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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

tobac v1.5: introducing fast 3D tracking, splits and mergers, and other enhancements for identifying and analysing meteorological phenomena

There is a continuously increasing need for reliable feature detection and tracking tools based on objective analysis principles for use with meteorological data. Many tools have been developed over the previous 2 decades that attempt to address this need but most have limitations on the type of data they can be used with, feature computational and/or memory expenses that make them unwieldy with larger datasets, or require some form of data reduction prior to use that limits the tool's utility. The Tracking and Object-Based Analysis of Clouds (tobac) Python package is a modular, open-source tool that improves on the overall generality and utility of past tools. A number of scientific improvements (three spatial dimensions, splits and mergers of features, an internal spectral filtering tool) and procedural enhancements (increased computational efficiency, internal regridding of data, and treatments for periodic boundary conditions) have been included in tobac as a part of the tobac v1.5 update. These improvements have made tobac one of the most robust, powerful, and flexible identification and tracking tools in our field to date and expand its potential use in other fields. Future plans for tobac v2 are also discussed.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Regime shifts in Arctic terrestrial hydrology manifested from impacts of climate warming

Abstract. Anthropogenic warming in the Arctic is causing hydrological cycle intensification and permafrost thaw, with implications for flows of water, carbon, and energy from terrestrial biomes to coastal zones. To better understand the likely impacts of these changes, we used a hydrology model driven by meteorological data from atmospheric reanalysis and two global climate models for the period 1980–2100. The hydrology model accounts for soil freeze–thaw processes and was applied across the pan-Arctic drainage basin. The simulations point to greater changes over northernmost areas of the basin underlain by permafrost and to the western Arctic. An acceleration of simulated river discharge over the recent past is commensurate with trends drawn from observations and reported in other studies. Between early-century (2000–2019) and late-century (2080–2099) periods, the model simulations indicate an increase in annual total runoff of 17 %–25 %, while the proportion of runoff emanating from subsurface pathways is projected to increase by 13 %–30 %, with the largest changes noted in summer and autumn and across areas with permafrost. Most notably, runoff contributions to river discharge shift to northern parts of the Arctic Basin that contain greater amounts of soil carbon. Each season sees an increase in subsurface runoff; spring is the only season where surface runoff dominates the rise in total runoff, and summer experiences a decline in total runoff despite an increase in the subsurface component. The greater changes that are seen in areas where permafrost exists support the notion that increased soil thaw is shifting hydrological contributions to more subsurface flow. The manifestations of warming, hydrological cycle intensification, and permafrost thaw will impact Arctic terrestrial and coastal environments through altered river flows and the materials they transport.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Air mass back trajectories during cold-air outbreaks (CAOs) at Andenes and Bear Island, Norway

For each CAO hour identified from interpolated sounding, a 36-hour back trajectory was calculated using the NOAA HYSPLIT model. We used three different meteorological data as inputs to HYSPLIT: GFS 0.25 deg, GDSA 1deg, and NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis. The trajectories were calculated at four elevations: 500 m, 1000 m, 2000 m, and 5000 m. Locations (latitudes and longitudes) for each hour of the trajectory were reported in the data files.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

Surface Meteorology, Barrow, Alaska, Area A, B, C and D, Ongoing from 2012

Meteorological data are being collected at several points within four intensive study areas in Barrow. These data assist in the calculation of the energy balance at the land surface and are also useful as inputs into modeling activities. (https://doi.org/10.5440/1164893). Measurements at AREA A (all heights listed are relative to the land surface): Location of the Site A station: N71* 16.888', W156* 36.647' * Air temperature at three heights: 1.4 meters, 2.0 meters, 3.5 meters * Relative Humidity / Dew Point at two heights: 1.4 meters, 3.5 meters * Wind Speed at two heights: 1.3 meters, 3.5 meters * 4 Component Net Radiation @ 1.2 meters ** Upwelling & Downwelling Shortwave Radiation ** Upwelling & Downwelling Longwave Radiation * Summer Precipitation Site A is located on polygonal permafrost and co-located with continuous snow depth measurements and subsurface measurements. Measurements at AREA B (all heights listed are relative to the land surface): Location of the Site B station: N71* 16.785', W156* 36.211' * Air temperature at three heights: 1.4 meters, 2.0 meters, 3.5 meters * Relative Humidity / Dew Point at two heights: 1.4 meters, 3.5 meters * Wind Speed at two heights: 1.3 meters, 3.5 meters * 4 Component Net Radiation @ 1.2 meters ** Upwelling & Downwelling Shortwave Radiation ** Upwelling & Downwelling Longwave Radiation * Summer Precipitation Site B is located on polygonal permafrost and co-located with continuous snow depth measurements and subsurface measurements. ------------------------------------------------- Measurements at AREA C (all heights listed are relative to the land surface): Location of the Site C station: N71* 16.804', W156* 36.072' * Air temperature at three heights: 1.4 meters, 2.0 meters, 3.5 meters * Relative Humidity / Dew Point at two heights: 1.4 meters, 3.5 meters * Wind Speed at two heights: 1.3 meters, 3.5 meters * 4 Component Net Radiation @ 1.2 meters ** Upwelling & Downwelling Shortwave Radiation ** Upwelling & Downwelling Longwave Radiation * Summer Precipitation * Barometric Pressure Site C is located on polygonal permafrost and co-located with continuous snow depth measurements and subsurface measurements. ------------------------------------------------- Measurements at AREA D (all heights listed are relative to the land surface): Location of the Site D station: N71* 16.927', W156* 36.036' * Air temperature at one height: 1.2 meters * Relative Humidity / Dew Point at one height: 1.2 * Wind Speed at one height: 1.2 meters * 4 Component Net Radiation @ 1.0 meters ** Upwelling & Downwelling Shortwave Radiation ** Upwelling & Downwelling Longwave Radiation Site D is located on polygonal permafrost and co-located with continuous snow depth measurements and subsurface measurements. Data are in ASCII files, with columns separated by commas: ','

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Evaluating Integrated Surface/Subsurface Permafrost Thermal Hydrology Models in ATS (v0.88) Against Observations from a Polygonal Tundra Site: Modeling Archive

This Modeling Archive supports the NGEE Arctic publication "Evaluating integrated surface/subsurface permafrost thermal hydrology models in ATS (v0.88) against observations from a polygonal tundra site" available in the Geoscientific Model Development journal. We evaluated the integrated surface/subsurface permafrost thermal hydrology models in the Advanced Terrestrial Simulator (ATS) against field observations in polygonal tundra at the Barrow Environmental Observatory. We simulated thermal hydrology of three-dimensional ice-wedge polygons with generic but broadly representative surface microtopography. We drove the simulations with meteorological data and observed water table elevations in ice-wedge polygon troughs. With limited calibration of the soil properties and evaporation model parameters, the simulations were found to be consistent with observed water tables, active layer thickness, snowpack depth, evaporation, and observed soil temperatures at several depths in trough, rim, and center. The study builds confidence in the emerging class of integrated surface/subsurface permafrost simulators and provides an optimized set of model parameters for use in projections of permafrost dynamics in a warming climate. This dataset includes python, html, pdf, EXO, H5, xlsx, and csv files. The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), was a research effort to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research. The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska. Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy's Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

The Importance of Freeze/Thaw Cycles on Lateral Transport in Ice-Wedge Polygons: Modeling Archive

This Modeling Archive is in support of an NGEE Arctic publication "The importance of freeze/thaw cycles on lateral transport in ice-wedge polygons". The dataset includes xml input/configuration files. These files are compatible with the ATS version 1.0 and higher. The mesh folder contains mesh files used for high-centered polygon (hcp) and low-centered polygon (lcp). The mesh files represent the transect of the polygonal tundra (Fig 1). Here we used two types of mesh with impermeable layer and without. The mesh with an impermeable layer corresponds to the synthetic permafrost (no freezeup case). The freeze up case uses mesh without impermeable layer to simulated frozen ground start at the same depth where the impermeable layer is for the no freezeup case. The meteorological data used drive the model saved in the "inputs" folder. The processed tracer flow rates are saved in the "tracer-flow-ratesCfolder. To plot figures 1 and 2, we used VisIt software. To plot all the flow rates, we used ipython notebook script. All required inputs are saved in "freezeup" and "no freezeup" folders. Each folder includes the corresponding "lcp" and "hcp" folders. The "freezeup" folder has also flat-centered polygon (fcp) case, low porosity "lpor", and low permeability "lper" cases. Included are *.xml, *.exo, *.h5, *pdf, *.ipynb, *.sh, *.py, and *.out files. NGEE Arctic Project Summary: The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), was a research effort to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research. The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska. Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy's Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2011

Gaseous dry deposition of atmospheric mercury: A comparison of two surface resistance models for deposition to semiarid vegetation

In the United States, atmospheric mercury (Hg) deposition, from regional and international sources, is the largest contributor to increased Hg concentrations in bodies of water leading to bioaccumulation of methyl mercury in fish. In this work, modeled dry deposition velocities (vd) for gaseous Hg are calculated using two surface resistance parameterizations found in the literature. The flux is then estimated as the product of the species concentration and modeled vd. The calculations utilize speciated atmospheric mercury concentrations measured during an annual monitoring campaign in southern Idaho. Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) and reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) were monitored with Tekran models 2537A and 1130, respectively. Two anemometers collected meteorological data, including one fast-response three-dimensional sonic anemometer to measure turbulence parameters. For the flux calculation, three resistances are required to model the mechanisms that transport gaseous Hg from the atmosphere to the surface, with the surface resistance being the largest source of error. Results from two surface resistance models are presented. In particular, the downward flux is sensitive to the choice of model and input parameters such as seasonal category and mesophyll resistance. A comparison of annual GEM and RGM fluxes calculated using the two models shows good agreement for RGM (3.2% difference for annual deposition); however, for the low-solubility species of GEM, the models show a 64% difference in annual fluxes, with a range of 32% to 200% in seasonal fluxes. Results indicate the importance of understanding the diurnal variation of the physical processes modeled in the surface resistance parameterization for vd.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2012

DEPOSITION VELOCITY ESTIMATION WITH THE GENII V2 SOFTWARE

In 2010, the Department of Energy (DOE) Chief of Nuclear Safety and Office of Health, Safety and Security (HSS), with the support of industry experts in atmospheric sciences and accident dose consequences analysis, performed detailed analyses of the basis for the dry deposition velocity (DV) values used in the MACCS2 computer code. As a result of these analyses, DOE concluded that the historically used default DV values of 1 centimeter/second (cm/s) for unfiltered/unmitigated releases and 0.1 cm/s for filtered/mitigated releases may not be reasonably conservative for all DOE sites and accident scenarios. HSS recently issued Safety Bulletin 2011-02, Accident Analysis Parameter Update, recommending the use of the newly developed default DV, 0.1 cm/s for an unmitigated/unfiltered release. Alternatively site specific DV values can be developed using GENII version 2 (GENII v2) computer code. Key input parameters for calculating DV values include surface roughness, maximum wind speed for calm, particle size, particle density and meteorological data (wind speed and stability class). This paper will include reasonably conservative inputs, and a truncated parametric study. In lieu of the highly-conservative recommended DV value (0.1cm/s) for unmitigated/unfiltered release, GENII v2 has been used to justify estimated 95th percentile DV values. Also presented here are atmospheric dilution factors ({chi}/Q values) calculated with the MACCS2 code using the DV values form GENII v2, {chi}/Q values calculated directly with GENII v2, and a discussion of these results compare with one another. This paper will give an overview of the process of calculating DV with GENII v2 including a discussion of the sensitivity of input parameters.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Understanding the Temporal and Spatial Variability of New Generation Gridded TMYs

Presentation at ASHRAE about the spatial and temporal variability of gridded TMYs, discussing advanced GIS and Web services that allow for direct access to data, surface-based observations for thousands of stations, climate reanalysis data, and products derived from satellite data; new developments in NREL's solar databases based on both observed data and satellite-derived gridded data, status of TMY3 weather files, and NREL's plans for the next-generation TMY weather files; and also covers what is new and different in the Climatic Design Conditions Table in the 2013 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Simulating Impacts of Extreme Events on Grids with High Penetrations of Wind Power Resources

As extreme weather events become more frequent and intense, the demand for connecting grid operation and infrastructure planning with extreme event models will increase as well. We present a methodology for creating damage contingencies and scenarios for electric transmission grids during a hurricane strike. Included is an example case study: Hurricane Dolly damaging a synthetic 2000 bus test system during its landing in Southern Texas. Using WIND Toolkit meteorological data in conjunction with fragility curves for various electric grid elements, we generate stochastic damage scenarios that can be used for short- and long-term planning problems including emergency asset management. We perform statistical analysis of damages and quantify topological effects on example synthetic grid. Also, we investigate loss-of-load events during two-day economic dispatch experiment. Finally, we point out various shortcomings of our method and suggest how it can be improved.

data-driven forecasting↗
DOE OSTI2022

Simulating Impacts of Extreme Events on Grids with High Penetrations of Wind Power Resources: Preprint

As extreme weather events become more frequent and intense, the demand for connecting grid operation and infrastructure planning with extreme event models will increase as well. We present a methodology for creating damage contingencies and scenarios for electric transmission grids during a hurricane strike. Included is an example case study: Hurricane Dolly damaging a synthetic 2000 bus test system during its landing in Southern Texas. Using WIND Toolkit meteorological data in conjunction with fragility curves for various electric grid elements, we generate stochastic damage scenarios that can be used for short- and long-term planning problems including emergency asset management. We perform statistical analysis of damages and quantify topological effects on example synthetic grid. Also, we investigate loss-of-load events during two-day economic dispatch experiment. Finally, we point out various shortcomings of our method and suggest how it can be improved.

contingencies↗
DOE OSTI2023

Emergency Asset Positioning for Resilient Transmission Grid Operation

In this paper we study a problem of hurricane emergency preparedness via placement of emergency generation assets prior to its strike. We present a two-stage stochastic model for choosing locations and quantities of emergency storage to help support the power grid through a hurricane event. The expectation of losses in our two-stage model is estimated using the sample average approximation. We construct damage scenarios for sample average approximation using WIND Toolkit meteorological data and fragility curves of various electric grid components. We demonstrate the efficacy of our two-stage planning model by simulating operations during Hurricane Dolly on the 2000-bus transmission test system. Our model, coupled with our scenario selection strategy, is effective at mitigating loss of load when compared to a model without emergency generation assets placed prior to an extreme event.

emergency preparedness↗
DOE OSTI2023

Emergency Generation Asset Positioning for Resilient Transmission Grid Operation: Preprint

In this paper we study a problem of hurricane emergency preparedness via placement of emergency generation assets prior to its strike. We present a two-stage stochastic model for choosing locations and quantities of emergency storage to help support the power grid through a hurricane event. The expectation of losses in our two-stage model is estimated using the sample average approximation. We construct damage scenarios for sample average approximation using WIND Toolkit meteorological data and fragility curves of various electric grid components. We demonstrate the efficacy of our two-stage planning model by simulating operations during Hurricane Dolly on the 2000-bus transmission test system. Our model, coupled with our scenario selection strategy, is effective at mitigating loss of load when compared to a model without emergency generation assets placed prior to an extreme event.

emergency preparedness↗
DOE OSTI2019

Initial Assessment of Cover Degradation Features at the Mexican Hat, Utah, UMTRCA Disposal Site - 19556

The Mexican Hat, Utah, Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA) Title I Disposal Site is located on the Navajo Reservation in southeast Utah. The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission licensed the site to the US Department of Energy Office of Legacy Management (LM) for custody and long-term care. LM manages long-term surveillance and maintenance activities at the site with the principal goal of protecting human health and the environment. The disposal cell was designed to encapsulate low-level radioactive mill tailings and other residual radioactive materials (RRM) in a way that minimizes the need for active maintenance and limits radon gas emanation and precipitation infiltration. The disposal cell has a multicomponent cover, consisting of a 60 cm thick (24 inch), low-permeability, bentonite-amended radon barrier, overlain by a 15 cm thick (6 inch) sandy gravel bedding/filter layer and a 30 cm thick (12 inch) riprap erosion-protection layer. Under UMTRCA, designs intended to control and contain RRM shall be effective for up to 1000 years, to the extent reasonably achievable and, in any case, for at least 200 years. In 2016, multiple subtle depressions were identified on the rock cover along the toe and lower portions of the northeast side slope of the disposal cell. Due to concerns regarding potential impacts to disposal cell performance and erosion resistance, evaluations of the depressions and cell cover design and construction were initiated. The evaluations included reviews of the disposal cell as-built drawings and supporting design calculations for the rock cover components. Also, in 2017, a weather monitoring station was installed at the site to collect continuous site-specific meteorological data, and repeatable ground-based light imaging, detection, and ranging (lidar) topographical and aerial photogrammetry surveys were implemented to monitor for potential changes in the surface depression features. The evaluations also included visual inspections of the depressions, and in 2018, small-area manual excavations of the rock cover components (test pits) were performed to observe the conditions of the cover components, scan for radioactivity, and observe evidence of erosion on the surface of the radon barrier material. Voids and incisions were discovered within the radon barrier on the north and northeast side slopes of the disposal cell. Visual observations at test pits indicate that the bedding/filter material is highly segregated and may not be in conformance with the disposal cell engineering and construction design specifications. Post-construction development of a weak to strongly cemented material has also been observed immediately below the base of the bedding layer in test pits with observed radon barrier degradation. A series of radiological surveys have been performed at the site, and radiological readings have not exceeded natural background conditions in the vicinity of the site. Thus, the site remains protective of human health and the environment. Implementation of continuous radiological monitoring at the site will be initiated in fall 2018 through the deployment of radon cups and thermoluminescent dosimeters to obtain data that provides supporting evidence that the disposal cell remains protective of human health and the environment. Evaluations to determine the cause(s) of the depression features and associated radon barrier erosion are ongoing. Possible mechanisms of cover degradation identified thus far include segregated bedding material that would allow for higher precipitation runoff velocities, resulting in erosion of the radon barrier; post-construction cementation of radon barrier or aeolian material that could negatively affect the performance of the radon barrier; cation exchange leading to the development of cementation; and aeolian deposition affecting precipitation runoff. Moreover, geotechnical sampling and testing is planned to verify spatial cover conditions relative to design specifications. The resulting information will be used to identify possible causes for the surface depressions and associated radon barrier degradation, gain insight on potential long-term performance implications along the side slopes of the disposal cell, and identify potential corrective actions. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2024

WFIP3 - RHOD Site - PNNL Surface Meteorological Suit / Raw Data

This dataset contains raw data from the WFIP3 RHOD site supplementary meteorological sensors: T/RH and barometer; 1-sec average. The supplementary meteorological suite was added to PNNL Surface Flux Station to provide independent measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Surface Meteorological Station / Raw Data

This dataset contains raw data from the WFIP3 RHOD site supplementary meteorological sensors: T/RH and barometer; 1-sec average. The supplementary meteorological suite was added to PNNL Surface Flux Station to provide independent measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure.

17 WIND ENERGY↗