observed were clinical conditions, peripheral blood and marrow, the state of the cardiovascular system, higher nervous activity, the state of the vestibular analyzer, the organ of vision, spermatogenic function and the ability to reproduce, the state of immunity and a number of biological indices in blood and tissues. The following maximum permissible doses are determined as preliminary values: 1 year of flight - 200 rem; 2 years of flight - 250 rem; 3 years of flight - 275 rem.

Grigoryev, Y. G.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Experimental-clinical validation of the use of amitetravit, ATP and autologous bone marrow in radiation injuries caused by prolonged radiation

Experimental clinical studies show that early pathogenetic treatment against the effects of prolonged radiation includes amitetravit as a means of increasing natural radio resistance, ATP as protective therapeutic agent, and automyelotransplantation for early pathogenetic treatment. The high effectiveness of the combined use of ATP and amitetravit in tests on dogs indicates an ability to prevent primary damages to genetic structures and accelerated processes of reparation in the first stages of radiopathological processes.

Atamanova, O. M.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Study of bone mineral metabolism

The use of Sr-85 as an indicator of the skeletal location and relative amount of bone demineralization which occurs during immobilization of the body or body parts, bed-rest or space flight was studied. The bone mineral replacement which occurs after immobilization was measured rather than the bone loss which occurs during immobilization. In a study with two adult beagle dogs, the Sr-85 uptake in a leg which had been immobilized for two months was 400 percent higher than the uptake in the legs in regular use. This increased uptake probably resulted from only a few percent loss in bone mineral and indicates that losses less than one percent can be easily detected and located. The sensitivity, simplicity, and low radiation dose associated with the use of this method indicates that it should receive consideration for use on humans in bed-rest and space flight studies. Methods for measuring changes in total body nitrogen and in assisting the Johnson Space Center in calibrating a whole body counter for total body potassium measurements were also investigated.

Palmer, H. E.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Evaluation of the effects of hypergravity exposure and caging restraint on bone mineralization in the Beagle by in vivo photon absorptiometry

Photon absorptiometry was used to evaluate bone mineral kinetics associated with normal development and the possible perturbations to bone development resulting from hypergravity exposure over a period of six months in developing Beagles. A series of seven measurements were performed at specific times with the first measurement prior to treatment and subsequent measurements at 2, 5, 9, 14, 20 and 26 weeks from the onset of the experiment. Four groups of six male Beagle pups, ranging in age from 85 to 92 days were studied. Two groups were chronically exposed to hypergravity treatments by centrifugation of 2.0 G (18.0 RPM, 11.7 ft radius) and 2.6 G (18.0 RPM, 19.8 ft radius) for the 26 week period. A third group of six dogs served as a caged control to evaluate possible changes due to confinement in small plexiglass cages similar to those of the centrifuge. Thus this control group was subjected to limited exercise due to caging restraint. The fourth group of animals was housed in open runs to allow exercise without the spatial confinement of the smaller plexiglass cages. Results show highly significant differences in body weight, bone length, increase in bone density of control group relative to other groups, and a decrease in bone mineral content in the two gravity treated groups.

Fisher, G. L.↗
NASA NTRS1975

The importance of the renin-angiotensin system in normal cardiovascular homeostasis

Studies were carried out on adult mongrel dogs (20 to 30 kilograms) to investigate the importance of the renin-angiotensin system. Results indicate that the renin-angiotensin system plays a major role in the maintenance of circulatory homeostasis when extracellular fluid volume is depleted. It was also found that angiotensin II concentration, in addition to renal perfusion pressure, is a factor in the regulation of renin release.

Haber, E.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Application of NASTRAN for stress analysis of left ventricle of the heart

Knowing the stress and strain distributions in the left ventricular wall of the heart is a prerequisite for the determination of the muscle elasticity and contractility in the process of assessing the functional status of the heart. NASTRAN was applied for the calculation of these stresses and strains and to help in verifying the results obtained by the computer program FEAMPS which was specifically designed for the plane-strain finite-element analysis of the left ventricular cross sections. Adopted for the analysis are the true shape and dimensions of the cross sections reconstructed from multiplanar X-ray views of a left ventricle which was surgically isolated from a dog's heart but metabolically supported to sustain its beating. A preprocessor was prepared to accommodate both FEAMPS and NASTRAN, and it has also facilitated the application of both the triangular element and isoparameteric quadrilateral element versions of NASTRAN. The stresses in several crucial regions of the left ventricular wall calculated by these two independently developed computer programs are found to be in good agreement. Such confirmation of the results is essential in the development of a method which assesses the heart performance.

Pao, Y. C.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Effect of varying differentiator frequency response on recorded peak dP/dt

Dogs were used to study the effects of varying the differentiator cutoff frequency on the recorded peak first derivative of left ventricular pressure with respect to time (dP/dt), using high-precision solid-state pressure transducers and recording equipment. In canine hearts with a basic periodicity of 1 to 3 Hz, the differentiator frequency response required to record an accurate peak dP/dt is found to be influenced by the value of peak dP/dt. At peak dP/dt ranging from 1500 to 9000 mm Hg/sec (200 and 1200 kPa/sec), a differentiator cutoff frequency of at least 90 Hz was required to record accurately peak dP/dt.

Barry, W. H.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Continuous cardiac output measurement - Aspects of Doppler frequency analysis

From the suprasternal notch blood flow velocity in the aorta can be measured non-invasively by a Doppler probe. Integration over systole after frequency analysis gives a measure of stroke volume if a separate diameter observation is incorporated. Frequency analysis by a zero crossing counter or by a set of parallel phaselock loops was less effective than a set of bandpass filters. Observations on dogs, baboons and humans before and after exercise or surgery suggest the indications to be useful. Application to judging heart failure by the effect of introducing a volume load is indicated. Changes in output also are measured in freely moving subjects.

Mackay, R. S.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Temperature responses to infusion of electrolytes during exercise

Past studies on the influence of various metal ions on heat regulation in mammals are reviewed, and results of a study on the effect of Na and citrate in isotonic and hypertonic concentrations on temperature elevation during exercise in dogs are presented. Hypertonic administration of Na before or during treadmill running and dosis of citrate during treadmill running significantly raised core temperature over controls and isotonic cases. Thus the higher the plasma Na-osmotic concentration, the greater the inhibition of heat dissipation.

Greenleaf, J. E.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Effect of shape and size of lung and chest wall on stresses in the lung

To understand better the effect of shape and size of lung and chest wall on the distribution of stresses, strains, and surface pressures, we analyzed a theoretical model using the technique of finite elements. First we investigated the effects of changing the chest wall shape during expansion, and second we studied lungs of a variety of inherent shapes and sizes. We found that, in general, the distributions of alveolar size, mechanical stresses, and surface pressures in the lungs were dominated by the weight of the lung and that changing the shape of the lung or chest wall had relatively little effect. Only at high states of expansion where the lung was very stiff did changing the shape of the chest wall cause substantial changes. Altering the inherent shape of the lung generally had little effect but the topographical differences in stresses and surface pressures were approximately proportional to lung height. The results are generally consistent with those found in the dog by Hoppin et al (1969).

Vawter, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Hematologic changes in mice during and after exposure to severe hypobaric hypoxia

Exposing mice to an atmospheric pressure of 300 mm Hg for 16 d caused a variety of hematologic effects. Hematocrit increased rapidly in the first 8 d of exposure and slowly in the second 8 d. Reticulocyte counts rose above normal, peaked on day 8, and then fell rapidly toward the control level. Macrocytic erythrocytes, formed during exposure, remained macrocytic after the termination of exposure and after the loss of their reticulum. The posthypoxic mice proved sensitive for erythropoietin bioassay. Mice injected with normal dog serum showed a significantly higher incorporation of Fe-59 than control mice injected with physiologic saline. A reduction of the duration of exposure to 10 d resulted in only a slight decrease in the sensitivity of the mouse bioassay system. However, a 16-d exposure at a pressure of 360 mm Hg resulted in considerably less sensitive bioassay animals.

Huff, J. E.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Engineering studies of vectorcardiographs in blood pressure measuring systems, appendix 2

The development of a cardiovascular monitoring system to noninvasively monitor the blood pressure and heart rate using pulse wave velocity was described. The following topics were covered: (1) pulse wave velocity as a measure of arterial blood pressure, (2) diastolic blood pressure and pulse wave velocity in humans, (3) transducer development for blood pressure measuring device, and (4) cardiovascular monitoring system. It was found, in experiments on dogs, that the pulse wave velocity is linearly related to diastolic blood pressure over a wide range of blood pressure and in the presence of many physiological perturbations. A similar relationship was observed in normal, young human males over a moderate range of pressures. Past methods for monitoring blood pressure and a new method based on pulse wave velocity determination were described. Two systems were tested: a Doppler ultrasonic transducer and a photoelectric plethysmograph. A cardiovascular monitoring system was described, including operating instructions.

Mark, R. G.↗
NASA NTRS1976

The physiology and biochemistry of total body immobilization in animals: A compendium of research

Major studies that describe the physiological and biochemical mechanisms which operate during total body restraint (confinement in cages for example) are presented. The metabolism and behavior of various animals used in medical research (dogs, monkeys, rats, fowl) was investigated and wherever possible a detailed annotation for each study is provided under the subheadings: (a) purposes, (b) procedures and methods, (c) results, and (d) conclusions. Selected references are also included.

Dorchak, K. J.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Observations on autoregulation in skeletal muscle - The effects of arterial hypoxia

An experimental study was carried out on 25 mongrel dogs of both sexes to re-evaluate autoregulation of blood flow in skeletal muscle, with particular reference to the steady-state resistance and transient response in muscle blood flow following a square wave increase in arterial perfusion pressure and to the examination of the effect of arterial hypoxia on this transient response. The data emphasize the importance of considering the transient changes in blood flow in evaluating the autoregulatory response in skeletal muscle. For quantification purposes, a parameter termed alpha is introduced which represents the ratio between the increase in blood flow from baseline to peak and the return of blood flow from the peak to the new steady-state. Such a quantification of the transient response in flow with step increases in perfusion pressure demonstrates substantial transient responses under conditions of normal oxygenation and progressive attenuation of flow transients with increasing hypoxia.

Pohost, G. M.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Intravascular bubbles associated with intravenous injections and altitude

Ultrasonically detected microbubbles were more abundant in the pulmonary artery of dogs intravenously injected with 10 ml of saline than in the same noninjected control during 10,000 ft (3,048 m), 20,000 ft (6,096 m), and 40,000 ft (12,121 m) exposures. Continuous intravenous (i.v.) drip infusions also introduced many small bubbles. Since they may serve as 'nuclei' for visible intravascular bubble formation, are sometimes associated with decompression sickness, and are additionally considered undesirable, it would appear prudent to minimize i.v. injections immediately before flights. However, a 10-min delay before ascent wil reduce their number and a 60-min delay will insure their almost complete absence. Also, slow ascent, a 1-h denitrogenation time, or use of a degassed solution will help reduce their total number.

Cooke, J. P.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Three-dimensional reconstruction and display of the heart, lungs and circulation by multiplanar X-ray scanning videodensitometry

A device was developed which makes possible the dynamic reconstruction of the heart and lungs within the intact thorax of a living dog or human and which can record approximately 30 multiplanar X-ray images of the thorax practically instantaneously, and at frequent enough intervals of time and with sufficient density and spatial resolution to capture and resolve the most rapid changes in cardiac structural detail throughout each cardiac cycle. It can be installed in a clinical diagnostic setting as well as in a research environment and its construction and application for determination and display in real-time modes of cross sections of the functioning thorax and its contents of living animals and man is technologically feasible.

Robb, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Regional myocardial shape and dimensions of the working isolated canine left ventricle

Angiographic experiments were performed on isolated canine left ventricle preparations using donor dog to supply blood to the coronary circulation via a rotary pump to control coronary flow. The angiographic record was transferred from video tape to video disk for detailed uninterrupted sequential analysis at a frequency of 60 fields/sec. It is shown that the use of a biplane X-ray technique and a metabolically supported isolated canine left ventricle preparation provides an angiographically ideal means of measuring the mechanical dynamics of the myocardium while the intact left ventricular myocardial structure and electrical activation pattern retain most of the in situ ventricular characteristics. In particular, biplane X-ray angiography of the left ventricle can provide estimates of total ventricular function such as ejection fraction, stroke volume, and myocardial mass correct to within 15% under the angiographically ideal conditions of the preparation.

Ritman, E.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Computerized X-ray reconstruction tomography in stereometric analysis of cardiovascular dynamics

A computerized technique is proposed for obtaining cross-sectional images of the dynamic spatial distribution of X-ray attenuation covering the entire anatomic extent of the thorax and its contents in living dogs with a resolution of 1 mm and at time intervals of 1/60 sec. Use is made of an X-ray imaging chain which is a new high-performance video-fluoroscopic system, unique in its design and construction and called SSDSR for single source dynamic spatial reconstructor. This dynamic spatial reconstruction system is shown to provide the temporally and spatially coherent multiple cross sections required to obtain the full three-dimensional anatomic and simultaneous hemodynamic information necessary for detailed quantitative analyses of regional cardiopulmonary and vascular functions in both basic investigations of animals and clinical diagnostic applications to patients. Numerous photographs supplement the text.

Robb, R. A.↗