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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS1986

Solvability conditions for dendritic growth in the boundary-layer model with capillary anisotropy

This paper is concerned primarily with the development of an analytic approach to the theory of steady-state velocity selection in the boundary-layer model of dendritic solidification. The two-dimensional version of this model with a fourfold crystalline anisotropy alpha in the surface tension is considered. By extending a WKB method introduced in an earlier paper, the alpha dependence of the selected growth rate is determined in the limit of small alpha; and this rate is studied for large alphas in the limit in which the dimensionless undercooling approaches unity. Portions of the paper are devoted to a reinterpretation of the mathematical structure of the solvability condition in problems of this kind.

Langer, J. S.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Focusing anisotropy of solar cosmic rays

Analysis of 50-MeV particle data from ICE and 1-GeV data from eight high-latitude neutron monitors of the February 16, 1984 solar cosmic ray event indicates that an exponential with scattering mean free path of greater than 2 AU and with index in the 1.3-1.7 range provides a better description of particle anisotropies than the first-order form, confirming the prediction from cosmic ray transport theories which incorporate the effect of adiabatic focusing into the usual pitch angle scattering formalism. The time profile of the event is largely a reflection of coronal transport processes, with good fits provided by a coronal diffusion coefficient of about 10 to the 18th sq cm/s and with velocity-dependent escape. The simple method of predicting the interplanetary scattering parameters has application where particle injection is nearly continuous, but where previously accelerated particles have filled the heliosphere with a large omnidirectional background.

Bieber, J. W.↗
NASA NTRS1986

A general, gauge-invariant analysis of the cosmic microwave anisotropy

A general, gauge-invariant analysis of the large-scale anisotropies in the cosmic background radiation produced by arbitrary scalar, vector, or tensor perturbations in open, closed, or flat Robertson-Walker spacetimes (with no cosmological constant) is presented. The multipole moment predictions for the scale invariant spectrum and Omega = 1 universe predicted by inflationary cosmologies are contrasted with those for other spectra and for open and closed universes. Using the measured value of the dipole moment, limits are set on the expected value of the quadrupole moment as a function of Omega for various spectra.

Abbott, L. F.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Constraints on dark matter from cosmic background anisotropies

The major stages in the linear evolution of the statistical ensemble of adiabatic fluctuations in radiation, baryons, and dark matter are discussed. If it is assumed that the distribution of light emitters (i.e., of galaxies) follows the distribution of mass (i.e., of dark matter), then universes dominated by massive collisionless relics of the Big Bang must have Omega larger than 0.2 h exp -4/3 to avoid exceeding the current observational limits on small-scale anisotropies in the microwave background. However, values of Omega of about 0.2 are indicated by dynamical studies of galaxy clustering. It is concluded that universes dominated by cold dark matter in which light traces mass are probably not viable models.

Bond, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Thermal expansion and thermal expansion anisotropy of SiC polytypes

The principal axial coefficients of thermal expansion for the (3C), (4H), and (6H) polytypes of SiC are considered to identify the structural role of the stacking layer sequence as it affects the thermal expansion. A general equation based on the fractions of cubic and hexagonal layer stacking is developed that expresses the principal axial thermal expansion coefficients of all of the SiC polytypes. It is then applied to address the thermal expansion anisotropy of the noncubic SiC structures.

Li, Z.↗
NASA NTRS1987

An analytical study of the effects of transverse shear deformation and anisotropy on buckling loads of laminated cylinders

Buckling loads of thick-walled orthotropic and anisotropic simply supported circular cylinders are predicted using a higher-order transverse-shear deformation theory. A comparison of buckling loads predicted by the conventional first-order transverse-shear deformation theory and the higher-order theory show that the additional allowance for transverse shear deformation has a negligible effect on the predicted buckling loads of medium-thick metallic isotropic cylinders. However, the higher-order theory predicts buckling loads which are significantly lower than those predicted by the first-order transverse-shear deformation theory for certain short, thick-walled cylinders which have low through-the-thickness shear moduli. A parametric study of the effects of ply orientation on the buckling load of axially compressed cylinders indicates that laminates containing 45 degree plies are most sensitive to transverse-shear deformation effects. Interaction curves for buckling loads of cylinders subjected to axial compressive and external pressure loadings indicate that buckling loads due to external pressure loadings are as sensitive to transverse-shear deformation effects as buckling loads due to axial compressive loadings. The effects of anisotropy are important over a much wider range of cylinder geometries than the effects of transverse shear deformation.

Jegley, Dawn C.↗
NASA NTRS1988

An analytical study of the effects of transverse shear deformation and anisotropy on natural vibration frequencies of laminated cylinders

Natural vibration frequencies of orthotropic and anisotropic simply supported right circular cylinders are predicted using a higher-order transverse-shear deformation theory. A comparison of natural vibration frequencies predicted by first-order transverse-shear deformation theory and the higher-order theory shows that an additional allowance for transverse shear deformation has a negligible effect on the lowest predicted natural vibration frequencies of laminated cylinders but significantly reduces the higher natural vibration frequencies. A parametric study of the effects of ply orientation on the natural vibration frequencies of laminated cylinders indicates that while stacking sequence affects natural vibration frequencies, cylinder geometry is more important in predicting transverse-shear deformation effects. Interaction curves for cylinders subjected to axial compressive loadings and low natural vibration frequencies indicate that transverse shearing effects are less important in predicting low natural vibration frequencies than in predicting axial compressive buckling loads. The effects of anisotropy are more important than the effects of transverse shear deformation for most strongly anisotropic laminated cylinders in predicting natural vibration frequencies. However, transverse-shear deformation effects are important in predicting high natural vibration frequencies of thick-walled laminated cylinders. Neglecting either anisotropic effects or transverse-shear deformation effects leads to non-conservative errors in predicted natural vibration frequencies.

Jegley, Dawn C.↗
NASA NTRS1987

On the relationship of flare size and particle anisotropy in solar gamma-ray flares

The effects of radiation directivity on the interpretation of SMM gamma-ray flare observations. If the electron anisotropy is independent of flare size, the size distribution of 300 keV-1 Mev flare is much flatter than that of X-ray flares. This implies that larger flares have, on average, harder electron spectra. Distributions of electrons strongly peaked downward into the solar photosphere are not consistent with the data.

Dermer, Charles D.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Effect of surface tension anisotropy on cellular morphologies

A three-dimensional weakly nonlinear analysis for conditions near the onset of instability at the crystal-melt interface was carried out to second order, taking into account the effects of latent heat generation and surface-tension anisotropy of the crystal-melt interface; particular consideration was given to the growth of a cubic crystal in the 001-, 011-, and 111-line directions. Numerical calculations by McFadden et al. (1987), performed for an aluminum-chromium alloy with the assumption of a linear temperature field and an isotropic surface tension, showed that only hexagonal nodes (and not hexagonal cells) occurred near the onset of instability. The results of the present analysis indicate that the nonlinear temperature field (which occurs when thermal conductivities of the crystal and the melt are different and/or the latent heat effects are not negligible) can modify this result and, for certain alloys and processing conditions, can cause the occurrence of hexagonal cells near the onset of instability.

Mcfadden, G. B.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Measurements of the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation and diffuse galactic emission at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths

The results of a balloon-borne observing program to measure the large angular scale brightness distribution of the 2.7 K cosmic background radiation (CBR) at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths are reported. A new determination of the dipole anisotropy of the CBR is found with 3.40 + or - 0.42 mK toward alpha = 12.1 + or - 0.24 hr, delta = - 23 + or - 5 deg in a 1.2 to 8/cm band and 4.7 + or - 1.4 mK toward alpha = 9.9 + 1.7 or - 1.1 hr, delta = - 38 + or - 21 deg between 5 and 18/cm, where the amplitudes are listed as thermodynamic temperatures. New estimates of the absolute temperature in these two bands of 2.86 + or - 0.26 K and 3.01 + or - 0.31 are obtained under the assumption that the CBR has a Planck spectrum. The diffuse Galactic emission is fitted by a secant distribution in Galactic latitude, and the resulting Galactic pole antenna temperatures are given. Maps of sky brightness, measurements of zodiacal emission, and measurements of fluctuations of the atmospheric emission which dominates the noise budget are also presented.

Halpern, Mark↗
NASA NTRS1988

Origin of petrofabrics and magnetic anisotropy in ordinary chondrites

Three-dimensional finite strain and magnetic susceptibility anisotropy have been determined for 15 ordinary chondrites. The axes of strain and magnetic ellipsoids roughly correlate in both magnitude and orientation. The shapes of these ellipsoids are generally oblate spheroids that define a dominant foliation and a weak lineation. These characteristics suggest deformation involving uniaxial compaction. The degree of uniaxial deformation correlates with intensity of shock, as indicated by optical, TEM and chemical criteria. These data, plus the lack of a relationship between foliation and metamorphic history, indicate that dynamic processes, i.e., impacts, produced planar deformation fabrics in chondrites.

Sneyd, Deana S.↗
NASA NTRS1989

An analytical study of the effects of transverse shear deformation and anisotropy on natural vibation frequencies of laminated cylinders

Natural vibration frequencies of orthotropic and anisotropic simply supported right circular cylinders are predicted using a higher-order transverse-shear deformation theory. A comparison of natural vibration frequencies predicted by first-order transverse-shear deformation theory and the higher-order theory shows that an additional allowance for transverse shear deformation has a negligible effect on the lowest predicted natural vibration frequencies of laminated cylinders but significantly reduces the higher natural vibration frequencies. A parametric study of the effects of ply orientation on the natural vibration frequencies of laminated cylinders indicates that while stacking sequence affects natural vibration frequencies, cylinder geometry is more important in predicting transverse-shear deformation effects. Interaction curves for cylinders subjected to axial compressive loadings and low natural vibration frequencies indicate that transverse shearing effects are less important in predicting low natural vibration frequencies than in predicting axial compressive buckling loads. The effects of anisotropy are more important than the effects of transverse shear deformation for most strongly anisotropic laminated cylinders in predicting natural vibration frequencies. However, transverse-shear deformation effects are important in predicting high natural vibration frequencies of thick-walled laminated cylinders. Neglecting either anisotropic effects or transverse-shear deformation effects leads to non-conservative errors in predicted natural vibration frequencies.

Jegley, Dawn C.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Large-scale structure formation and cosmic microwave anisotropy in a cold plus hot dark matter universe

Several particle physics models suggest the simultaneous existence of both cold and hot forms of dark matter particles. Assuming a Harrison-Zel'dovich spectrum of primordial density fluctuations and Omega = 1, the formation of structure in a universe dominated by a combination of cold dark matter and massive neutrinos is explored. It is found that the presence of the hot dark matter component can cause enough power on large scales to explain some recent observations, while there is still sufficient power on small scales to allow galactic structure formation. Spatial anisotropies in the microwave background radiation are computed and found to be compatible with observational limits.

Schaefer, Robert K.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Studies of velocity fluctuations in the lower atmosphere using the MU radar. I - Azimuthal anisotropy. II - Momentum fluxes and energy densities

Results are presented from a six-day campaign to observe velocity fluctuations in the lower atmosphere using the MU radar (Fukao et al., 1985) in Shigaraki, Japan in March, 1986. Consideration is given to the azimuthal anisotropy, the frequency spectra, the vertical profiles of energy density, and the momentum flux of the motion field. It is found that all of the observed azimuthal variations are probably caused by a gravity wave field whose parameters vary with time. The results show significant differences between the mean zonal and meridional frequency spectra and different profiles of mean energy density with height for different frequency bands and for zonal and meridional components.

Vanzandt, T. E.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Large-scale anisotropy in the extragalactic gamma-ray background as a probe for cosmological antimatter

Intrinsic anisotropies in the extragalactic gamma-ray background (EGB), which should be detectable with the forthcoming Gamma Ray Observatory, can be used to examine some of the mechanisms proposed to explain its origin, one of which, the baryon-symmetric big bang (BSBB) model, is investigated here. In this simulation, large domains containing matter and antimatter galaxies produce gamma rays by annihilation at the domain boundaries. This mechanism can produce mountain-chain-shaped angular fluctuations in the EGB flux.

Gao, Yi-Tian↗
NASA NTRS1991

Azimuthal Anisotropy In Radar Backscatter From The Ocean

Minima offset from nominal crosswind directions. Report describes experimental and theoretical study of azimuthal anisotropy in radar backscatter from surface of ocean. Important objective of this and related studies to enhance ability to sense speed and direction of surface wind remotely by use of airborne or spaceborne radar.

Li, F. K.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Consistency of rocket and radar electron density observations - Implications about the anisotropy of mesospheric turbulence

Quantitative comparisons are made between rocketborne measurements of electron density fluctuations and simultaneous 53.5 MHz radar measurements obtained during the Summer in Northern Europe campaign. Rocketborne radar reflectivity results are of the order of 10 dB greater than would be expected in the case of isotropic electron density fluctuations. There results can be reconciled by assuming isotropic turbulence. A relation is derived between rocket and radar observations which covers the entire range from isotropic turbulent scatter to Fresnel scatter at horizontal density stratifications. The anisotropy is greatest at heights where the electron density displays deep 'bite-outs'.

Inhester, B.↗