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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 325 records · Page 18
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NASA NTRS2005

Stellar Activity and Mass Loss from A and F Supergiants

This grant supported the observing and data analysis for FUSE Cycle 4 project DO47 to observe five late-A and F supergiants using a total observing allocation of 150 ksec. Stellar activity on A and F supergiants has been poorly studied in the past; primarily because the photospheric continuum dominates any chromospheric (~ 10 4 K) or transition region (TR; ~ 10 5 K) emission lines far into the ultraviolet. FUSE observations of A and F supergiants offer one of the best methods to study stellar activity on these stars, because many activity indicators longward of 1200 A are swamped by the photospheric continuum emission. We used FUSE FUV spectra to search for 0 VI and C I11 TR emission lines and obtained data for t Car (A8 Ib, for 60.5 ksec, on 2003 Apr 27), 8 Sco (F1 11, 22.7 ksec, 2003 Aug 2), ct Per (F5 Ib, 30.8 ksec, 2003 Oct l), a UMi (F7 Ib-11, 23.9 ksec, 2003 Oct 14), and y Cyg (F8 Ib, 25.8 ksec, 2003 Oct 18). These observations used the large LWRS aperture and collected data in time-tagged mode. The LWRS aperture is large enough that the target should remain within the aperture with the normal level of FUSE pointing jitter and target drift. We examined the stellar signal and found that the targets were well within the aperture throughout the observation. The data were split into night-time and day-time data so that the effects of airglow emission were recognizable, and combined day and night spectra were generated using CALFUSE 2.4.0 .

Brown, Alexander↗
NASA NTRS2006

Detection of a Hot Binary Companion of eta Carinae

A hot companion of eta Carinae has been detected using high resolution spectra (905 - 1180 A) obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite. Observations were obtained at two epochs of the 2024-day orbit: 2003 June during ingress to the 2003.5 X-ray eclipse and 2004 April several months after egress. These data show that essentially all the far-UV flux from eta Car shortward of Lyman alpha disappeared at least two days before the start of the X-ray eclipse (2003 June 29), implying that the hot companion, eta Car B, was also eclipsed by the dense wind or extended atmosphere of eta Car A. Analysis of the far-UV spectrum shows that eta Car B is a luminous hot star. N II 1084-1086 emission disappears at the same time as the far-UV continuum, indicating that this feature originates from eta Car B itself or in close proximity to it. The strong N II emission also raises the possibility that the companion star is nitrogen rich. The observed FUV flux levels and spectral features, combined with the timing of their disappearance, is consistent with eta Carinae being a massive binary system

Sonnebom, G.↗
NASA NTRS2006

Dynamics of the Shocked Gas in the Eta Carinae System as Seen by Chandra

We report on a series of X-ray spectra of the supermassive star Eta Carinae obtained by the High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer on the CHANDRA X-ray observatory before, during and after the star's X-ray minimum in the summer of 2003. The X-ray spectra show significant variations in emission measure and absorption, in the strength of the iron K edge and fluorescent iron emission, but show little change in the distribution of emission measure with temperature. The CHANDRA spectra also resolve emission from Si, S, Fe and other elements in H-like and He-like configurations. The HETGS spectra show that these lines change in centroid energy along with evidence of changes in the forbidden-to-intercombination ratios of the He-like triplets. These spectra offer strong support that the X-ray emission originates within a shock cone around an unseen, massive companion. The variations of the X-ray line spectrum provide a direct measure of the dynamics of the shocked gas in this cone and also evidence that the hottest region of the shock is not always in collisional ionization equilibrium. We discuss these results in light of the recent discovery of He II 4686 emission and the reported discovery of FUV emission from the companion star. This work was supported by SAO/Chandra grant GO3-4008A.

Corcoran, M. F.↗
NASA NTRS2006

The Stellar Wind from the Central Star of NGC 7009

Observations of NGC 7009, including its central star HD 200516, have been obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite, providing spectra covering 905-1187 A with spectral resolution of 15 km/sec. One observation was made with the 30x30 arcsec aperture and includes the star plus the entire nebula. A second observation used the 1.25x20arcsec slit significantly reducing the nebular 'contamination' of the stellar spectrum. This poster discusses the spectrum of the central star. A strong FUV continuum, as expected for Teff=82,000K, dominates the spectrum. The most prominent spectral feature is a very strong P-Cygni profile of O VI 1032-1038. This paper presents models of the stellar spectrum and the wind features to further refine the stellar parameters and mass loss rate.

Sonneborn, George↗
NASA NTRS2005

The Dynamics of Thermospheric Composition and Ionospheric Total Electron Content During Geomagnetic Storms

The geomagnetic storms of April 17-21,2002 and May 29-30,2003 caused large decreases in the O/N2 column density ratio in the thermosphere. For these storms, O/N2 column density decreases of greater than 50% were observed to extend to mid-to-low latitudes with the FUV sensitive Earth Camera of the Visible Imaging System (VIS) on the Polar spacecraft. Simultaneously in these same regions, the ground-based GPS network observed approximately 80% reductions in the Total Electron Content (TEC) of the ionosphere. The reduction in the O/N2 column density ratio is due mainly to increases in the molecular species that have welled-up into the thermosphere from the lower levels of the atmosphere due to auroral heating. The geomagnetic-storm driven increase in molecular densities at typical ionospheric heights rapidly charge exchange with the ambient ionized atoms and subsequently dissociatively recombine with the ionospheric electrons leading to a reduction in the total charge density. The transition boundaries between high and low regions of O/N2 as well as TEC can be tracked in the images and the thermospheric winds may be inferred from the motion of the boundaries. The motion of these boundaries during the development of the geomagnetic storm will be discussed.

Sigwarth, John B.↗
NASA NTRS2006

Mass Loss from the Central Star of NGC 7009

Observations of NGC 7009, including its central star HD 200516, have been obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite, providing spectra covering 905-1187 A with spectral resolution of 15 kilometers per second. One observation was made with the 30x30 arcsec aperture and includes the star plus the entire nebula. A second series of observations used the 1.25x20 arcsec slit, significantly reducing the nebular 'contamination' of the stellar spectrum. This paper discusses the spectrum of the central star. A strong FUV continuum, as expected for Teff=82,000K, dominates the spectrum. The most prominent spectral feature is a very strong P-Cygni profile of O VI 1032-1038. This paper presents models of the stellar spectrum and the wind features to further refine the stellar parameters and mass loss rate.

Sonneborn, George↗
NASA NTRS2006

Mass Loss From The Central Star of Ngc 7009

Observations of the hot central star (HD 200516) of the planetary nebula NGC 7009 were obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite, providing spectra covering 905-1187 A with spectral resolution of 15 km/sec. One observation was made with the 30x30 arcsec aperture and includes the star plus the entire nebula. A second series of observations used the 1.25x20 arcsec slit, significantly reducing the nebular 'contamination' of the stellar spectrum. A strong FUV continuum, as expected for T(sub eff) = 82,000 K, dominates the spectrum. The most prominent spectral feature is a very strong P-Cygni profile of O VI 1032-1038. The wind terminal velocity is 2550 km/sec. The only other wind lines in the FUSE spectrum are S VI 944,933. These line, plus N V 1240 and O V 1371 from IUE spectra, were modeled with an SEI code. Models of the wind lines and stellar spectrum are presented that further refine the stellar parameters and mass loss rate.

Sonneborn, Block George↗
NASA NTRS1995

Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of M82: Interstellar Properties of the Dual Nuclear Starbursts

We have measured [O I] 63 mm and [Si II] 35 mm in the central 44' (700 pc) of the starburst galaxy M82. The luminosities in these transitions are each ~0.1 percent of the bolometric luminosity. We model the [O I] in M82 as arising from warm neutral gas photodissociated by FUV flux from OB stars, while most of the [Si II] emission arises from associated H II regions.!.

spectroscopy starburst galaxy luminosity↗
NASA NTRS2006

Grain Surface Chemistry and the Composition of Interstellar Ices

Submicron sized dust grains are an important component of the interstellar medium. In particular they provide surface where active chemistry can take place. At the low temperatures (-10 K) of the interstellar medium, colliding gas phase species will stick, diffuse, react, and form an icy mantle on these dust grains. This talk will review the principles of grain surface chemistry and delineate important grain surface routes, focusing on reactions involving H, D, and O among each other and with molecules such as CO. Interstellar ice mantles can be studied through the fundamental vibrations of molecular species in the mid-infrared spectra of sources embedded in or located behind dense molecular clouds. Analysis of this type of data has provided a complex view of the composition of these ices and the processes involved. Specifically, besides grain surface chemistry, the composition of interstellar ices is also affected by thermal processing due to nearby newly formed stars. This leads to segregation between different ice components as well as outgassing. The latter results in the formation of a so-called Hot Core region with a gas phase composition dominated by evaporated mantle species. Studies of such regions provide thus a different view on the ice composition and the chemical processes involved. Interstellar ices can also be processed by FUV photons and high energy cosmic ray ions. Cosmic ray processing likely dominates the return of accreted species to the gas phase where further gas phase reactions can take place. These different chemical routes towards molecular complexity in molecular clouds and particularly regions of star formation will be discussed.

Tielens, A. G. G. M.↗
NASA NTRS2006

Detection of a Hot Binary Companion of eta Carinae

A hot companion of eta Carinae has been detected using high resolution spectra (905 - 1 180 Angsroms) obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite. Observations were obtained at two epochs of the 2024-day orbit: 2003 June during ingress to the 2003.5 X-ray eclipse and 2004 April several months after egress. These data show that essentially all the far-UV flux from eta Car shortward of Lyman alpha disappeared at least two days before the start of the X-ray eclipse (2003 June 29), implying that the hot companion, eta Car By was also eclipsed by the dense wind or extended atmosphere of eta Car A. Analysis of the far-UV spectrum shows that eta Car B is a luminous hot star. N II 1084-1086 emission disappears at the same time as the far-UV continuum, indicating that this feature originates from eta Car B itself or in close proximity to it. The strong N II emission also raises the possibility that the companion star is nitrogen rich. The observed FUV flux levels and spectral features, combined with the timing of their disappearance, are consistent with eta Carinae being a massive binary system.

Sonneborn, G.↗
NASA NTRS2007

White Dwarfs in the GALEX Survey

We have cross-correlated the 2dF QSO Redshift Survey (2QZ) white dwarf catalog with the GALEX 2nd Data Release and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data release 5 to obtain ultraviolet photometry (FUV, NUV) for approximately 700 objects and optical photometry (ugriz) for approximately 800 objects. We have compared the optical-ultraviolet colors to synthetic white dwarf colors to obtain temperature estimates for approximately 250 of these objects. These white dwarfs have effective temperatures ranging from 10 000 K (cooling age of about 1Gyr) up to about 40000 K (cooling age of about 3 Myrs), with a few that have even higher temperatures. We found that to distinguish white dwarfs from other stellar luminosity classes both optical and ultraviolet colors are necessary, in particular for the hotter objects where there is contamination from B and 0 main-sequence stars. Using this sample we build a luminosity function for the DA white dwarfs with Mv < 12 mag.

Kawka, Adela↗
NASA NTRS2007

Far-ultraviolet Spectroscopy of O+o Binaries in the Magellanic Clouds

We report FUSE observations in 2006 of three O-type, double-lined spectroscopic binaries in the Magellanic Clouds. Their binary nature was discovered only in the past several years. The systems have very short periods (1.4 - 2.25 days), represent rare, young evolutionary stages of massive stars and binaries, and provide a unique glimpse at some of the most massive systems that form in dense clusters of massive stars. The systems are: LH54-425 in the LMC (O3IIIf + O6V, P=2.25 days, approx. 100+50 Mo), J053441-693139 in the LMC (O2-31f + O6V, P=1.4 days, 41+27 Mo), and Hodge 53-47 in the SMC (O6V + O4-5IIIf, P=2.2 days, 24+14 Mo, where the O4 star appears to be less massive than the O6 star). These represent some of the most massive binaries known. Their short periods indicates that wind interaction and mass transfer are likely important factors in their evolution. The spectra provide quantitative and systematic studies of phase-dependent stellar wind properties, wind collision effects in O+O binaries at lower metallicities, improved radial velocity curves, and FUV spectrophotometric changes as a function of orbital phase.

Sonneborn, George↗
NASA NTRS2007

Measuring a Precise Ultra-Lightweight Spaceflight Mirror on Earth: The Analysis of the SHARPI PM Mirror Figure Data during Mirror Processing at GSFC

The SHARPI (Solar High Angular Resolution Photometric Imager) primary mirror is a 5kg, 0.5m paraboloid, diffraction limited at FUV wavelengths when placed in a 0-G environment. The ULE sandwich honeycomb mirror and the attached mount pads were delivered by ITT (then Kodak) in 2003 to NASA s Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). At GSFC, we accepted, coated, mounted, and vibration tested this mirror in preparation for flight on the PICTURES (Planet Imaging Concept Testbed Using a Rocket Experiment) mission. At each step, the integrated analysis of interferometer data and FEA models was essential to quantify the 0-G mirror figure. This task required separating nanometer sized variations from hundreds of nanometers of gravity induced distortion. The ability to isolate such features allowed in-situ monitoring of mirror figure, diagnosis of perturbations, and remediation of process errors. In this paper, we describe the technical approach used to achieve these measurements and overcome the various difficulties maintaining UV diffraction-limited performance with this aggressively lightweighted mirror.

Antonille, Scott↗
NASA NTRS2008

The First Detection of [O IV] from an Ultraluminous X-ray Source with Spitzer: Evidence of High Unbeamed Luminosity in Holmberg II ULX

We present the first Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) observations of the [O IV] 25.89 micron emission line detected from the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) in Holmberg II. This line is a well established signature of high excitation, usually associated with AGN. Its detection suggests that the ULX has a strong impact on the surrounding gas. A Spitzer high resolution spectral map shows that the [O IV] is coincident with the X-ray position of the Holmberg II ULX. We find that the luminosity and the morphology of the line emission is consistent with photoionization by the soft X-ray and far ultraviolet (FUV) radiation from the accretion disk of the binary system and inconsistent with narrow beaming. We show that the emission nebula is radiation bounded both in the line of sight direction and to the west, and probably matter bounded to the east. Evidence for a massive black hole (BH) in this ULX is mounting. Detailed photoionization models favor an intermediate mass black hole of at least 85 Solar Mass as the ionization source for the [OIV] emission. We find that the spectral type of the companion star strongly affects the expected strength of the [O IV] emission. This finding could explain the origin of [O IV] in some starburst galaxies containing black hole binaries.

Berghea, C. T.↗
NASA NTRS2009

The First Detection of [O IV] from an Ultraluminous X-ray Source with Spitzer: Evidence for High Luminosity in Holmberg II ULX - 2

This is the second of two papers examining Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) observations of the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) in Holmberg II. Here we perform detailed photoionization modeling of the infrared lines. Our analysis suggests that the luminosity and morphology of the [O IV] 25.89 micron emission line is consistent with photoionization by the soft X-ray and far ultraviolet (FUV) radiation from the accretion disk of the binary system and inconsistent with narrow beaming. We show that the emission nebula is matter-bounded both in the line of sight direction and to the east, and probably radiation-bounded to the west. A bolometric luminosity in excess of 10(exp 40) erg/s would be needed to produce the measured [O IV] flux. We use modeling and previously published studies to conclude that shocks likely contribute very little, if at all, to the high-excitation line fluxes observed in the Holmberg II ULX. Additionally, we find that the spectral type of the companion star has a surprisingly strong effect on the predicted strength of the [O IV] emission. This finding could explain the origin of [O IV] in some starburst systems containing black hole binaries.

Berghea, C. T.↗
NASA NTRS2009

Near-UV Sources in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: The Catalog

The catalog from the first high resolution U-band image of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, taken with Hubble s Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 through the F300W filter, is presented. We detect 96 U-band objects and compare and combine this catalog with a Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) B-selected catalog that provides B, V, i, and z photometry, spectral types, and photometric redshifts. We have also obtained Far-Ultraviolet (FUV, 1614 Angstroms) data with Hubble s Advanced Camera for Surveys Solar Blind Channel (ACS/SBC) and with Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX). We detected 31 sources with ACS/SBC, 28 with GALEX/FUV, and 45 with GALEX/NUV. The methods of observations, image processing, object identification, catalog preparation, and catalog matching are presented.

Gardner, Jonathan P.↗
NASA NTRS2009

The First Detection of [O IV] from an Ultraluminous X-ray Source with Spitzer. II. Evidence for High Luminosity in Holmberg II ULX

This is the second of two papers examining Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) observations of the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) in Holmberg II. Here we perform detailed photoionization modeling of they infrared lines. Our analysis suggests that the luminosity and morphology of the [O IV] 25.89 micron emission line is consistent with photoionization by the soft X-ray and far ultraviolet (FUV) radiation from the accretion disk of the binary system and inconsistent with narrow beaming. We show that the emission nebula is matter-bounded both in the line of sight direction and to the east, and probably radiation-bounded to the west. A bolometric luminosity in excess of 1040 erg per second would be needed to produce the measured [O IV] flux. We use modeling and previously published studies to conclude that shacks likely contribute very little, if at all, to the high excitation line fluxes observed in the Holmberg II ULX. Additionally, we find that the spectral type of the companion star has a surprisingly strong effect on they predicted strength of the [O IV] emission. This finding could explain the origin of [O IV] hi some starburst systems containing black hole binaries.

Berghea, C. T.↗
NASA NTRS2009

Hemispheric Asymmetries in Substorm Recovery Time Scales

Previous statistical observations have shown that the recovery time scales of substorms occurring in the winter and near equinox (when the nighttime auroral zone was in darkness) are roughly twice as long as the recovery time scales for substorms occurring in the summer (when the nighttime auroral region was sunlit). This suggests that auroral substorms in the northern and southern hemispheres develop asymmetrically during solstice conditions with substorms lasting longer in the winter (dark) hemisphere than in the summer (sunlit) hemisphere. Additionally, this implies that more energy is deposited by electron precipitation in the winter hemisphere than in the summer one during substorms. This result, coupled with previous observations that have shown that auroral activity is more common when the ionosphere is in darkness and is suppressed when the ionosphere is in daylight, strongly suggests that the ionospheric conductivity plays an important role governing how magnetospheric energy is transferred to the ionosphere during substorms. Therefore, the ionosphere itself may dictate how much energy it will accept from the magnetosphere during substorms rather than this being an externally imposed quantity. Here, we extend our earlier work by statistically analyzing the recovery time scales for a large number of substorms observed in the conjugate hemispheres simultaneously by two orbiting global auroral imagers: Polar UVI and IMAGE FUV. Our current results are consistent with previous observations. The recovery time scales are observed to be longer in the winter (dark) hemisphere while the auroral activity has a shorter duration in the summer (sunlit) hemisphere. This leads to an asymmetric energy input from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere with more energy being deposited in the winter hemisphere than in the summer hemisphere.

Fillingim, M. O.↗