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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 325 records · Page 18

Evidence for star formation in cooling flows

There is good evidence that star formation occurs in cluster cooling flows. In no case, however, are the observed effects large enough to be consistent with the inflow rates predicted by X-ray data if the initial mass function resembles that in the Galaxy. It seems most likely that the bulk of the inflow in the clusters as well as in normal gE galaxies is deposited in the form of very low mass stars with m much less than 0.7 solar masses. This efficient, low mass mode of star formation is a plausible candidate for the dark matter.

O'Connell, Robert W.↗

Surface-Shading Program

Surface Shading computer program, SURF, developed in support of work of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Part of CFD graphics software. Accepts input in form of grid and solution files otherwise normally fed to Ames Research Center's version of PLOT3D software from "flow solver" programs. Interactively creates wire-frame, shaded, and function-map parts viewed and then transferred to Ames Research Graphic (ARCGRAPH) standard files, animated with GAS (COSMIC Program ARC-12379). Written in C programming language and requires Silicon Graphics "include" files (e.g., stdio.h, gl.h).

Plessel, Todd↗

A model of regional primary production for use with coarse resolution satellite data

A model of crop primary production, which was originally developed to relate the amount of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) to net production in field studies, is discussed in the context of coarse resolution regional remote sensing of primary production. The model depends on an approximately linear relationship between APAR and the normalized difference vegetation index. A more comprehensive form of the conventional model is shown to be necessary when different physiological types of plants or heterogeneous vegetation types occur within the study area. The predicted variable in the new model is total assimilation (net production plus respiration) rather than net production alone or harvest yield.

Prince, S. D.↗

The pressure distribution over a modified elliptical wing tip on a biplane in flight

This note presents the results of flight pressure-distribution tests on the right upper wing panel of a Douglas M-3 airplane equipped with a modified elliptical tip having a slight amount of washout. The results are given in tables and curves in such form that the load distribution for any normal force coefficient within the usual range encountered in flight may be determined.

Lundquist, Eugene E↗

Investigation of a wing with an auxiliary upper part

This report presents experiments in which two parts of the wing were arranged so as to form a biplane, which was subjected to normal three-component measurements, the two parts being placed in various relative positions with respect to the gap a and the stagger b.

WINGS - AUXILIARY AIRFOILS↗

Coastal zone color scanner 'system calibration': A retrospective examination

During its lifetime the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) produced approximately 66,000 images. These have been placed in an archive of 'raw' radiance (sensor counts) in a subsampled format that is easily accessible. They have also been processed to form global fields, at reduced resolution, of normalized water-leaving radiance, phytoplankton pigments, and diffuse attenuation coefficient. Using this archive, we have tried to characterize some aspects of the 'system calibration' for the 8-year lifetime of CZCS. Specifically, we have assumed that the sensitivity of the red band decayed in a simple manner similar to the well-known long-term degradation of the shorter-wavelength bands, and we examined the sensitivity of the green and yellow bands by computing the globally averaged water-leaving radiance, over 10-day periods, for all of the imagery. The results provided evidence that in addition to the long-term degradation, short-term (2 weeks to 1 month) variations in the radiometric sensitivity of these bands started in early fall 1981 and continued for the rest of the mission. In contrast, the data suggested the absence of such variations prior to August 1981. It is reasonable to believe that the sensitivity of the blue (and probably the red) band underwent such variations as well; however our methodology cannot be used to study the other bands. Thus, after these fluctuations began, the actual values of CZCS - estimated pigment concentrations at a given location should be viewed with skepticism; however, the global patterns of derived pigment concentrations should be valid. Had an extensive set of surface measurements of water-leaving radiance, e.r., from moored buoyes or drifters, had been available during the CZCS mission, these fluctuations could have been removed from the data set, and this would have greatly increased its value. The lessons learned from CZCS that is, the requirement of good radiometric calibration and stability and the necessity of 'sea truth' stations to monitor the performance of the system (sensor plus algorithms), are being applied to the sea-viewing wide-field-of-view senso (Sea WiFS) scheduled for launch in August 1993.

Evans, Robert H.↗

Pulsating Hydrodynamic Instability and Thermal Coupling in an Extended Landau/Levich Model of Liquid-Propellant Combustion

Hydrodynamic (Landau) instability in combustion is typically associated with the onset of wrinkling of a flame surface, corresponding to the formation of steady cellular structures as the stability threshold is crossed. In the context of liquid-propellant combustion, such instability has recently been shown to occur for critical values of the pressure sensitivity of the burning rate and the disturbance wavenumber, significantly generalizing previous classical results for this problem that assumed a constant normal burning rate. Additionally, however, a pulsating form of hydrodynamic instability has been shown to occur as well, corresponding to the onset of temporal oscillations in the location of the liquid/gas interface. In the present work, we consider the realistic influence of a nonzero temperature sensitivity in the local burning rate on both types of stability thresholds. It is found that for sufficiently small values of this parameter, there exists a stable range of pressure sensitivities for steady, planar burning such that the classical cellular form of hydrodynamic instability and the more recent pulsating form of hydrodynamic instability can each occur as the corresponding stability threshold is crossed. For larger thermal sensitivities, however, the pulsating stability boundary evolves into a C-shaped curve in the disturbance-wavenumber/ pressure-sensitivity plane, indicating loss of stability to pulsating perturbations for all sufficiently large disturbance wavelengths. It is thus concluded, based on characteristic parameter values, that an equally likely form of hydrodynamic instability in liquid-propellant combustion is of a nonsteady, long-wave nature, distinct from the steady, cellular form originally predicted by Landau.

Margolis, S. B.↗

Pulsating Hydrodynamic Instability in a Dynamic Model of Liquid-Propellant Combustion

Hydrodynamic (Landau) instability in combustion is typically associated with the onset of wrinkling of a flame surface, corresponding to the formation of steady cellular structures as the stability threshold is crossed. In the context of liquid-propellant combustion, such instability has recently been shown to occur for critical values of the pressure sensitivity of the burning rate and the disturbance wavenumber, significantly generalizing previous classical results for this problem that assumed a constant normal burning rate. Additionally, however, a pulsating form of hydrodynamic instability has been shown to occur as well, corresponding to the onset of temporal oscillations in the location of the liquid/gas interface. In the present work, we consider the realistic influence of a nonzero temperature sensitivity in the local burning rate on both types of stability thresholds. It is found that for sufficiently small values of this parameter, there exists a stable range of pressure sensitivities for steady, planar burning such that the classical cellular form of hydrodynamic instability and the more recent pulsating form of hydrodynamic instability can each occur as the corresponding stability threshold is crossed. For larger thermal sensitivities, however, the pulsating stability boundary evolves into a C-shaped curve in the disturbance-wavenumber/ pressure-sensitivity plane, indicating loss of stability to pulsating perturbations for all sufficiently large disturbance wavelengths. It is thus concluded, based on characteristic parameter values, that an equally likely form of hydrodynamic instability in liquid-propellant combustion is of a nonsteady, long-wave nature, distinct from the steady, cellular form originally predicted by Landau.

Margolis, Stephen B.↗

Pulsating Hydrodynamic Instability and Thermal Coupling in an Extended Landau/Levich Model of Liquid-Propellant Combustion: Inviscid Analysis - 1

Hydrodynamic (Landau) instability in combustion is typically associated with the onset of wrinkling of a flame surface, corresponding to the formation of steady cellular structures as the stability threshold is crossed. In the context of liquid-propellant combustion, such instability has recently been shown to occur for critical values of the pressure sensitivity of the burning rate and the disturbance wavenumber, significantly generalizing previous classical results for this problem that assumed a constant normal burning rate. Additionally, however, a pulsating form of hydrodynamic instability has been shown to occur as well, corresponding to the onset of temporal oscillations in the location of the liquid/gas interface. In the present work, we consider the realistic influence of a non-zero temperature sensitivity in the local burning rate on both types of stability thresholds. It is found that for sufficiently small values of this parameter, there exists a stable range of pressure sensitivities for steady, planar burning such that the classical cellular form of hydrodynamic instability and the more recent pulsating form of hydrodynamic instability can each occur as the corresponding stability threshold is crossed. For larger thermal sensitivities, however, the pulsating stability boundary evolves into a C-shaped curve in the (disturbance-wavenumber, pressure-sensitivity) plane, indicating loss of stability to pulsating perturbations for all sufficiently large disturbance wavelengths. It is thus concluded, based on characteristic parameter values, that an equally likely form of hydrodynamic instability in liquid-propellant combustion is of a non-steady, long-wave nature, distinct from the steady, cellular form originally predicted by Landau.

Margolis, Stephen B.↗

Modeling of Gate Bias Modulation in Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect-Transistors

The threshold voltages of a carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistor (FET) are derived and compared with those of the metal oxide-semiconductor (MOS) FETs. The CNT channel is so thin that there is no voltage drop perpendicular to the gate electrode plane, which is the CNT diameter direction, and this makes the CNTFET characteristics quite different from those in MOSFETs. The relation between the voltage and the electrochemical potentials, and the mass action law for electrons and holes are examined in the context of CNTs, and it is shown that the familiar relations are still valid because of the macroscopic number of states available in the CNTs. This is in sharp contrast to the cases of quantum dots. Using these relations, we derive an inversion threshold voltage V(sub Ti) and an accumulation threshold voltage V(sub Ta) as a function of the Fermi level E(sub F) in the channel, where E(sub F) is a measure of channel doping. V(sub Ti) of the CNTFETs has a much stronger dependence than that of MOSFETs, while V(sub Ta)s of both CNTFETs and MOSFETs depend quite weakly on E(sub F) with the same functional form. This means the transition from normally-off mode to normally-on mode is much sharper in CNTFETs as the doping increases, and this property has to be taken into account in circuit design.

Yamada, Toshishige↗

Mississippi Company Using NASA Software Program to Provide Unique Imaging Service: DATASTAR Success Story

DATASTAR, Inc., of Picayune, Miss., has taken NASA's award-winning Earth Resources Laboratory Applications (ELAS) software program and evolved it to the point that the company is now providing a unique, spatial imagery service over the Internet. ELAS was developed in the early 80's to process satellite and airborne sensor imagery data of the Earth's surface into readable and useable information. While there are several software packages on the market that allow the manipulation of spatial data into useable products, this is usually a laborious task. The new program, called the DATASTAR Image Processing Exploitation, or DIPX, Delivery Service, is a subscription service available over the Internet that takes the work out of the equation and provides normalized geo-spatial data in the form of decision products.

Source record↗

Comparison of electric and growth responses to excision in cucumber and pea seedlings. II. Long-distance effects are caused by the release of xylem pressure

Excision of a growing stem causes local wound responses, such as membrane depolarization and growth inhibition, as well as effects at larger distances from the cut. In this study, cucumber hypocotyls were excised 100 mm below the hook, so that the growing region was beyond the reach of the wound-induced depolarization (up to 40 mm). Even at such a distance, the cut still caused a considerable and rapid drop in the hypocotyl growth rate. This growth response is not a direct wound response because it does not result from the cut-induced depolarization and because it can be simulated by root pressure manipulation (using a pressure chamber). The results indicate that the growth response resulted from the rapid release of the xylem pressure upon excision. To test this conclusion we measured the xylem pressure by connecting a pressure probe to the cut surface of the stem. Xylem pressure (Px) was found to be +10 to +40 kPa in cucumber hypocotyls and -5 to -10 kPa or lower in pea epicotyls. Excision of the cucumber hypocotyl base led to a rapid drop in Px to negative values, whereas excision in pea led to a rapid rise in Px to ambient (zero) pressure. These fast and opposite Px changes parallel the excision-induced changes in growth rate (GR): a decrease in cucumber and a rise in pea. The sign of the endogenous xylem pressure also determined whether excision induced a propagating depolarization in the form of a slow wave potential (SWP). Under normal circumstances pea seedlings generated an SWP upon excision whereas cucumber seedlings failed to do so. When the Px in cucumber hypocotyls was experimentally inverted to negative values by incubating the cumber roots in solutions of NaCN or n-ethylmaleimide, excision caused a propagating depolarization (SWP). The experiment shows that only hydraulic signals in the form of positive Px steps are converted into propagating electric SWP signals. These propagating depolarizations might be causally linked to systemic 'wound' responses, which occur independently of the short-distance or direct wound responses.

Non-NASA Center↗

Developing a Tool to Collect Microbiological Samples in Space

We developed and tested a tool to collect aseptic samples during extravehicular activity or space walks. This tool can withstand the extreme temperature (-92 – 90 ˚C) and pressure variations without compromising the sterility of the collection device or the integrity of the sample. Results from ground testing the tool demonstrate that external surfaces of space suits are not sterile and that a wide variety of human associated bacteria and some fungi can survive at least seven hours of exposure to vacuum. These bacteria include non-spore forming organisms like Staphylococcus that are not normally considered extremophiles We plan to use this tool to characterize the exterior of the International Space Station. We expect the results of this work to guide the planetary protection requirements and contamination control strategy for crewed missions to Mars. This tool could also be used to monitor contamination associated with the Artemis missions to the moon or collect aseptic samples robotically in environments that are not suitable for human exploration.

A B Regberg↗

Ruling Out the Onset of Color Transparency up to Q2 = 14.2 GeV2 in Quasielastic 12C(e,e'p) Scattering

Color Transparency (CT) is a prediction of QCD that at high momentum transfer Q2, a system of quarks which would normally interact strongly with nuclear matter could form a small color-neutral object whose compact transverse size would be maintained for some distance, passing through the nucleus undisturbed. A clear signature of CT would be a dramatic rise in nuclear transparency T with increasing Q2. CT emerges as a deviation from Glauber multiple scattering theory, which predicts constant T. While a rise in nuclear transparency would provide an unequivocal validation of QCD factorization theorems, the complex nature of nuclear interactions renders its observation difficult to predict. The E12-06-107 experiment at JLab measured T in quasielastic electron-proton scattering with carbon-12 and liquid hydrogen targets, for Q2 between 8.0 and 14.2 GeV2 , a range over which models of CT predicted that T might differ appreciably from Glauber calculations. Supported in part by US DOE grant DE-FG02-03ER41240.

Matter, John↗

Electric Field Effects in Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis under Microgravity Conditions

Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) has been used to form many materials. SHS generally involves mixing reactants together (e.g., metal powders) and igniting the mixture such that a combustion (deflagration) wave passes though the mixture. The imposition of an electric field (AC or DC) across SHS reactants has been shown to have a marked effect on the dynamics of wave propagation and on the nature, composition, and homogeneity of the product . The use of an electric field with SHS has been termed "field-assisted SHS". Combustion wave velocities and temperatures are directly affected by the field, which is typically perpendicular to the average wave velocity. The degree of activation by the field (e.g., combustion rate) is related to the current density distribution within the sample, and is therefore related to the temperature-dependent spatial distribution of the effective electrical conductivity of reactants and products. Furthermore, the field can influence other important SHS-related phenomena including capillary flow, mass-transport in porous media, and Marangoni flows. These phenomena are influenced by gravity in conventional SHS processes (i.e., without electric fields). As a result the influence of the field on SHS under reduced gravity is expected to be different than under normal gravity. It is also known that heat loss rates from samples, which can depend significantly on gravity, can influence final products in SHS. This research program is focused on studying field-assisted SHS under reduced gravity conditions. The broad objective of this research program is to understand the role of an electric field in SHS reactions under conditions where gravity-related effects are suppressed. The research will allow increased understanding of fundamental aspects of field-assisted SHS processes as well as synthesis of materials that cannot be formed in normal gravity.

Unuvar, C.↗

Ab Initio Characterization of Triatomic Bromine Molecules of Potential Interest in Stratospheric Chemistry

The equilibrium structures, harmonic vibrational frequencies, quadratic force fields, dipole moments, and IR intensities of several triatomic bromine compounds of known or potential importance in stratospheric ozone depletion chemistry have been determined using the CCSD(T) electron correlation method in conjunction with a basis set of triple zeta double polarized (TZ2P) quality. Specifically, the molecules included in the present study are HOBr, HBrO, FOBr, FBrO, BrNO, BrON, Br2O, BrBrO, BrCN, BrNC, ClOBr, ClBrO, and BrClO. Very accurate isomeric energy differences have also been determined at the CCSD(T) level with atomic natural orbital basis sets that include through g-type functions. In most cases, the isomer with a normal neutral Lewis dot structure is the lowest energy form, with the single exception that FBRO is predicted to be 11.1 kcal/mol (0 K) lower in energy than FOBr. In all cases, however, the hypervalent isomer is more stable relative to the isomer with a normal Lewis dot structure as compared to the chlorine analogs. Consistent with this observation, the energy of the last three molecules given above increases in the order ClOBr less than ClBrO less than BrClO. The CCSD(T)/TZ2P geometries and vibrational frequencies are in good agreement with the available experimental data. Heats of formation are determined for all species using a combination of theoretical isomeric, homodesmic, and isodesmic reaction energies. The accuracy of these quantities is ultimately dependent on the reliability of the experimental heat of formation of HOBr.

Lee. Timothy J.↗

Ab Initio Characterization of Triatomic Bromine Molecules of Potential Interest in Stratospheric Chemistry

The equilibrium structures, harmonic vibrational frequencies, quadratic force fields, dipole moments, and IR intensities of several triatomic bromine compounds of known or potential importance in stratospheric ozone depletion chemistry have been determined using the CCSD(T) electron correlation method in conjunction with a basis set of triple zeta double polarized (TZ2P) quality. Specifically, the molecules included in the present study are HOBr, HBrO, FOBr, FBrO, BrNO, BrON, Br2O, BrBrO, BrCN, BrNC, ClOBr, ClBrO, and BrClO. Very accurate isomeric energy differences have also been determined at the CCSD(T) level with atomic natural orbital basis sets that include through g-type functions. In most cases, the isomer with a normal neutral Lewis dot structure is the lowest energy form, with the single exception that FBrO is predicted to be 11.1 kcal/mol (0 K) lower in energy than FOBr. In all cases, however, the hypervalent isomer is more stable relative to the isomer with a normal Lewis dot structure as compared to the chlorine analogs. Consistent with this observation, the energy of the last three molecules given above increases in the order ClOBr less than ClBrO less than BrClO. The CCSD(T)/TZ2P geometries and vibrational frequencies are in good agreement with the available experimental data. Heats of formation are determined for all species using a combination of theoretical isomeric, homodesmic, and isodesmic reaction energies. The accuracy of these quantities is ultimately dependent on the reliability of the experimental heat of formation of HOBr.

Lee, Timothy J.↗

Soot Precursor Material: Visualization Via Simultaneous LIF-LII and Characterization Via TEM

Simultaneous combined laser-induced fluorescence and laser-induced incandescence (LIF-LII) images are presented for both a normal and inverse diffusion flame. The excitation wavelength dependence distinguishes the LIF and LII signals in images from the normal diffusion flame while the temporal decay distinguishes the signals in images of the inverse diffusion flame. Each flame presents a minimum in the combined LIF-LII intensity in a region separating the fuel pyrolysis and soot containing regions. Opacity, geometric in definition, and extent of crystallinity measured through both bright and dark field Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) characterizes the thermophoretically sampled material from within this minimal LIF-LII intensity region. TEM analysis reveals rather different soot processes occurring within the normal and inverse diffusion flame. In the normal diffusion flame, rapid chemical and physical coalescence of PAHs results in initial formation of soot precursor particles that are highly crystalline and evolve toward fully formed soot. In the inverse diffusion flame, rapid coalescence of pyrolysis products occurs, producing tarlike, globular structures equivalent in size to fully formed soot aggregates but with markedly less crystallinity than normal-appearing soot. These different material properties are interpreted as reflecting different relative rates of chemical and physical coalescence of fuel pyrolysis products versus carbonization. Significantly, these TEM images support qualitative photophysical arguments suggesting that, in general, this 'dark' region observed in the LIF-LII images demarcates a transitional region in which a fundamental change in the material the material chemical/physical properties occurs between solid carbonaceous soot and condensed or gaseous molecular growth material.

VanderWal, Randall L.↗