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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 325 records · Page 18
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Efficient Hybrid Attack Graph Generation for Cyber-Physical System Resilience Experimentation (Final Project Report)

HAGEN project has developed theory, algorithms, and capabilities to assist cyber physical system modelers and operators to perform system and device-level vulnerability assessment, risk assessment, impact assessment, and mitigation planning. The project generates hybrid attack graphs for Cyber-Physical System (CPS) resilience experimentation at desired scale and speed. The project will produce composite attack datasets, algorithms, and demonstrable prototypical tools, and a library of high-impact attack sequences for a given CPS of interest. This report provided overall summary of research and development performed between FY22-24.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
DOE OSTI2025

Energy Scheduling-based Operating Envelopes including a Distribution System Branch Screening Algorithm

This paper presents an energy scheduling-based formulation for computing operating envelopes including a distribution branch screening algorithm, termed DBS-ES. The contribution of the paper is two-fold: firstly, it presents an innovative methodology for calculating operating envelopes using energy scheduling (baseline), and secondly, it enhances this methodology by incorporating a custom distribution branch screening algorithm (DBS-ES). The custom algorithm leverages power system knowledge to reduce both model build time and total processing time while maintaining the same scheduling results as the baseline. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through experiments on the IEEE13, IEEE123, and EPRI Secondary test feeders. Results highlight a 24.5% decrease in model build time and an 8.17% decrease in total processing time when using DBS-ES compared to the baseline, specifically for the IEEE123 test feeder. Additionally, the paper briefly discusses the influence of utility-controlled storage on computing operating envelopes, noting a general incre

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Planning and Operations in Electricity Markets Under System Transformation

United States electricity markets, planning mechanisms, and operational procedures are currently evolving in concert with three key trends. First, a range of new resources—solar, wind, energy storage, hybrid co-located storage, and distributed energy—are coming online and require new solutions to ensure they are efficiently integrated into existing systems. Second, consumers now face more opportunities to participate in markets by providing demand response and engaging in two-way interactions with the grid. Third, there is an increasing need for enhanced coordination between generation and transmission planning as well as across transmission and distribution systems.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2025

A New Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication System: Visual-Enhanced Cooperative Traffic Operations

The advent of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) has highlighted the necessity for robust communication systems between vehicles and their environment. This study introduces a novel vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication system, termed the Visual-Enhanced Cooperative Traffic Operations (VECTOR) system. The VECTOR system addresses the need for robust communication by converting dynamic data (including velocity and yaw angle data) into binary code, which is displayed on an LED panel mounted on the top of the vehicle. Following vehicles detect this panel and decode the information using a camera, implementing a visual-based communication method. VECTOR system employs a comprehensive five-module process. Initially, polynomial fitting techniques are applied to velocity data over fixed time intervals using third-degree polynomials, with validation via R² and MSE metrics. The second module converts velocity and yaw angle data into binary form, thereby enhancing detection and processing efficiency. The third module focuses on improving detection stability across various environmental conditions to enhance traffic safety. The fourth module decodes the binary data back into trajectory information, ensuring the fidelity of velocity and yaw angles. The final module integrates eco-control through the VECTOR system, employing advanced control algorithms to minimize energy consumption in CAVs. Experimental evaluations conducted using a modified CAV test platform based on the Lincoln MKZ demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the VECTOR system, achieving a 75% R-squared accuracy rate in replicating original velocity data. This methodology not only highlights potential applications but also underscores significant implications for advancing CAV technology.

Ma, Ke↗
DOE OSTI2024

Understanding Line Losses and Transformer Losses in Rural Isolated Distribution Systems

Rural, isolated power systems in the mainland U.S. and in states like Alaska and Hawaii are powered by assets like diesel generators. These rural, isolated power systems also cannot operate at the higher band of medium voltage (like 69kV). They are primarily in the 12 to 14 kV range to keep the cost of the distribution investments lower. Because of this mid-band medium voltage range, the line losses and distribution transformers losses consume significant diesel consumption (almost 10 percent of the peak load). This work considers one such power system powering an isolated system and presents key findings online losses, and transformer losses. Understanding and documenting the impacts is critical for these communities operating their power systems and take actions to reduce expensive diesel consumption. In this paper, we will present one such typical grid and model it in electromagnetic transients (EMT) domain. We used the tower structure, under ground cabling installation to develop high fidelity models of lines. We also used high fidelity models of distribution transformers to present the no-load losses and full load loses. We will also present technical solutions available commercially off-the-shelf to reduce these losses and reduce diesel consumption. This work will be a primer for communities to understand the technical challenges and to understand the possible solution available to solve such challenges for rural, isolated power system operators.

blackstart↗
DOE OSTI2025

Design Basis Document / Owner’s Technical Specification for Nitrate Salt Systems in CSP Projects: Volume 1 Specifications for Parabolic Trough Projects, Volume 2 - Specifications for Central Receiver Projects, Volume 3 - Narrative

Design Basis Documents / Owner’s Technical Specifications are developed for parabolic trough and central receiver power plants using nitrate salt as the heat transport fluid and the thermal storage medium. The goals were to 1) distill the successful experience with nitrate salt systems from as many commercial projects as possible, 2) provide technical bases for equipment design/selection that an owner can impose on an EPC contractor, 3) compile this information in one location to provide guidance on salt systems that is as broadly applicable to as many projects as possible, and 4) work toward an industry consensus on a Design Basis Document that reflects the lessons learned from earlier commercial projects. The document allows an owner to provide design guidance, and to impose a minimum set of requirements, above and beyond those in the normal Codes and Standards, on an EPC contractor in an effort to avoid a repeat of past mistakes. If successful, this would allow salt systems to achieve the same levels of reliability and availability as commercial parabolic trough plants using diphenyl oxide / biphenyl (i.e., Dowtherm A, Therminol VP-1) as the heat transfer fluid. The report consists of 3 volumes: • Volume 1 - Specifications for Parabolic Trough Projects • Volume 2 - Specifications for Central Receiver Projects • Volume 3 - Narrative Volumes 1 and 2 include discussions of the following topics: • Plant functional requirements for the salt systems • Plant operating states, and transitions between states, for the salt systems • Risk analysis of the principal salt components • Plant requirements for the salt systems to meet the functional and the operating requirements • Type of specification for the principal salt components: functional; or prescriptive • Current state of the art for salt systems. Volume 3 discusses a number of cases in which the salt equipment at commercial parabolic trough and central receiver projects has not met the projected levels of reliability and availability. Possible reasons for the sources of the problems are discussed, as is a range of possible alternate designs that could avoid the known problems.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI1991

Physical and Operational Status of the Photovoltaic Systems in the Municipality of Pinotepa de Don Luis, Oaxaca, One Year after Their Installation [Estado fisico y operativo de los sistemas fotovoltaicos en el municipio de Pinotepa de Don Luis, Oaxaca un ano despues de su instalacion]

In November 1990, an inspection visit was made to the residential lighting photovoltaic systems that had been installed approximately one year before in the rural communities of the Municipality of Pinotepa de Don Luis, in the State of Oaxaca. The main purpose of the visit was to evaluate the physical and operational status of these systems. The systems typically consist of a photovoltaic module with a capacity of 30 or 35 Watts, an automotive type battery, an indicator of the status of charge of the battery, 3 fluorescent lamps and the corresponding installation, including cables, connection or outlet box and switches. It can be seen that the systems are in good physical condition and do not show any signs of intentionally caused damage. However, the incidence of failures is higher than what had been expected; therefore the operational status of these systems is considered to be below a level that could be accepted, with a tendency to getting worse. The main problem that has been detected is the lack of automatic charge controllers. This problem has caused other important failures. Serious deficiencies were appreciated in the installations, which show evidence of the poor workmanship of the installers. The lack of system standardization is evident, both regarding the components and the installation. As a consequence, there are technical factors which indicate that the installed systems will keep deteriorating at a rate faster than normal, and will stop operating in a short time unless urgent preventive and corrective measures are taken. The attitude of the users with respect to the systems is generally positive. However, there are elements that make the correct operation and maintenance of these systems a very difficult task. The users did not receive any training regarding the best way to operate and take care of their systems, nor any other information in relation to their technical limitations.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Archi: Agentic Operations at the CMS Experiment

We present Archi, an open-source, end-to-end framework for scientific collaborations that combines the systematic ingestion and organization of heterogeneous data sources with the deployment of configurable, private, and extensible agents that retrieve and reason over them. An instance of Archi has been deployed for the Computing Operations team of the CMS experiment at CERN's LHC since February 2026 as a support agent for technical operators, offering retrieval and analysis capabilities by combining documentation, historical data, and live monitoring systems. We evaluate the system on operator feedback and a question set collected from production usage, graded by human and automated panels. The system proves effective at operational tasks, resolving real-world queries posed by CMS operators. We also observe that locally-hosted, open-weight models perform competitively, enabling fully private management of sensitive data.

Lugato, Pietro [MIT; CERN]↗
DOE OSTI2024

Design and development of the magnetic diagnostic systems for the first operational phase of the SMART tokamak

A set of magnetic diagnostics has been designed, manufactured, and calibrated for the first operational phase of the small aspect ratio tokamak. The sensor suite comprises of Rogowski coils; 2D magnetic probes; and poloidal, saddle, and diamagnetic flux loops. Here, a set of continuous Rogowski coils has been manufactured for the measurement of plasma current and induced eddy currents in conductive elements. A set of flux loops and magnetic probes will be used as input for the reconstruction of the magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium. The quantity and position of these sensors have been verified to be sufficient with synthetic equilibrium reconstructions using the equilibrium fitting code and baseline scenarios computed with the Fiesta code. These sensors will also be used as input for the real-time control system, and magnetic probes will be used for the detection of plasma instabilities. The calibration procedure for the magnetic probes is described, and the results are shown. The signal conditioning and data acquisition systems are described.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

An analysis of physics limited dispatch of nuclear renewable integrated energy systems using deep reinforcement learning and dynamic modeling

Previous approaches to dispatching nuclear integrated energy systems (NIES) have focused on the profitability and flexibility of these systems to operate on energy grids with highly variable pricing. However, due to the complexity involved in modeling and designing these systems, there has been less emphasis on ensuring that these dispatch strategies are physically achievable. It is imperative to develop methods that allow the system to remain within the desired NIES operating conditions and perform this based on realistic limited forecasted information. This research employs next generation artificial intelligence, namely deep reinforcement learning (DRL), and a dynamic system model written in Modelica to find a safe and profitable dispatch strategy for a solar nuclear hybrid design. The DRL agent is shown to find a novel dispatch strategy that manages both power ramping and power levels while respecting operational limits. This DRL-based dispatch is compared to other dispatching strategies including an optimal design solution from mixed integer linear programming (MILP). It is found that incorporating the physics of such a tightly coupled NIES limits the profitability of the MILP-based dispatch strategy. As a result, the MILP solution overestimates the design’s generated revenue. In contrast, DRL significantly reduces the number of breaches of safe operational conditions during energy arbitrage while maintaining profitability. Furthermore, this work paves the way for a more detailed assessment of NIES profitability and could be used to aid operator decisions on future NIES projects.

14 - SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Augmenting LLM-Based Agents for Improved Performance in Pentesting and Commissioning Operational Technology in Critical Infrastructure

Artificial intelligence (AI), and more specifically large language models (LLMs) have the potential for use in penetration testing (“pentesting”) against devices, networks, and computer systems in information technology (IT). We explore the possibility of extending pentesting from IT systems to operational technology (OT) systems, which are more obscure than IT systems in their protocols and design. A challenge therefore exists when applying pretrained LLMs to OT systems as corpora are likely to underrepresent OT systems in comparison to other more prevalent systems. We evaluate augmentations of LLMs with various methods, especially retrieval augmented generation (RAG), to improve performance of the LLMs in the OT domain. In addition to pentesting, some of the testing of these OT devices may include commissioning to ensure that the newly installed devices work correctly. Our framework may also be applied in such cases.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Operation of the trigger system for the ICARUS detector at Fermilab

The ICARUS liquid argon TPC detector is taking data on the Booster (BNB) and Main Injector (NuMI) Neutrino beam lines at Fermilab with a trigger system based on the scintillation light produced by charged particles in coincidence with the proton beam extraction from the accelerators. The architecture and the deployment of the trigger system in the first two runs for physics are presented, as well as the triggered event rates. The event recognition efficiency has been evaluated as a function of the deposited energy and the position of cosmic muons stopping inside the detector.

Neutrino detectors↗
DOE OSTI2025

Optimizing Material Selection and Operational Conditions for XHV Systems: Lessons from AISI 1020 and 316L Comparative Studies

In this study, AISI 1020 low-carbon steel is investigated as a cost-effective alternative to SS316 stainless steel for reaching extreme high vacuum (XHV) conditions. After being baked at 400°C, a vacuum chamber made of the low-carbon steel material exhibited an outgassing rate approximately 2000 times smaller than a similar chamber made of stainless steel. Its activation energy for hydrogen diffusion (27 kJ/mol) is less than half that of stainless steel (60.3 kJ/mol), indicating more efficient hydrogen removal during bakeout. MolFlow+ simulations supported the experimental data and demonstrated the importance of system geometry optimization and minimizing stainless steel content for achieving optimal vacuum performance. AISI 1020's magnetic properties, typically considered disadvantageous for accelerator applications, could benefit spin-polarized electron sources by shielding photocathodes from stray fields while simultaneously providing improved vacuum through reduced outgassing. To optimize AISI 1020's performance in XHV systems, practical considerations include pre-baking protocols and careful system design to minimize stainless steel components.

Al-Allaq, Aiman H.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE) Power Generation Guide [Slides]

This guide offers suggestions for applying CIE principles to technologies used to generate electric power. It addresses issues of design, implementation, and maintenance, preemptively addressing cybersecurity threats to electric generation. The intended audience for this guide includes practitioners across the energy and cybersecurity sectors, such as energy industry professionals (e.g., engineers, system designers, operators, and researchers) and cybersecurity experts (e.g., communication system designers, information technology/operational technology [IT/OT] administrators, and penetration testers).

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Decarbonizing Building Thermal Systems: A How-to Guide for Heat Pump Systems and Beyond

Buildings account for a substantial portion of carbon emissions, primarily due to the widespread use of fossil fuels in heating systems. Decarbonization of heating is essential to meet climate targets and reduce the environmental impact of buildings. Heat pumps are capable of leveraging renewable energy sources and can provide heating and cooling in an energy-efficient manner. By leveraging heat pump technology, buildings can significantly reduce their carbon footprint, minimize energy consumption, and decrease their reliance on fossil fuels. The design and construction community plays a pivotal role in facilitating the transition to heat pump systems for heating and cooling. However, this transition requires specialized knowledge and expertise. This resource was developed for architects, engineers, and contractors in response to an industry need for a comprehensive technical resource that guides them through the intricacies of heat pump system design, installation, and maintenance. This resource provides detailed information on system sizing, selection of appropriate heat systems, heat sources, and integration with existing building systems. Moreover, it emphasizes best practices for ensuring operational efficiency, system longevity, and reliability. The development of this recourse was a collaborative effort between NREL/DOE Better Buildings Design and Construction Allies and ASHRAE Task Force for Building Decarbonization. This resource is composed of two complimentary portions that will be completed and released on separate time frames. The first portion will be completed and released in 2023, while the second portion will be released in 2024.

building thermal systems↗