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DOE OSTI2024

The Simons Observatory: Combining cross-spectral foreground cleaning with multitracer B -mode delensing for improved constraints on inflation

The Simons Observatory (SO), due to start full science operations in early 2025, aims to set tight constraints on inflationary physics by inferring the tensor-to-scalar ratio r from measurements of cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization B-modes. Its nominal design including three small-aperture telescopes (SATs) targets a precision σ⁡(r = 0) ≤ 0.003 without delensing. Achieving this goal and further reducing uncertainties requires a thorough understanding and mitigation of other large-scale B-mode sources such as Galactic foregrounds and weak gravitational lensing. We present an analysis pipeline aiming to estimate r by including delensing within a cross-spectral likelihood, and demonstrate it for the first time on SO-like simulations accounting for various levels of foreground complexity, inhomogeneous noise and partial sky coverage. As introduced in an earlier SO delensing paper, lensing B-modes are synthesized using internal CMB lensing reconstructions as well as Planck-like cosmic infrared background maps and LSST-like galaxy density maps. We then extend SO’s power-spectrum-based foreground-cleaning algorithm to include all auto- and cross-spectra between the lensing template and the SAT B-modes in the likelihood function. This allows us to constrain r and the parameters of our foreground model simultaneously. Within this framework, we demonstrate the equivalence of map-based and cross-spectral delensing and use it to motivate an optimized pixel-weighting scheme for power spectrum estimation. We start by validating our pipeline in the simplistic case of uniform foreground spectral energy distributions. In the absence of primordial B-modes, we find that the 1⁢σ statistical uncertainty on r, σ⁡(r), decreases by 37% as a result of delensing. Tensor modes at the level of r = 0.01 are successfully detected by our pipeline. Even when using more realistic foreground models including spatial variations in the dust and synchrotron spectral properties, we obtain unbiased estimates of r both with and without delensing by employing the moment-expansion method. In this case, uncertainties are increased due to the higher number of model parameters, and delensing-related improvements range between 27% and 31%. These results constitute the first realistic assessment of the delensing performance at SO’s nominal sensitivity level.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Quantum metrology of low-frequency electromagnetic modes with frequency upconverters

We present the RF Quantum Upconverter (RQU) and describe its application to quantum metrology of electromagnetic modes between dc and the very high frequency band (VHF) ( ≲ 300 MHz). The RQU uses a Josephson interferometer made up of superconducting loops and Josephson junctions to implement a parametric interaction between a low-frequency electromagnetic mode (between dc and VHF) and a mode in the microwave C Band ( ∼ 5 GHz), analogous to the radiation pressure interaction between electromagnetic and mechanical modes in cavity optomechanics. We analyze RQU performance with quantum amplifier theory and show that the RQU can operate as a quantum-limited op-amp in this frequency range. It can also use nonclassical measurement protocols equivalent to those used in cavity optomechanics, including back-action evading (BAE) measurements, sideband cooling, and two-mode squeezing. These protocols enable experiments using dc VHF electromagnetic modes as quantum sensors with sensitivity better than the standard quantum limit (SQL). We demonstrate signal upconversion from low frequencies to the microwave C band using an RQU and show a phase-sensitive gain (extinction ratio) of 46.9 dB , which is a necessary step towards the realization of full BAE. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Kuenstner, Stephen E. (ORCID:0000000346128846)↗

DOE OSTI2025

Suppression of Composition g -modes in Chemically Equilibrating Warm Neutron Stars

We investigate the impact of chemical equilibration and the resulting bulk viscosity on nonradial oscillation modes of warm neutron stars at temperatures up to T ≈ 5 MeV, relevant for protoneutron stars and neutron star postmerger remnants. In this regime, the relaxation rate of weak interactions becomes comparable to the characteristic frequencies of composition g-modes in the core, resulting in resonant damping. To capture this effect, we introduce the dynamical sound speed, a complex, frequency-dependent generalization of the adiabatic sound speed that encodes both the restoring force and the dissipative effects of bulk compression. Using realistic weak reaction rates and three representative equations of state, we compute the complex frequencies of composition g-modes with finite-temperature profiles. We find that bulk viscous damping becomes increasingly significant with temperature and can completely suppress composition g-modes. In contrast, the f-mode remains largely unaffected by bulk viscosity due to its nearly divergence-free character. Our results highlight the sensitivity of g-mode behavior to thermal structure, weak reaction rates, and the equation of state, and establish the dynamical sound speed as a valuable descriptor characterizing oscillation properties in dissipative neutron star matter.

Neutron stars↗

DOE OSTI2024

NMPC for Mode-Switching Operation of Reversible Solid Oxide Cell Systems

Solid oxide cells (SOCs) are a promising dual-mode technology that generates hydrogen through high-temperature water electrolysis and generates power through a fuel cell reaction that consumes hydrogen. Reversible operation of SOCs requires a transition between these two modes for hydrogen production setpoints as the demand and price of electricity fluctuate. Moreover, a well-functioning control system is important to avoid cell degradation during mode-switching operation. In this work, we apply nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) to an SOC module and supporting equipment and compare NMPC performance to classical proportional integral (PI) control strategies, while ramping between the modes of hydrogen and power production. While both control methods provide similar performance in many metrics, NMPC significantly reduces cell thermal gradients and curvatures (mixed spatial-temporal partial derivatives) during mode switching. A dynamic process flowsheet of the reversible SOC system was developed in the open-source, equation-based IDAES modeling framework. Our IDAES dynamic simulation results show that NMPC can ramp the SOC system between hydrogen and power production targets within short mode-switching times. Moreover, NMPC can comply with operating limits in the SOC system more effectively than PI, and only NMPC can directly enforce user-specified limits for mixed spatial-temporal partial derivatives of temperature. This allows for management of the trade-off be-tween operating efficiency and cell degradation, which is dependent on these temperature curvatures.

Li, Mingrui↗

NASA NTRS1972

Slowly rotating relativistic stars. VI - Stability of the quasi-radial modes.

Dynamical analysis of the quasi-radial modes of slowly and rigidly rotating, relativistic stars. The quasi-radial modes are those modes which would be radial if the star were not rotating. They are the crucial modes for determining the stability of the rotating star and also the modes which store energy for the longest time against dissipation by gravitational radiation. An equation is derived that makes it possible to calculate the effects of the slow and rigid star rotation on the frequency of the quasi-radial modes of oscillation of relativistic stars. The rotation is treated to second order in the angular velocity, but no other approximations are made.

Hartle, J. B.↗

NASA NTRS1974

A study of the relative effectiveness and cost of computerized information retrieval in the interactive mode

Results of a number of experiments to illuminate the relative effectiveness and costs of computerized information retrieval in the interactive mode are reported. It was found that for equal time spent in preparing the search strategy, the batch and interactive modes gave approximately equal recall and relevance. The interactive mode however encourages the searcher to devote more time to the task and therefore usually yields improved output. Engineering costs as a result are higher in this mode. Estimates of associated hardware costs also indicate that operation in this mode is more expensive. Skilled RECON users like the rapid feedback and additional features offered by this mode if they are not constrained by considerations of cost.

Smetana, F. O.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Small-scale yielding analysis of mixed mode plane-strain crack problems

The small-scale yielding analysis of an elastic-plastic body with a line crack under plane-strain conditions subject to combinations of Mode I and II loadings is examined. The analysis of the near-tip field follows the works of Hutchinson and Rice and Rosengren. Dominant singularity solutions governing the asymptotic behavior of the stresses and strains at the crack tip are obtained for the complete range of loadings between Mode I and II. The results of an accurate finite element technique, which imbeds the dominant singularity solutions, directly relates the near-tip behavior to the elastic stress intensity factors K(I) and K(II). Implications of this study to mixed mode fracture mechanics is also discussed, particularly with respect to the direction of crack initiation and the relation of fracture toughness under mixed modes to that in Mode I. Details of the mixed mode plastic zone sizes and shapes are also given.

Shih, C. F.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Modal density function and number of propagating modes in ducts

The question of the number of propagating modes within a small range of mode cut off ratio was raised. The population density of modes were shown to be greatest near cut off and least for the well propagating modes. It was shown that modes of nearly the same cut off ratio behave nearly the same in a sound absorbing duct as well as in the way they propagate to the far. Handling all of the propagating modes individually, they can be grouped into several cut off ratio ranges. It is important to know the modal density function to estimate acoustic power distribution.

Rice, E. J.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Advanced high pressure engine study for mixed-mode vehicle applications

High pressure liquid rocket engine design, performance, weight, envelope, and operational characteristics were evaluated for a variety of candidate engines for use in mixed-mode, single-stage-to-orbit applications. Propellant property and performance data were obtained for candidate Mode 1 fuels which included: RP-1, RJ-5, hydrazine, monomethyl-hydrazine, and methane. The common oxidizer was liquid oxygen. Oxygen, the candidate Mode 1 fuels, and hydrogen were evaluated as thrust chamber coolants. Oxygen, methane, and hydrogen were found to be the most viable cooling candidates. Water, lithium, and sodium-potassium were also evaluated as auxiliary coolant systems. Water proved to be the best of these, but the system was heavier than those systems which cooled with the engine propellants. Engine weight and envelope parametric data were established for candidate Mode 1, Mode 2, and dual-fuel engines. Delivered engine performance data were also calculated for all candidate Mode 1 and dual-fuel engines.

Luscher, W. P.↗

NASA NTRS1976

A fractographic study of the edge-sliding mode in fracture toughness testing

A fractographic study of Mode II fracture surfaces has been conducted for the purpose of identifying the microstructural mechanisms responsible for fracture in the edge-sliding mode. A compact shear (CS) specimen was employed to generate the fracture surfaces and also to establish Mode II fracture toughness values for Ti-6Al-4V, A533-B steel, and several aluminum alloys. In all tests, one of the two edge cracks sustained complete Mode II fracture while the other exhibited only a limited amount of subcritical crack growth. Mode II fracture surfaces, which were unique in appearance, have been examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy. It was determined that shear (or parabolic) microvoid coalescence was the dominant mechanism for Mode II fracture. It was also established that most of the surface abrasions were created by the relative sliding of the fracture surfaces during unstable fracture rather than the crack initiation process.

Jones, D. L.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Solar seismology. II - The stochastic excitation of the solar p-modes by turbulent convection

We test the hypothesis that the solar p-modes are stabilized by damping due to turbulent viscosity in the convective zone. Starting from the assumption that the modes are stable, we calculate expectation values for the modal energies. We find that the interaction between a p-mode and the turbulent convection is such that the modal energy tends toward equipartition with the kinetic energy of turbulent eddies whose lifetimes are comparable to the modal period. From the calculated values of the modal energies, we compute rms surface velocity amplitudes. Our predicted rms surface velocities range from 0.01 cm/sec for the fundamental radial mode to 0.6 cm/sec for the radial mode whose period is approximately 5 minutes. The predicted surface velocities for the low order p-modes are much smaller than the velocities inferred from recent observations.

Goldreich, P.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Mini-cavity plasma core reactors for dual-mode space nuclear power/propulsion systems

A mini-cavity plasma core reactor is investigated for potential use in a dual-mode space power and propulsion system. In the propulsive mode, hydrogen propellant is injected radially inward through the reactor solid regions and into the cavity. The propellant is heated by both solid driver fuel elements surrounding the cavity and uranium plasma before it is exhausted out the nozzle. The propellant only removes a fraction of the driver power, the remainder is transferred by a coolant fluid to a power conversion system, which incorporates a radiator for heat rejection. Neutronic feasibility of dual mode operation and smaller reactor sizes than those previously investigated are shown to be possible. A heat transfer analysis of one such reactor shows that the dual-mode concept is applicable when power generation mode thermal power levels are within the same order of magnitude as direct thrust mode thermal power levels.

Chow, S.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Fracture modes and acoustic emission of composite materials

Unidirectional fibrous composite material laminae are the construction material of a laminate. Four failure modes can occur in this material, and the identification of these modes is as important as the identification of onset of fracture. Acoustic emission (AE) pulses, generated by the change in the stress field resulting from cracking in a material, have a unique pattern of amplitude distribution that depends only on the mode of fracture and the type of material. By using a tapered double-cantilever beam as grips for the unidirectional lamina, a crack with a constant stress intensity factor was induced, thus eliminating the factor of the stress level. Placing the lamina in different directions relative to the grips imposed a different failure mode. By plotting the log of the relative number of AE pulses above some level versus the log of the relative level, a single constant coefficient can be measured for each material and mode of fracture. The AE energy is proportional to the energy released by the cracking; this proportionality depends on the medium where the AE waves have to travel, and not on the cracking mode.

Rotem, A.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Experimental measurements of the rotating frequencies and mode shapes of a full scale helicopter rotor in a vacuum and correlations with calculated results

This paper presents results of an experimental program conducted to obtain data which can be used for correlations of rotor blade dynamic analyses. Measurements were made of the rotating frequencies and mode shapes of a representative full-scale, two-bladed helicopter rotor in a vacuum. The blades were cantilevered to the hub. Mode shape data were obtained optically using a system of cameras developed specifically for this purpose. Excitation of the rotor was provided by vertical oscillatory motion of the hub. To compare experimental and analytical results, correlations of some experimental measurements with calculations from an existing blade modes computer program based on a Holzer-Myklestad procedure are presented, and the differences between the results are discussed. The experimental and analytical natural frequencies were generally in good agreement as were the principal components of the modal deflections for the flap and lag modes. The torsion mode shape indicated disagreement between the measured and calculated results in regard to the amount of flap and lag motions present in this mode, while the spanwise variations of the measured and calculated torsional components were in agreement.

Lee, B. L.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Multistage depressed collector with efficiency of 90 to 94 percent for operation of a dual-mode traveling wave tube in the linear region

An axisymmetric, multistage, depressed collector of fixed geometric design was evaluated in conjunction with an octave bandwidth, dual mode traveling wave tube (TWT). The TWT was operated over a wide range of conditions to simulate different applications. The collector performance was optimized (within the constraint of fixed geometric design) over the range of TWT operating conditions covered. For operation of the TWT in the linear, low distortion range, 90 percent and greater collector efficiencies were obtained leading to TWT overall efficiencies of 20 to 35 percent, as compared with 2 to 5 percent with an undepressed collector. With collectors of this efficiency and minimized beam interception losses, it becomes practical to design dual mode TWT's such that the low mode can represent operation well below saturation. Consequently, the required pulse up in beam current can be reduced or eliminated, and this mitigates beam control and dual mode TWT circuit design problems. For operation of the dual mode TWT at saturation, average collector efficiencies in excess of 85 percent were obtained for both the low and high modes across an octave bandwidth, leading to a three to fourfold increase in the TWT overall efficiency.

Ramins, P.↗

NASA NTRS1981

The role of the helical jet mode in aerodynamic noise generation

The helical jet mode is modeled by an infinite helical vortex filament, and an exact analytical solution for the induced velocity field interior to the filament is derived. These expressions are then used to model the jet flow field and to analyze the high subsonic and supersonic jet noise generation. It is shown that noise will be generated directly if the helical mode convects or rotates. Reducing this noise by stabilizing the mode is difficult, since the self-induced velocities of the mode itself cause it to convect and rotate; the use of noncircular nozzles is suggested to eliminate the symmetry of the boundary condition. The helical mode can also generate noise indirectly by inducing time-dependent Coriolis accelerations on small-scale turbulence propagating in its induced velocity field. This suggests that any upstream turbulence generation has an enhanced potential for noise propagation when propagating in the presence of the helical mode.

Hardin, J. C.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Multistage depressed collector for dual mode operation

A depressed collector which captures the spent electrons of a microwave transmitting tube at high efficiency in both high and low power modes of operation is described. The collector comprises entrance and end electrodes, the end electrode having a spike extending toward entrance electrode. Intermediate electrodes and the entrance electrode each have a central aperture and, together, these electrodes capture most high power mode spent electrons. The apertures of the electrodes increase in size in a downstream direction. To capture low power mode spent electrons a low power mode electrode is positioned between the last intermediate electrode and the end electrode. This electrode has a central aperture preferably smaller but no larger than that of the last intermediate electrode. An auxiliary low power mode electrode may be added having a central aperture larger than that of the low power mode electrode. All of the electrodes are at voltages provided by a voltage divider connected between a potential.

Kosmahl, H. C.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Auroral hiss, Z mode radiation, and auroral kilometric radiation in the polar magnetosphere - DE 1 observations

The polar-orbiting DE 1 spacecraft has provided the first measurements of high-latitude auroral phenomena. Three types of plasma-wave emissions were observed: auroral hiss, Z-mode radiation, and auroral kilometric radiation. Whistler mode auroral hiss emissions were observed on virtually every pass over the auroral zone. The shape of the auroral hiss frequency-time spectrum is explained by a whistler mode propagation effect if the radiation is emitted from a spatially localized source below the spacecraft. Broadband Z emissions have been observed in the low-density region over the auroral zone and polar cap. The auroral hiss may be distinguished from the Z-mode radiation by the sharp upper cutoff of the whistler mode at the local electron plasma frequency. Auroral kilometric radiation usually occurs at frequencies above electron gyrofrequency, indicating that this radiation is propagating in the free-space R-X mode.

Gurnett, D. A.↗