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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 325 records · Page 18

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NASA NTRS1979

Motion sickness in cats - A symptom rating scale used in laboratory and flight tests

The cat is proposed as a model for the study of motion and space sickness. Development of a scale for rating the motion sickness severity in the cat is described. The scale is used to evaluate an antimotion sickness drug, d-amphetamine plus scopolamine, and to determine whether it is possible to predict sickness susceptibility during parabolic flight, including zero-G maneuvers, from scores obtained during ground based trials.

Suri, K. B.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Flow sensor for biomedical fluids

Electronic sensor accurately measures and controls flow of plasma, whole blood, or drugs in solution. Since sensor does not directly contact fluid, it does not have to be sterilized. It is compatible with disposable bottles, tubes, and hypodermic needles widely used in hospitals. Only modification necessary is in tube, which must contain two small metal inserts, spaced to fit in curved thermistor plates.

Winkler, H. E.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Reactivity of organism in prolonged space flights

An analysis of published data are presented as well as the results of experiments which show that the state of weightlessness and hypodynamia result in a reduced orthostatic and vestibular resistance, increased sensitivity to infections, decreased endurance of accelerations and physical exercises, and altered reactivity of the organism to drugs. Various consequences of weightlessness on the human body, especially weightlessness combined with other factors linked to long space flights are also considered.

Vasilyev, P. V.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Space motion sickness

Research on the etiology, prediction, treatment and prevention of space motion sickness, designed to minimize the impact of this syndrome which was experienced frequently and with severity by individuals on the Skylab missions, on Space Shuttle crews is reviewed. Theories of the cause of space motion sickness currently under investigation by NASA include sensory conflict, which argues that motion sickness symptoms result from a mismatch between the total pattern of information from the spatial senses and that stored from previous experiences, and fluid shift, based upon the redistribution of bodily fluids that occurs upon continued exposure to weightlessness. Attempts are underway to correlate space motion sickness susceptibility to different provocative environments, vestibular and nonvestibular responses, and the rate of acquisition and length of retention of sensory adaptation. Space motion sickness countermeasures under investigation include various drug combinations, of which the equal combination of promethazine and ephedrine has been found to be as effective as the scopolomine and dexedrine combination, and vestibular adaptation and biofeedback training and autogenic therapy.

Homick, J. L.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Emergency medicine and the airline passenger

Problems related to immediate medical care in case of in-flight emergencies are discussed with reference to such critical types of medical emergencies as obstructed airway, cardiac dysfunction, trauma, hemorrhage, hypoxia, and pain. It is shown that training flight attendants to deal with in-flight medical emergencies and to use first-aid support equipment and essential and useful drugs may later help with stabilization of a victim and allow continuing the flight to the scheduled destination without the need for a diverted landing. Among the steps suggested in order to upgrade inflight welfare and safety of passengers are the development of an advisory circular by the FAA covering standardized training for flight attendants, regulatory action requiring upgrading of the present rudimentary first-aid kit, and the enactment of Good Samaritan legislation by the U.S. Government.

Mohler, S. R.↗

NASA NTRS1980

NASA to study effects of jet lag on pilot performance

Existing scientific literature on circadian rhythm was translated into lay terms and disseminated to the aviation community. The effects of rest, sleep, dietary, and drug use patterns of commercial airline crews were investigated.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1980

Bulgarian contributions to the development of space biology and medicine

Several aspects of aerospace medicine are discussed. Particular attention is given to the following: the effects of anoxia; the effects of positive radial acceleration; and the effects of various degrees of athletic conditioning and drugs on the tolerance of space flight factors.

Serafimov, K.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Orthostasis test in the practice of the cardiologist

The orthostasis test makes it possible to evaluate neurohumoral regulation and reaction of the circulatory system and to detect changes in the function of a number of internal organs (especially the kidney). Simultaneous recording of the ECG in an orthostatic position despite nonspecificity, makes it possible to detect hidden damage (organic or metabolic) or increased sensitivity of the myocardium to stressor sympathetico-adrenal effects, stability of therapeutic effect, and the action mechanism of a number of drugs.

Moskalenko, N. P.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Technology transfer: Transportation

The successful application of aerospace technology to problems related to highways and rail and rapid transit systems is described with emphasis on the use of corrosion resistant paints, fire retardant materials, and law enforcement. Possible areas for the use of spinoff from NASA technology by the California State Department of Corrections are identified. These include drug detection, security and warning systems, and the transportation and storage of food. A communication system for emergency services is also described.

Anyos, T.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Reissner's membrane and the spiral ligament in normal rats and those treated with ethacrynic acid

A description is presented of recent ultrastructural findings in Reissner's membrane and the spiral ligament in rats treated daily with ethacrynic acid during the 2nd and 3rd weeks of postnatal life, a period of final maturation of the inner ear and its fluids. A distension of Reissner's membrane in every cochlear turn, indicative of mild endolymphatic hydrops, was found to occur in animals that received a higher dose of ethacrynic acid. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of Reissner's membrane showed increased electron density after treatment with ethacrynic acid. This increase was most pronounced in animals treated with a greater quantity of the drug. The epithelial cells had similar ultracellular features throughout except that the cells were much thinner in the region of maximal distension.

Ross, M. D.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Electrophoresis operations in space

Application of electrophoresis in space processing is described. Spaceborne experiments in areas such as biological products and FDA approved drugs are discussed. These experiments will be carried on shuttle payloads.

Richman, D. W.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Applications of aerospace technology in biology and medicine

A bipolar, donor-recipient model of medical technology transfer is introduced to provide a basis for the team's methodology. That methodology is designed (1) to identify medical problems and NASA technology that in combination constitute opportunities for successful medical products, (2) to obtain the early participation of industry in the transfer proces, and (3) to obtain acceptance by the medical community of new medical products based on NASA technology. Two commercial technology transfers and five institutional technology transfers were completed in 1977. A new, commercially available teaching manikin system uses NASA-developed concepts and techniques for effective visual presentation of information and data. Drugs shipped by the National Cancer Institute to locations throughout the world are maintained at low temperatures in shipping containers that incorporate recommendations made by NASA.

Beall, H. C.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Quantitation of chlorpromazine-bound calmodulin during chlorpromazine inhibition of gravitropism

The regulatory protein, calmodulin (CaM), controls the activity of a plasma membrane localized ATPase in plants which serves to pump calcium out of cells. Recent data are consistent with the hypothesis that activation of this pump is one of the early steps necessary for gravitropism. Chlorpromazine (CPZ), a CaM antagonist, reversibly inhibits gravitropism in oat coleoptiles at concentrations which permit normal growth rates. C-14-labeled CPZ was used to photo-affinity label endogenous CaM in vivo to learn whether the drug is actually binding to some portion of endogenous CaM when it inhibits gravitropism. Under conditions in which CPZ inhibits gravitropism for over an hour, at least 11% of the CaM in gravitropically stimulated coleoptiles is bound to CPZ. In a given CPZ experiment the degree of inhibition of gravitropism correlates well with the amount of CaM bound to CPZ.

Roux, S. J.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Computer simulation of protein systems

Ligand binding to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is discussed. This is an extremely important enzyme, as it is the target of several drugs (inhibitors) which are used clinically as antibacterials, antiprotozoals and in cancer chemotherapy. DHFR catalyzes the NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) dependent reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate, which is used in several pathways of purine and pyrimidine iosynthesis, including that of thymidylate. Since DNA synthesis is dependent on a continuing supply of thymidylate, a blockade of DHFR resulting in a depletion of thymidylate can lead to the cessation of growth of a rapidly proliferating cell line. DHFR exhibits a significant species to species variability in its sensitivity to various inhibitors. For example, trimethoprim, an inhibitor of DHFR, binds to bacterial DHFR's 5 orders of magnitude greater than to vertebrate DHFR's. The structural mechanics, dynamics and energetics of a family of dihydrofolate reductases are studied to rationalize the basis for the inhibitor of these enyzmes and to understand the molecular basis of the difference in the binding constants between the species. This involves investigating the conformational changes induced in the protein on binding the ligand, the internal strain imposed by the enzyme on the ligand, the restriction of fluctuations in atom positions due to binding and the consequent change in entropy.

Osguthorpe, D. J.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Pharmacologic counter measures minimizing post-space flight orthostatic intolerance

The effect of bed rest on drug disposition and physiological function was investigated as part of a project to determine the cardiovascular effects of space flight. One group of subjects was given doses of lidocane, penicillin-G, and ICG during a control period and following seven days of bed rest. Cardiac function was evaluated by echo-cardiography. Renal function was evaluated in a second group before and after several days of bed rest. Inulin, para-aminohippurate, and dextran clearances were studied. In the first group, the post-bed rest parameters were not statistically different from the pre-bed rest valves. In the second study, renal function did not change significantly after seven days of bed rest. Plans for future research are reviewed.

Harrison, D. C.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Development of engineering prototype of Life Support Module (LSM)

The development of an engineering prototype of a life support system is discussed. The module consists of an electrocardiogram, a defibrillator, a resuscitator, and an aspirator, as well as body temperature and blood pressure measuring instruments. A drug kit is included.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1983

Role of corollary discharge in space constancy

Visual fixation can be maintained in spite of finger pressure on the monocularly viewing eye. The amount of extraocular muscle effort required to counter the eyepress is measured as the secondary deviation of the occluded fellow eye. Using this method, without drugs or neurological lesions, it is shown that corollary discharge (CD) governs perception of position of a luminous point in darkness, that is, an unstructured visual field. CD also controls visuomotor coordination measured with open-loop pointing and the matching of visual and auditory direction in light and in darkness. The incorrectly biased CD is superseded by visual position perception in normal structured environments, a phenomenon called visual capture of Matin. When the structured visual field is extinguished, leaving only a luminous point, gradual release from visual capture and return to the biased CD direction follows after a delay of about 5 sec.

Stark, L.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Cardiovascular responses to hypogravic environments

The cardiovascular deconditioning observed during and after space flight is characterized in a review of human space and simulation studies and animal simulations. The various simulation techniques (horizontal bed rest, head-down tilt, and water immersion in man, and immobilization of animals) are examined, and sample results are presented in graphs. Countermeasures such as exercise regimens, fluid replacement, drugs, venous pooling, G-suits, oscillating beds, electrostimulation of muscles, lower-body negative pressure, body-surface cooling, and hypoxia are reviewed and found to be generally ineffective or unreliable. The need for future space experimentation in both humans and animals is indicated.

Sandler, H.↗