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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 325 records · Page 18

Toward Real Time Neural Net Flight Controllers

NASA Ames Research Center has an ongoing program in neural network control technology targeted toward real time flight demonstrations using a modified F-15 which permits direct inner loop control of actuators, rapid switching between alternative control designs, and substitutable processors. An important part of this program is the ACTIVE flight project which is examining the feasibility of using neural networks in the design, control, and system identification of new aircraft prototypes. This paper discusses two research applications initiated with this objective in mind: utilization of neural networks for wind tunnel aircraft model identification and rapid learning algorithms for on line reconfiguration and control. The first application involves the identification of aerodynamic flight characteristics from analysis of wind tunnel test data. This identification is important in the early stages of aircraft design because complete specification of control architecture's may not be possible even though concept models at varying scales are available for aerodynamic wind tunnel testing. Testing of this type is often a long and expensive process involving measurement of aircraft lift, drag, and moment of inertia at varying angles of attack and control surface configurations. This information in turn can be used in the design of the flight control systems by applying the derived lookup tables to generate piece wise linearized controllers. Thus, reduced costs in tunnel test times and the rapid transfer of wind tunnel insights into prototype controllers becomes an important factor in more efficient generation and testing of new flight systems. NASA Ames Research Center is successfully applying modular neural networks as one way of anticipating small scale aircraft model performances prior to testing, thus reducing the number of in tunnel test hours and potentially, the number of intermediate scaled models required for estimation of surface flow effects.

Jorgensen, C. C.↗

Atomic dynamics of gas-dependent oxide reducibility

Understanding oxide reduction is critical for advancing metal production, catalysis and energy technologies. Although carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2 ) are widely used reductants, the mechanisms by which they work are often presumed to be similar, both involving lattice oxygen removal. However, because of growing interest in replacing CO with H 2 to lower CO 2 emissions, distinguishing gas-specific reduction pathways is critical. Yet, capturing these atomic-scale processes under reactive gas and high-temperature conditions remains challenging. Here we use environmental transmission electron microscopy, which is capable of real-time, atomic-resolution imaging of gas–solid redox reactions to directly visualize the gas-dependent oxide reduction dynamics in NiO. We show that CO drives surface nucleation and the growth of metallic Ni islands, leading to self-limiting surface metallization. Conversely, H 2 activates a coupled surface-to-bulk transformation, where protons from dissociated H 2 infiltrate the oxide lattice to promote the inward migration of surface-generated oxygen vacancies and enabling bulk metallization. By contrast, oxygen vacancies formed by CO remain confined near the surface, where they rapidly form a metallic Ni layer that inhibits further reduction. Furthermore, these results reveal distinct atomistic pathways for CO and H 2 and provide insights that may guide metallurgical processes and catalyst design.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

A Performance Model of In-Situ Techniques

The computational capacity of High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems increases continuously with the rapid development of central processing units (CPUs) and graphic processing units (GPUs), while the in-/output (IO) subsystem develops relatively slowly and storage capacity is also limited. Data-intensive applications, which are designed to leverage the high computational capacity of HPC resources, typically generate a considerable amount of data for post-processing visualizations and data analytics. The limited IO speed and storage space could lead to constraints in the actual performance of these applications and, therefore, scientific discovery. In-situ techniques, where data is visualized/analysed while still in memory rather than through disk, can contribute to alleviating these problems as they can reduce or even fully avoid data writing/reading through the IO subsystem to/from storage. However, the overall efficiency of insitu techniques crucially depends on the characteristics of both the in-situ tasks and the applications, and the resource distribution among them. Therefore, choosing the right in-situ approach (synchronous, asynchronous, or hybrid) and resource allocation is essential to minimize overhead and maximize the benefits of concurrent execution. In this paper, we present a performance model of in-situ techniques to find the most beneficial in-situ approach and the preferred resource configuration. We verify the high accuracy of our approach with over 6800 measurements and provide use cases with different applications.

Ju, Yi [Max Planck Computing and Data Facility, Ga↗

Fabrication of 4H-SiC Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs)

Low gain avalanche detectors (LGADs) offer high temporal resolution for high energy particle detection, which is critical for next generation experiments in hadron colliders. While silicon LGADs (Si-LGADs) have rapidly matured in the last decade, research into silicon carbide (SiC) LGADs has only recently begun. By accounting for fundamental differences in material properties and fabrication processes, we present a prototype device design and process flow for 4H-SiC LGADs with etch-based isolation. Critical steps of the process flow and their results are discussed, including plasma etching, passivation, and the formation of low resistivity contacts. Electrical characterization (I-V, C-V) shows sufficient depletion of the device structure to demonstrate low-gain charge carrier multiplication.

High Energy Physics↗

Applications of electro-optic gratings in integrated optical signal processing devices

A variety of applications of electro-optically induced Bragg gratings in integrated optical signal processing and computation devices are shown. The gratings are easy to fabricate, operate efficiently on relatively low voltages and have design principles which are well known and reliable. The component allows a rapid and efficient interaction with an optical wave in a planar electro-optic waveguide. The operation of such gratings and their use as intensity modulators, spatial light modulators, and components in correlators and in a variety of computational units is described.

Verber, C. M.↗

Hollow cathode plasma source for active spacecraft charge control

A prototype plasma source spacecraft discharge device has been developed to control overall and differential spacecraft surface charging. The plasma source is based on a unique hollow cathode discharge, where the plasma generation process is contained completely within the cathode. This device can be operated on argon, krypton, or xenon and has a rapid cold start time of less than 4 s. The discharge system design includes a spacecraft-discharge/net-charge sensing circuit which provides the ability to measure the polarity, magnitude, pulse shape, and time duration of a discharging event. Ion currents of up to 325 microA and electron currents ranging from 0.02 to 6.0 A have been extracted from the device. In addition, the spacecraft discharge device successfully discharged capacitively biased plates, from as high as + or - 2500 V, to ground potential, and discharged and clamped actively biased plates at +5 V with respect to ground potential during ground simulation testing.

Deininger, William D.↗

A processing centre for the CNES CE-GPS experimentation

CNES is involved in a GPS (Global Positioning System) geostationary overlay experimentation. The purpose of this experimentation is to test various new techniques in order to select the optimal station synchronization method, as well as the geostationary spacecraft orbitography method. These new techniques are needed to develop the Ranging GPS Integrity Channel services. The CNES experimentation includes three transmitting/receiving ground stations (manufactured by IN-SNEC), one INMARSAT 2 C/L band transponder and a processing center named STE (Station de Traitements de l'Experimentation). Not all the techniques to be tested are implemented, but the experimental system has to include several functions; part of the future system simulation functions, such as a servo-loop function, and in particular a data collection function providing for rapid monitoring of system operation, analysis of existing ground station processes, and several weeks of data coverage for other scientific studies. This paper discusses system architecture and some criteria used in its design, as well as the monitoring function, the approach used to develop a low-cost and short-life processing center in collaboration with a CNES sub-contractor (ATTDATAID), and some results.

Suard, Norbert↗

NASA's Design and Development of a Field Goniometer Instrument Using Solid Works

With NASA suffering severe funding cutbacks, engineers at NASA are required to produce state-of-the-art hardware with limited personnel and financial resources. In light of these constraints, the new NASA mandate is to build better, faster and cheaper. In April of 1998, Stennis Space Center's Commercial Remote Sensing Program contracted to the Systems Engineering Division at NASA Ames Research Center to develop a device known as a Field Goniometer. A Field Goniometer is a device that measures bi-directional reflectance of a target, such as vegetation, relative to the sun and an imaging system in an aircraft or spacecraft. The device is able to provide a spectral fingerprint of the surface it is measuring in wavelengths from 350nm-2500nm using a hyperspectral imager. To accomplish this project, several obstacles had to be overcome. First, the design had to be completed in less than four months. Second, due to the complexity of the design, the use of solid modeling was highly desirable but most of the group's solid modelers were assigned to other jobs. Third, the amount of funding available from the customer was one half to one third the funding typically expended for a job of this nature. Our choices for this project were to design with standard 2-D CAD systems currently used in-house or train additional engineers on our existing solids package or purchase a new solid model package. The use of a 2D CAD system was very undesirable due to the complexity of the design. Using our existing solids modeler would have required a learning curve for our engineers that would be incompatible with our schedule. Prior to this project, a member of our design group researched the solid modeling industry and decided to purchase SolidWorks. After examining the product for ease of use, modeling capability, training time required and cost, we decided our highest probability of success would be to design with Solidworks. During the design phase, our fabrication group was able to provide input at the very early stages, which added significant benefit to the final product. Fabrication cost and schedule savings have been realized by having complex part geometries translated directly from the SolidWorks design models to Surfcam and other computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software. This direct model translation capability optimized the fabrication processes. The end result was that we were able to successfully complete the project on time and on budget. Other advantages of using SolidWorks, as cited by the design team, include a rapid negotiation of the initial learning curve, the ability to develop solid model hardware prototypes (used to communicate the design intent to both the customer and the fabricator), and the ability to work as a team collaborating on a large, complex model. These types of tools and efforts represent our response to NASA's challenge to produce higher quality products within shorter design and fabrication times.

Turner, Mark↗

FPGA development for high altitude subsonic parachute testing

This paper describes a rapid, top down requirements-driven design of a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) used in an Earth qualification test program for a new Mars subsonic parachute. The FPGA is used to process and control storage of telemetry data from multiple sensors throughout launch, ascent, deployment and descent phases of the subsonic parachute test.

Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)↗

Additive Manufacturing: From Rapid Prototyping to Flight

Additive manufacturing (AM) offers tremendous promise for the rocket propulsion community. Foundational work must be performed to ensure the safe performance of AM parts. Government, industry, and academia must collaborate in the characterization, design, modeling, and process control to accelerate the certification of AM parts for human‐rated flight.

Prater, Tracie↗

Innovative Technology Transfer Partnerships

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) seeks to license its Advanced Tire and Strut Pressure Monitor (TSPM) technology. The TSPM is a handheld system to accurately measure tire and strut pressure and temperature over a wide temperature range (20 to 120 OF), as well as improve personnel safety. Sensor accuracy, electronics design, and a simple user interface allow operators quick, easy access to required measurements. The handheld electronics, powered by 12-VAC or by 9-VDC batteries, provide the user with an easy-to-read visual display of pressure/temperature or the streaming of pressure/temperature data via an RS-232 interface. When connected to a laptop computer, this new measurement system can provide users with automated data recording and trending, eliminating the chance for data hand-recording errors. In addition, calibration software allows for calibration data to be automatically utilized for the generation of new data conversion equations, simplifying the calibration processes that are so critical to reliable measurements. The design places a high-accuracy pressure sensor (also used as a temperature sensor) as close to the tire or strut measurement location as possible, allowing the user to make accurate measurements rapidly, minimizing the amount of high-pressure volumes, and allowing reasonable distance between the tire or strut and the operator. The pressure sensor attaches directly to the pressure supply/relief valve on the tire and/or strut, with necessary electronics contained in the handheld enclosure. A software algorithm ensures high accuracy of the device over the wide temperature range. Using the pressure sensor as a temperature sensor permits measurement of the actual temperature of the pressurized gas. This device can be adapted to create a portable calibration standard that does not require thermal conditioning. This allows accurate pressure measurements without disturbing the gas temperature. In-place calibration can save considerable time and money and is suitable in many process applications throughout industry.

Kohler, Jeff↗

Flight and Direct to Earth/Space Relay Communication System Architecture for GSFC CubeSat Missions

The CubeSat platform is finding increasing use in space science applications due to its low cost and comparative ease of launch. It is becoming a key scientific discovery tool in low Earth orbit (LEO) and beyond, including geosynchronous equatorial orbit (GEO), the Lagrange Points, Lunar missions, and more. The increasing complexity of these missions and their scientific goals must be supported by equal advancements in communications technology. Higher data rates and greater reliability are required every year. However, the reduced Size, Weight, and Power (SWaP) constraints of CubeSat platforms introduce unique challenges in the area of satellite communications. There is currently a lack of communication equipment tailored specifically to the CubeSat platform. This lack of standardized, tested equipment extends development time and reduces mission confidence. Furthermore, missions utilizing the CubeSat platform are often subject to more difficult design constraints. Antenna placement, size, and pointing are often subordinate to the requirements of the payload instruments and mission goals. Traditional link margin estimation techniques are insufficient in these cases, as they emphasize worst case scenarios. In reality the actual link parameters may vary widely even during a single pass. This presents new challenges in predicting communications performance and scheduling ground station contacts, but also new opportunities for improving efficiency. This paper presents the integration, testing, and validation process for a new software defined radio (SDR) designed for the CubeSat platform in conjunction with Vulcan Wireless, Inc. The SDR is planned for use on 5 upcoming CubeSat missions at NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) including a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) mission and it may also serve as a standard and well-tested option for future missions by enabling a standardized, rapid and low cost CubeSat communication system network integration process. Detailed simulations have been developed to estimate the communication performance of these missions, taking the unique antenna placements and attitude behavior of each satellite into account. These simulations allow a much more accurate analysis of the expected link margin, which varies considerably during each pass for the NASA Space Relay (SR) and Direct to Earth (DTE) network. The modelling procedures are outlined, and the results are used to predict communications performance of the missions.

Space Networks↗

Rapid Startup and Loading of an Attached Growth, Simultaneous Nitrification/Denitrification Membrane Aerated Bioreactor

The Membrane Aerated Bioreactor (MABR) is an attached‐growth biological system for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. This design is an innovative approach to common terrestrial wastewater treatments for nitrogen and carbon removal. Implementing a biologically‐based water treatment system for long‐duration human exploration is an attractive, low energy alternative to physiochemical processes. Two obstacles to implementing such a system are (1) the "start‐up" duration from inoculation to steady‐state operations and (2) the amount of surface area needed for the biological activity to occur. The Advanced Water Recovery Systems (AWRS) team at JSC explored these two issues through two tests; a rapid inoculation study and a wastewater loading study. Results from these tests demonstrate that the duration from inoculation to steady state can be reduced to two weeks and that the surface area to volume ratio baseline used in the Alternative Water Processor (AWP) test was higher than what was needed to remove the organic carbon and ammonium from the system.

Meyer, Caitlin↗

Laser‐Powder Melt Pool Solidification Dynamics and Microstructural Engineering of Ti‐5553 Microlattices

The fine geometric and topological control afforded by additive manufacturing technologies has enabled the manufacture of architected materials across length scales, and enabling tunable mechanical performance as a function of local and global design. Progress has been made to tune the mechanical response of architected materials through geometry, but understanding how the geometry and processing conditions will inform the microstructure remains a challenge due to the rapid solidification in laser powder bed fusion. This study uses in situ X-ray imaging and electron backscatter diffraction microscopy to demonstrate that the melt pool size, microstructure morphology, and elastic strain distribution is influenced by a combination of lattice geometry and laser processing conditions. These results indicate that within larger melt pools the local thermal gradients are sufficient to enable a columnar-to-equiaxed transition across the melt pool. Furthermore, the solidification mechanisms producing these microstructures are examined across the first 5 ms of melting and solidification, described via in situ high-speed X-ray imaging and mirrored via multiphysics simulation.

additive manufacturing↗

Process Feasibility Study in Support of Silicon Material Task 1

Analysis of process system properties was continued for silicon source materials under consideration for producing silicon. The following property data are reported for dichlorosilane which is involved in processing operations for silicon: critical constants, vapor pressure, heat of vaporization, heat capacity, density, surface tension, thermal conductivity, heat of formation and Gibb's free energy of formation. The properties are reported as a function of temperature to permit rapid engineering usage. The preliminary economic analysis of the process is described. Cost analysis results for the process (case A-two deposition reactors and six electrolysis cells) are presented based on a preliminary process design of a plant to produce 1,000 metric tons/year of silicon. Fixed capital investment estimate for the plant is $12.47 million (1975 dollars) ($17.47 million, 1980 dollars). Product cost without profit is 8.63 $/kg of silicon (1975 dollars)(12.1 $/kg, 1980 dollars).

Li, K. Y.↗

The navigation toolkit

This report summarizes the experience of the authors in managing, designing, and implementing an object-oriented applications framework for orbital navigation analysis for the Flight Design and Dynamics Department of the Rockwell Space Operations Company in Houston, in support of the Mission Operations Directorate of NASA's Johnson Space Center. The 8 person year project spanned 1.5 years and produced 30,000 lines of C++ code, replacing 150,000 lines of Fortran/C. We believe that our experience is important because it represents a 'second project' experience and generated real production-quality code - it was not a pilot. The project successfully demonstrated the use of 'continuous development' or rapid prototyping techniques. Use of formal methods and executable models contributed to the quality of the code. Keys to the success of the project were a strong architectural vision and highly skilled workers. This report focuses on process and methodology, and not on a detailed design description of the product. But the true importance of the object-oriented paradigm is its liberation of the developer to focus on the problem rather than the means used to solve the problem.

Rich, William F.↗

A Return to Innovative Engineering Design, Critical Thinking and Systems Engineering

I believe we are facing a critical time where innovative engineering design is of paramount importance to the success of our aerospace industry. However, the very qualities and attributes necessary for enhancing, educating, and mentoring a creative spirit are in decline in important areas. The importance of creativity and innovation in this country was emphasized by a special edition of the Harvard Business Review OnPoint entitled: "The Creative Company" which compiled a series of past and present articles on the subject of creativity and innovation and stressed its importance to our national economy. There is also a recognition of a lack of engineering, critical thinking and problem-solving skills in our education systems and a trend toward trying to enhance those skills by developing K-12 educational programs such as Project Lead the Way, "Science for All Americans", Benchmarks 2061 , etc. In addition, with respect to spacecraft development, we have a growing need for young to mid-level engineers with appropriate experience and skills in spacecraft design, development, analysis, testing, and systems engineering. As the Director of Engineering at NASA's Johnson Space Center, I realized that sustaining engineering support of an operational human spacecraft such as the Space Shuttle is decidedly different than engineering design and development skills necessary for designing a new spacecraft such as the Crew Exploration Vehicle of the Constellation Program. We learned a very important lesson post Columbia in that the Space Shuttle is truly an experimental and not an operational vehicle and the strict adherence to developed rules and processes and chains of command of an inherently bureaucratic organizational structure will not protect us from a host of known unknowns let alone unknown unknowns. There are no strict rules, processes, or procedures for understanding anomalous results of an experiment, anomalies with an experimental spacecraft like Shuttle, or in the conceptual design of a spacecraft. Engineering design is as much an art as it is a science. The critical thinking skills necessary to uncover lurking problems in an experimental design and creatively develop solutions are some of the same skills necessary to design a new spacecraft. Thus, I believe engineers unfamiliar with or removed from design and development need time to transition and develop the required skill set to be effective spacecraft designers. I believe the creative process necessary in design can be enhanced and even taught as early as grades K-12 and should continue to be nurtured and developed at the university level and beyond. I am going to present a strategy for developing learning teams to address complex multidisciplinary problems and to creatively develop solutions to those problems rapidly at minimal cost. I will frame a real problem, the development of on-orbit thermal protection system repair of the Space Shuttle, and step through the series of skills necessary to enhance the creative process. The case study I will illustrate is based on a real project, the R&D Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC) Repair Team's development of on-orbit repair concepts for damaged Space Shuttle RCC nose cap and/or leading edges.

Camarda, Charles J.↗

Electrified vapour deposition at ultrahigh temperature and atmospheric pressure for nanomaterials synthesis

Vapour-phase synthesis methods have shown promise for the scalable synthesis of nanomaterials and coatings. However, the vaporization of different precursors for the synthesis of a broad nanomaterial space, particularly at atmospheric pressure, while maintaining compositional and structural control of the final product is challenging. Here we report the generation of an ultrahigh-temperature atomic vapour at atmospheric pressure based on electrified heating, for the growth of multi-elemental nanomaterials and thin films. This process relies on a reactor design whereby solid-state precursors are vaporized within a semi-confined space beneath an electrified heater that can reach ~3,000 K. The proximity of the heater rapidly breaks down the bonds of metal salt precursors and decomposes them into an atomic vapour that expands into a high-temperature (>2,000 K), highly reactive and high-flux vapour (10 21 –10 22 atoms per cm 2 per second) that travels upwards in a directional flow. When mixed with entrained ambient gases, the highly reactive atomic species rapidly nucleate and grow into the desired final products, including alloys, oxides, sulfides and thin films, which can be deposited on a low-temperature substrate. This EVD approach can synthesize a broad range of functional nanomaterials at atmospheric pressure, including single-phase multi-elemental nanomaterials formed under thermodynamically non-equilibrium conditions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗