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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 325 records · Page 18
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NASA NTRS1973

Environmental control system transducer development study

A failure evaluation of the transducers used in the environmental control systems of the Apollo command service module, lunar module, and portable life support system is presented in matrix form for several generic categories of transducers to enable identification of chronic failure modes. Transducer vendors were contacted and asked to supply detailed information. The evaluation data generated for each category of transducer were compiled and published in failure design evaluation reports. The evaluation reports also present a review of the failure and design data for the transducers and suggest both design criteria to improve reliability of the transducers and, where necessary, design concepts for required redesign of the transducers. Remedial designs were implemented on a family of pressure transducers and on the oxygen flow transducer. The design concepts were subjected to analysis, breadboard fabrication, and verification testing.

Brudnicki, M. J.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Stanford bistatic radar experiment (S-170) on Apollos 14, 15, and 16

No special equipment was placed onboard the vehicles for the bistatic radar experiments which were carried out during the lunar orbit phases of the Apollo 14, 15, and 16 flights. Radio frequency transmissions from the orbiting command service module were directed toward the moon and received on the earth after reflection from the lunar surface. Two wavelengths, 13 cm (2287.5 MHz, S-band) and 116 cm (259.7 MHz, VHF), were used. Data were obtained at the two wavelengths simultaneously during periods when the spacecraft was maneuvered to maintain a predetermined, although changing, attitude with respect to the earth and moon. Data were also obtained at the 116 cm wavelength during periods of inertial hold and SIM bay attitude maneuvers.

Howard, H. T.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Lunar shape via the Apollo laser altimeter.

The laser altimeter data obtained from the Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 missions provide two elevation cross sections of the moon separated by 35 degrees of latitude. The data consist of measurements of the distance from the orbiting Command and Service Module (CSM) to the lunar surface at intervals of about 20 seconds. In order to extract the lunar shape parameters from the data, the position of the CSM must be known. This was accomplished by reducing the data from earth-based radio tracking of the CSM. The most striking result obtained in the studies is the consistency of the center of gravity offset in both the X and Y directions.

Sjogren, W. L.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Fuel cell powerplant operation in Apollo spacecraft.

Primary electrical power for loads in the Apollo Command and Service Modules is furnished by a system of three fuel cell powerplants. The powerplants convert cryogenic hydrogen and oxygen into direct current. Water formed in the fuel cell reactions is supplied to the spacecraft for crew use. Waste heat is rejected through a coolant loop to a spacecraft radiator. The ability of the fuel cell to meet its voltage-power requirements and to control its own operating temperature under the environmental extremes of launch, ascent, earth orbit, translunar flight, and lunar orbit was demonstrated on successively more difficult missions leading up to the first lunar landing.

Ching, A. C.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Lunar composition from Apollo orbital measurements.

Several spectrometers carried in the Service Module of the Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 spacecraft were employed for the compositional mapping of the lunar surface. The observations involved the measurements of secondary (fluorescent) X-rays, gamma-rays and alpha particle emissions. A large scale compositional map of over 20 percent of the lunar surface was obtained for the first time. It was possible to demonstrate interesting chemical differences between the mare and the highlands, to find specific areas of high radioactivity and to learn something about the composition of the moon's hidden side.

Adler, I.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Acceptance test report (MI-74067-009-00). SVWS access arm (Serial number AA-09-03) (drawing 75M08129-13)

Acceptance tests were conducted at Kennedy Space Center of the Saturn Vehicle Workshop Spacecraft Access Arm and related equipment. The tests were conducted to prove complete system capability to operate satisfactorily under conditions required to support spacecraft operations and activities. The SVWS Access Arm, serial number AA-09-03, is a Command Module Service Arm, S/A 9, which was removed from the mobile launcher and modified to support the SVWS operations. The C/M environmental chamber was removed and a completely new chamber was installed. The retract system was redesigned to remove the automatic/remote control capability and replaced with a local manual control. The SVWS Access Arm System was successfully tested and supported spacecraft processing without major problems.

Hagood, J. T.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Mission requirements: Skylab rescue mission SL-R

The Skylab Program includes three low earth orbit missions. These missions are designated SL-1/SL-2,SL-3 and SL-4. In addition to the three nominal Skylab missions, the program includes the Skylab Rescue Mission (SL-R). The SL-R mission is designed to provide a safe return of the Skylab crew in the event the Command Service Module (CSM) becomes disabled while docked to the Saturn Workshop (SWS). Mission requirements for the SL-R mission only are presented. SL-R mission configuration will be a CSM (modified with a field installed kit) manned by two crewmen launched on a Saturn IB Launch Vechicle. The SL-R CSM will rendezvous and dock with the SWS (or Orbital Assembly (OA), consisting of the SWS and disabled CSM, if the disabled CSM has not previously been jettisoned). The SWS configuration includes a Multiple Docking Adapter (MDA), Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM), Airlock Module (AM), and an S-IVB stage (modified as an Orbital Workshop (OWS), previously launched and inserted into orbit on a two-stage Saturn V Launch Vehicle for the SL-1/SL-2 mission.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1973

Skylab SO71/SO72 circadian periodicity experiment

The circadian rhythm hardware activities from 1965 through 1973 are considered. A brief history of the programs leading to the development of the combined Skylab SO71/SO72 Circadian Periodicity Experiment (CPE) is given. SO71 is the Skylab experiment number designating the pocket mouse circadian experiment, and SO72 designates the vinegar gnat circadian experiment. Final design modifications and checkout of the CPE, integration testing with the Apollo service module CSM 117 and the launch preparation and support tasks at Kennedy Space Center are reported.

Fairchild, M. K.↗
NASA NTRS1973

S-band transponder experiment

The purpose of this experiment was to measure the variations in the lunar gravitational field near the trajectory of orbiting space vehicles (the command and service module (CSM) and the small particles and fields subsatellites ejected from the Apollo 15 and 16 spacecraft). New information has been obtained from all Apollo orbiting spacecraft; however, this report shall be limited to the results from the Apollo 17 CSM and the Apollo 16 subsatellite. The data acquired are precise speed measurements of the orbiting spacecraft from which accelerations or gravity profiles may be inferred. Feature resolution is controlled by the spacecraft altitude and is almost a direct relationship (i.e., data taken from a 50-km altitude will resolve approximately a 50-km feature). Therefore, revolutions 3 to 12, when the CSM was in the low-altitude orbits, provided the clearest information.

Sjogren, W. L.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Skylab mission report, third visit

An evaluation is presented of the operational and engineering aspects of the third Skylab visit, including information on the performance of the command and service module and the experiment hardware, the crew's evaluation of the visit, and other visit-related areas of interest such as biomedical observations. The specific areas discussed are contained in the following: (1) solar physics and astrophysics investigations; (2) Comet Kohoutek experiments; (3) medical experiments; (4) earth observations, including data for the multispectral photographic facility, the earth terrain camera, and the microwave radiometer/scattermometer and altimeter; (5) engineering and technology experiments; (6) food and medical operational equipment; (7) hardware and experiment anomalies; and (8) mission support, mission objectives, flight planning, and launch phase summary. Conclusions discussed as a result of the third visit to Skylab involve the advancement of the sciences, practical applications, the durability of man and systems in space, and spaceflight effectiveness and economy.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1973

The Apollo/Soyuz test project

Consideration of the problems involved in the maneuvers executed by the Apollo Command and Service Module in docking with the Soyuz spacecraft. A detailed description is given of the Docking Module, which will serve as a kind of adaptor between the American and Soviet systems. Particular stress is placed on problems connected with the difference in atmosphere of the two vehicles and on the possibility of reducing this difference to the point where prebreathing of pure oxygen is not required when going from the Soviet vehicle with its air atmosphere to the American vehicle with its pure oxygen atmosphere. Also considered are problems connected with the use of different latching systems - an electromechanical attenuation system in the Soviet vehicle, and a hydraulic system in the Apollo Module.

Petrone, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Lunar composition from Apollo orbital measurements

An X-ray spectrometer carried in the Service Module of the Apollo 15 and 16 spacecraft were employed for compositional mapping of the lunar surface. The surface measurements involved observations of the intensity and characteristic energy distribution of the fluorescent X-rays produced by the interaction of the solar X-rays with the lunar surface as well as naturally occurring gamma-rays and cosmic ray produced gamma-rays. A large scale compositional map of approximately twenty percent of the lunar surface was obtained for the first time. It was possible to demonstrate differences between the highlands and the mare and to learn something about the composition of the moon's hidden side. Results obtained from the X-ray experiment and the gamma-ray experiment are consistent with those obtained from lunar sample analysis.

Adler, I.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Skylab 1 and 2 - Pilots' report

Details of powered flight are considered, giving attention to the lift-off, engine thrust, and separation from the S-1VB stage. The rendezvous checklist was performed on time and exactly prior to the first phasing maneuver. The Command Service Module was finally maneuvered to a position for hard docking. Attention is given to aspects of extravehicular activity during the mission and delays experienced in the separation procedure.

Charles Conrad, Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Lunar gravity - Apollo 15 Doppler radio tracking

Analysis and interpretation of the lunar gravity measurements obtained from Apollo 15 Doppler radio tracking data. The extent of surface coverage was limited to the trajectory paths of the command and service module during revolutions 3 through 11, when it was at a relatively low periapsis altitude just prior to undocking with the lunar module. The trajectory was close to the most optimal for study of the details of the Serenitatis and Crisium mascons. The periapsis altitude was about 12 km at the center of Mare Serenitatis, one of the largest mascons, and the one in the most favorable viewing geometry. The results obtained strengthen Booker's (1970) contention that all mascons have approximately the same thickness.

Muller, P. M.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Skylab food system

The Skylab food program was a major effort involving a complex spectrum of activities necessary for the preparation of a crew feeding system. Approximately 17,000 individual food packages and support items, weighing more than 1225 kg, were launched into space as a single unit on board the orbital workshop. This unit provided the three (three-man) Skylab crews with nourishing foods and beverages for a total of 156 days, as well as with eating utensils and accessory items. Additionally, provisions for 5 days (15 man-days) were provided in each of the three command and service modules in a manner similar to that of the Apollo flights. The Skylab food system not only provided the crew with a palatable balanced diet in a familiar and acceptable manner but also supported the formidable mineral balance medical experiment series (M070).

Bush, W. H.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Data users note: Apollo 17 lunar photography

The availability of Apollo 17 pictorial data is announced as an aid to the selection of the photographs for study. Brief descriptions are presented of the Apollo 17 flight, and the photographic equipment used during the flight. The following descriptions are also included: service module photography, command module photography, and lunar surface photography.

Cameron, W. S.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Lunar elemental analysis obtained from the Apollo gamma-ray and X-ray remote sensing experiment

Gamma ray and X-ray spectrometers carried in the service module of the Apollo 15 and 16 spacecraft were employed for compositional mapping of the lunar surface. The measurements involved the observation of the intensity and characteristics energy distribution of gamma rays and X-rays emitted from the lunar surface. A large scale compositional map of over 10 percent of the lunar surface was obtained from an analysis of the observed spectra. The objective of the X-ray experiment was to measure the K spectral lines from Mg, Al, and Si. Spectra were obtained and the data were reduced to Al/Si and Mg/Si intensity ratios and ultimately to chemical ratios. The objective of the gamma-ray experiment was to measure the natural and cosmic ray induced activity emission spectrum. At this time, the elemental abundances for Th, U, K, Fe, Ti, Si, and O have been determined over a number of major lunar regions.

Trombka, J. I.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Apollo experience report: Guidance and control systems: CSM service propulsion system gimbal actuators

The service propulsion system gimbal actuators of the Apollo command and service module were developed, modified, and qualified between February 1962 and April 1968. The development of these actuators is described as the result of extensive testing, retesting, and modification of the initial design. Successful completion of each mission without anomalies attributable to the actuators indicated that the particular configuration (modification) in use was adequate for the flight profile imposed.

Mcmahon, W. A.↗