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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 325 records · Page 18
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1975

Land use classification in Bolivia

The Bolivian LANDSAT Program is an integrated, multidisciplinary project designed to provide thematic analysis of LANDSAT, Skylab, and other remotely sensed data for natural resource management and development in Bolivia, is discussed. Among the first requirements in the program is the development of a legend, and appropriate methodologies, for the analysis and classification of present land use based on landscape cover. The land use legend for Bolivia consists of approximately 80 categories in a hierarchical organization which may be collapsed for generalization, or expanded for greater detail. The categories, and their definitions, provide for both a graphic and textual description of the complex and diverse landscapes found in Bolivia, and are designed for analysis from LANDSAT and other remotely sensed data at scales of 1:1,000,000 and 1:250,000. Procedures and example products developed are described and illustrated, for the systematic analysis and mapping of present land use for all of Bolivia.

Brockmann, C. E.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Cornell University remote sensing program

High altitude, color infrared aerial photography as well as imagery from Skylab and LANDSAT were used to inventory timber and assess potential sites for industrial development in New York State. The utility of small scale remotely sensed data for monitoring clearcutting in hardwood forests was also investigated. Consultation was provided regarding the Love Canal Landfill as part of environment protection efforts.

Liang, T.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Milestone report TCTP application to the SSME hydrogen system analysis

The Transient Cryogen Transfer Computer Program (TCTP) developed and verified for LOX systems by analyses of Skylab S-1B stage loading data from John F. Kennedy Space Center launches was extended to include hydrogen as the working fluid. The feasibility of incorporating TCTP into the space shuttle main engine dynamic model was studied. The program applications are documented.

Richards, J. S.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Nutrition Research: Basis for Station Requirements

Prior to the Shuttle program, all understanding of nutritional needs in space came from Skylab metabolic research. Because Shuttle flights were short, most less than 14 days, research focused on major nutritional issues: energy (calories), protein and amino acids, water and electrotypes, with some more general physiology studies that related to iron and calcium. Using stable isotope tracer studies and diet intake records, we found that astronauts typically did not consume adequate calories to meet energy expenditure. To monitor energy and nutrient intake status and provide feedback to the flight surgeon and the astronauts, the International Space Station (ISS) program implemented a weekly food frequency questionnaire and routine body mass measurements. Other Shuttle investigations found that protein turnover was higher during flight, suggesting there was increased protein degradation and probably concurrent increase in protein synthesis, and this occurred even in cases of adequate protein and caloric intake. These results may partially explain some of the loss of leg muscle mass. Fluid and electrolyte flight studies demonstrated that water intake, like energy intake, was lower than required. However, sodium intakes were elevated during flight and likely related to other concerns such as calcium turnover and other health-related issues. NASA is making efforts to have tasty foods with much lower salt levels to reduce sodium intake and to promote fluid intake on orbit. Red blood cell studies conducted on the Shuttle found decreased erythrogenesis and increased serum ferritin levels. Given that the diet is high in iron there may be iron storage health concerns, especially related to the role of iron in oxidative damage, complicated by the stress and radiation. The Shuttle nutrition research lead to new monitoring and research on ISS. These data will be valuable for future NASA and commercial crewed missions.

Lane, Helen W.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Refurbishment of the cryogenic coolers for the Skylab earth resources experiment package

Skylab Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP) experiments, S191 and S192, required a cold temperature reference for operation of a spectrometer. This cold temperature reference was provided by a subminiature Stirling cycle cooler. However, the failure of the cooler to pass the qualification test made it necessary for additional cooler development, refurbishment, and qualification. A description of the failures and the cause of these failures for each of the coolers is presented. The solutions to the various failure modes are discussed along with problems which arose during the refurbishment program. The rationale and results of various tests are presented. The successful completion of the cryogenic cooler refurbishment program resulted in four of these coolers being flown on Skylab. The system operation during the flight is presented.

Smithson, J. C.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Mission planning aspects of Skylab Earth Resources Experiment

Review of the mission planning techniques that have been developed to optimize the data return from the Earth Resources Experiments Package on Skylab. The techniques are designed to cope with a variety of missions, systems and weather constraints, and sensor development and science applications data requirements. The planning techniques developed for Skylab are applicable to similar later-generation orbital programs, both manned and unmanned.

Deatkine, D.↗
NASA NTRS1975

A cloud physics investigation utilizing Skylab data

The author has identified the following significant results. The Lowtran 2 program, S191 spectral response, and solar spectrum were used to compute the expected absorption by 2.0 micron band for a variety of cloud pressure levels and solar zenith angles. Analysis of the three long wavelength data channels continued in which it was found necessary to impose a minimum radiance criterion. It was also found necessary to modify the computer program to permit the computation of mean values and standard deviations for selected subsets of data on a given tape. A technique for computing the integrated absorption in the A band was devised. The technique normalizes the relative maximum at approximately .78 micron to the solar irradiance curve and then adjusts the relative maximum at approximately .74 micron to fit the solar curve.

Alishouse, J.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Cartographic research in EREP program for small scale mapping

The author has identified the following significant results. Skylab photography is suitable for producing planimetric maps with graphical representation of landform at scales up to 1:100,000. It cannot supply all the detail necessary for maps at this scale, but it may be used to produce a sound framework which can be completed by detail from other sources. Its principal cartographic use is for original mapping of undeveloped areas of the world, but it would also be useful for the revision of existing maps and for monitoring extensive urban changes.

Mott, P. G.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Development and application of nonflammable, high-temperature beta fibers

Recent advances in fiber technology have contributed to the success of the U.S. space program. The inorganic fiber Beta, developed as a result of efforts begun in the early 1960's and heightened following the January 27, 1967 Apollo fire is unique among inorganic and organic fibers. It has been developed into woven, nonwoven, knitted, braided, coated and printed structures. All of these were used extensively for the Apollo, Skylab, Apollo-Soyuz test project, space shuttle, Spacelab, and satellite programs. In addition to being used successfully in the space program, Beta fibers are being used commercially as firesafe fabrics in homes, hospitals, institutions, public buildings, aircraft, and public transportation, wherever total nonflammability is required. One of the most unique applications of the Beta composite structure is the roofing material for the 80,000-seat Detroit Lion's Silverdome and 5 square miles of the Jeddah International Airport in Saudi Arabia. This fiber has been successfully incorporated into 165 major public construction projects around the globe. The United States alone has used more than 12 million square yards of the material. Beta fiber has been used successfully to date and has a promising future with unlimited potential for both space and commercial application. Efforts are currently underway to improve Beta fiber to meet the requirements of extended service life for the Space Station Freedom, lunar outpost, and Mars exploration missions.

Dawn, Frederic S.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Skylab S193 and the analysis of the wind field over the ocean

The present status of the program to provide proof of concept for the idea that simultaneously observed radar scattering cross section measurements and passive microwave measurements can be used to determine the winds in the planetary boundary layer over the ocean, is given. The role of S193 in Skylab is providing the final clinching proof that an operational instrument will obtain data of great value to both meteorology and oceanography is described.

Pierson, W. J., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Zero-G Workstation Design

Zero-g workstations were designed throughout manned spaceflight, based on different criteria and requirements for different programs. The history of design of these workstations is presented along with a thorough evaluation of selected Skylab workstations (the best zero-g experience available on the subject). The results were applied to on-going and future programs, with special emphasis on the correlation of neutral body posture in zero-g to workstation design. Where selected samples of shuttle orbiter workstations are shown as currently designed and compared to experience gained during prior programs in terms of man machine interface design, the evaluations were done in a generic sense to show the methods of applying evaluative techniques.

Gundersen, R. T.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Historical review and current plans

A space station concept published in Colliers Magazine in 1952 was the result of a proposal made by a group of visionary scientists and engineers. NASA began studies regarding the concepts and technology needed for a space station in 1959 during its first year of existence. Formative studies regarding the design and the construction of a space station are discussed, taking into account the 1960 space station design of an American aerospace company, the scale model of a hexagonal self-deploying space station, the concept of the Manned Orbiting Research Laboratory (MORL), MORL with Apollo Logistics System, the MORL Brayton Cycle power system, MORL with nuclear power, a manned orbiting telescope, the 1967 Large Space Station concept, the phase B modular space station, the MOSC configuration 1975, a basic manned platform with resupply, and a concept for a space operations center studied in 1979. A Soviet space station program began with Salyut 1 in April 1971. The U.S. Skylab was launched in May 1973. Attention is also given to military stations and current planning.

Hook, W. R.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Power to Explore: A History of the Marshall Space Flight Center, 1960-1990

This scholarly study of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center places the institution in social, political, scientific and technological context. It traces the evolution of Marshall, located in Huntsville, Alabama, from its origins as an Army missile development organization to its status in 1990 as one of the most diversified of NASA's field Center. Chapters discuss military rocketry programs in Germany and the United States, Apollo-Saturn, Skylab, Space shuttle, Spacelab, the Space Station, and various scientific and technical projects including the Hubble Space Telescope. It sheds light not only on the history of space technology, science and exploration, but also on the Cold War, federal politics and complex organizations.

Dunar, Andrew J.↗
NASA NTRS2016

Flight Planning and Procedures

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was founded in 1958 by President Eisenhower as a civilian lead United States federal agency designed to advance the science of space. Over the years, NASA has grown with a vision to "reach for new heights and reveal the unknown for the benefit of humankind" (About NASA). Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, and Space Shuttle are just a few of the programs that NASA has led to advance our understanding of the universe. Each of the eleven main NASA space centers located across the United States plays a unique role in accomplishing that vision. Since 1961, Johnson Space Center (JSC) has led the effort for manned spaceflight missions. JSC has a mission to "provide and apply the preeminent capabilities to develop, operate, and integrate human exploration missions spanning commercial, academic, international, and US government partners" (Co-op Orientation). To do that, JSC is currently focused on two main programs, Orion and the International Space Station (ISS). Orion is the exploration vehicle that will take astronauts to Mars; a vessel comparable to the Apollo capsule. The International Space Station (ISS) is a space research facility designed to expand our knowledge of science in microgravity. The first piece of the ISS was launched in November of 1998 and has been in a continuous low earth orbit ever since. Recently, two sub-programs have been developed to resupply the ISS. The Commercial Cargo program is currently flying cargo and payloads to the ISS; the Commercial Crew program will begin flying astronauts to the ISS in a few years.

Rich, Allison C.↗
NASA NTRS1989

The best we can be

A brief history of the U.S. manned space program is presented covering the early Mercury and Gemini missions, the Apollo lunar missions, the Skylab project, and the Space Shuttle missions. The role of the Space Station in future manned missions is also discussed. Descriptions of government centers and major contractors supporting the Space Shuttle program are given.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1974

Digital attitude control of the Skylab and Apollo/Soyuz orbital assemblies

The present work examines some extensions of the digital autopilot (DAP) capability as programmed in the Apollo Command and Service Module (CSM) onboard computer. Design activity undertaken for a thrust vector control DAP to control a proposed main engine deorbit burn of CSM while still docked to the Orbital Workshop is discussed. The design, implementation, and testing of a reaction control system DAP for the docked Skylab configuration are described along with its adaptation to control of the Apollo/Soyuz docked configuration.

Penchuk, A.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Facilities and programs for research in a low-gravity environment

The history of NASA-supported microgravity material-processing research on Apollo, Skylab, and Apollo-Soyuz is reviewed; the currently available ground and Space Shuttle laboratory facilities are characterized and illustrated with drawings; and an overview of the Microgravity Science and Applications Program (MSAP) is given. The ground systems include drop tubes, drop towers, aircraft, and levitators; on the Space Shuttle, facilities are provided in the Orbiter middeck, in the payload bay, and in the Spacelab module. The aims of MSAP and the mechanisms for academic or industry participation are outlined, and typical results of MSAP-organized research in electronic materials, biotechnology, metals and alloys, glasses and ceramics, combustion, fluid dynamics, and transport phenomena are summarized.

Halpern, Richard E.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Skylab extravehicular activity

The use of extravehicular activity (EVA) techniques during Skylab for accomplishing major mission objectives and major and minor repair work outside the Skylab workshop is discussed. The basic feasibility of EVA was demonstrated during the Gemini Program. Extravehicular activity was again demonstrated on Apollo, and was used during the Apollo 15 to 17 missions to retrieve film from the cameras used to map the lunar surface. The techniques developed for these earlier extravehicular activities were used to the fullest possible extent during Skylab. Premission plans for Skylab EVA included six EVA periods for a total of 29 man-hours. The objective of the EVA was to retrieve the Apollo telescope mount film and several particle sample collectors. There were actually 10 EVA periods during Skylab that lasted 82.5 man-hours. Accomplishments included those planned before the mission; but, more important, the Skylab mission was saved by EVA. The life-saving solar wing was erected during Skylab 2, and the permanent solar shield was erected during Skylab 3. In addition, 18 extra mission objectives and 13 in-flight repair tasks were accomplished through EVA during the Skylab missions.

Schultz, D. C.↗