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DOE OSTI2020

Anthropogenic Markers in Alta Irrigation District Water Supply Wells

In July 2016, LLNL produced a report for the Kings River Watershed Coalition Authority (KRWCA) entitled “Groundwater Age and Nitrate Isotopic Composition in Alta Irrigation District Water Supply Wells” (Esser et al., 2016). That report summarized groundwater age and nitrate isotopic composition data produced by LLNL for Alta Irrigation District (AID) groundwater wells sampled by KRWCA in a pilot project to test the utility of advanced isotopic methods for constraining the timing and source of nitrate in groundwater at selected sites in the Kings River service area. One section of that report made recommendations for follow-on study. The first and strongest recommendation was to measure a wider suite of source tracers including co-contaminants such as herbicides, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and food constituents and additives. KRWCA followed up on this recommendation in Phase II of the pilot study by re-sampling the original set of wells and submitting the samples to a commercial laboratory for analysis of a limited range of co-contaminants (including pharmaceuticals, personal care products , and food constituents and additives, but not including herbicides or pesticides). They have asked that LLNL review and interpret these data in the context of previous LLNL analyses and to evaluate the utility of such co-contaminant analyses in providing additional constraints on the source of groundwater nitrate contamination in Alta Irrigation District water supply wells. The goal of the second phase of this pilot project is to evaluate the utility of co-contaminant occurrence for constraining nitrate source in groundwater at selected sites in the Kings River service area, with special reference to the use of such data in conjunction with advanced isotopic methods such as nitrate isotopic composition and groundwater age. Nitrate isotopic composition alone cannot distinguish nitrate derived from animal manure from nitrate derived from human septic waste. The presence or absence of agricultural chemicals (herbicides, pesticides, veterinary pharmaceuticals) or chemicals associated with people (human pharmaceuticals, artificial sweeteners) can help make this distinction. Co-contaminant analyses using multi-analyte LC-MS-MS protocols are now commercially available and reasonably priced. The feasibility and utility of the using co-contaminants for nitrate source attribution can be evaluated by 1) determining the degree to which co-contaminants occur in distinct and easily attributable groupings (e.g. agricultural chemicals vs personal care products and food additives); 2) determining the degree to which co-contaminant occurrence is consistent with nitrate isotopic composition and groundwater age (e.g. no co-contaminant occurrence in very old groundwater; co-contaminants consistent with animal manure or human septic waste occurring in groundwaters having nitrate isotopic composition also consistent with animal manure or human septic waste); and 3) determining the degree to which co-contaminants provide additional constraint on nitrate source over and beyond nitrate isotopic composition and groundwater age (e.g. distinguishing between animal manure and human septic waste).

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1977

Materials and manufacturing processes for increased life/reliability

Improvements in both quality and durability of disk raw material for both military and commercial engines necessitated an entirely new concept in raw material process control which imposes careful selection, screening and sampling of the basic alloy ingredients, followed by careful monitoring of the melting parameters in all phases of the vacuum melting sequence. Special care is taken to preclude solidification conditions that produce adverse levels of segregation. Melt furnaces are routinely cleaned and inspected for contamination. Ingots are also cleaned and inspected before entering the final melt step.

Duttweiler, R. E.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Interface Program for Reliability Predictions

CARE3MENU generates input file for CARE III program. Used to predict reliabilities of complex, redundant, fault-tolerant systems, including digital computers, aircraft, and nuclear and chemical control systems. CARE III input file often becomes complicated and not easily formatted with text editor. Provides easy interactive method of creating input file by automatically formatting set of user-supplied inputs for CARE III system. CARE3MENU provides detailed online help for most of its screen formats.

Bavuso, S. J.↗

NASA NTRS1988

A fourth generation reliability predictor

A reliability/availability predictor computer program has been developed and is currently being beta-tested by over 30 US companies. The computer program is called the Hybrid Automated Reliability Predictor (HARP). HARP was developed to fill an important gap in reliability assessment capabilities. This gap was manifested through the use of its third-generation cousin, the Computer-Aided Reliability Estimation (CARE III) program, over a six-year development period and an additional three-year period during which CARE III has been in the public domain. The accumulated experience of the over 30 establishments now using CARE III was used in the development of the HARP program.

Bavuso, Salvatore J.↗

NASA NTRS1993

An intercomparison of artificial intelligence approaches for polar scene identification

The following six different artificial-intelligence (AI) approaches to polar scene identification are examined: (1) a feed forward back propagation neural network, (2) a probabilistic neural network, (3) a hybrid neural network, (4) a 'don't care' feed forward perception model, (5) a 'don't care' feed forward back propagation neural network, and (6) a fuzzy logic based expert system. The ten classes into which six AVHRR local-coverage arctic scenes were classified were: water, solid sea ice, broken sea ice, snow-covered mountains, land, stratus over ice, stratus over water, cirrus over water, cumulus over water, and multilayer cloudiness. It was found that 'don't care' back propagation neural network produced the highest accuracies. This approach has also low CPU requirement.

Tovinkere, V. R.↗

NASA NTRS1993

In-flight demonstration of the Space Station Freedom Health Maintenance Facility fluid therapy system (E300/E05)

The Space Station Freedom (SSF) Health Maintenance Facility (HMF) will provide medical care for crew members for up to 10 days. An integral part of the required medical care consists of providing intravenous infusion of fluids, electrolyte solutions, and nutrients to sustain an ill or injured crew member. In terrestrial health care facilities, intravenous solutions are normally stored in large quantities. However, due to the station's weight and volume constraints, an adequate supply of the required solutions cannot be carried onboard SSF. By formulating medical fluids onboard from concentrates and station water as needed, the Fluid Therapy System (FTS) eliminates weight and volume concerns regarding intravenous fluids. The first full-system demonstration of FTS is continuous microgravity will be conducted in Spacelab-Japan (SL-J). The FTS evaluation consists of two functional objectives and an in-flight demonstration of intravenous administration of fluids. The first is to make and store sterile water and IV solutions onboard the spacecraft. If intravenous fluids are to be produced in SSF, successful sterilization of water and reconstituting of IV solutions must be achieved. The second objective is to repeat the verification of the FTS infusion pump, which had been performed in Spacelab Life Sciences - 1 (SLS-1). during SLS-1, the FTS IV pump was operated in continuous microgravity for the first time. The pump functioned successfully, and valuable knowledge on its performance in continuous microgravity was obtained. Finally, the technique of starting an IF in microgravity will be demonstrated. The IV technique requires modifications in microgravity, such as use of restraints for equipment and crew members involved.

Lloyd, Charles W.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Activities involving aeronautical, space science, and technology support for minority institutions

The Final Report addressed the activities with which the Interracial Council for Business Opportunity (ICBO) was involved over the past 12 months. ICBO was involved in the design and development of a CARES Student Tracking System Software (CARES). Cares is intended to provide an effective means of maintaining relevant current and historical information on NASA-funded students through a range of educational program initiatives. ICBP was extensively involved in the formation of a minority university consortium amd implementation of collaborative research activities by the consortium as part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth/Earth Observing System. ICBO was involved in the formation of an HBCU/MI Consortium to facilitate technology transfer efforts to the small and minority business community in their respective regions.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1994

Ceramic material life prediction: A program to translate ANSYS results to CARES/LIFE reliability analysis

This manual describes the use of the ANSCARES program to prepare a neutral file of FEM stress results taken from ANSYS Release 5.0, in the format needed by CARES/LIFE ceramics reliability program. It is intended for use by experienced users of ANSYS and CARES. Knowledge of compiling and linking FORTRAN programs is also required. Maximum use is made of existing routines (from other CARES interface programs and ANSYS routines) to extract the finite element results and prepare the neutral file for input to the reliability analysis. FORTRAN and machine language routines as described are used to read the ANSYS results file. Sub-element stresses are computed and written to a neutral file using FORTRAN subroutines which are nearly identical to those used in the NASCARES (MSC/NASTRAN to CARES) interface.

Vonhermann, Pieter↗

NASA NTRS1992

Meeting human needs

Manned space flight can be viewed as an interaction of three general elements: the human crewmember, spacecraft systems, and the environment. While the human crewmember is a crucial element in the system, certain physiological, psychological, environ- mental and spacecraft systems factors can compromise human performance in space. These factors include atmospheric pressure, physiology, uncertainties associated with space radiation, the potential for exposure to toxic materials in the closed environment, and spacecraft habitability. Health protection in space, for current and future missions, relies on a philosophy of risk reduction, which in the space program is achieved in four ways-through health maintenance, health care, design criteria, an selection and training. Emphasis is place upon prevention, through selection criteria and careful screening. Spacecraft health care systems must be absolutely reliable, and they will be automated and computerized to the maximum extent possible, but still designed with the human crewmember's capabilities in mind. The autonomy and technological sophistication of future missions will require a greater emphasis on high-level interaction between the human operator and automated systems, with effective allocation of tasks between humans and machines. Performance in space will include complex tasks during extravehicular activity (EVA) and on planetary surfaces, and knowledge of crewmembers' capability and limitations during such operations will be critical to mission success. Psychological support will become increasingly important on space missions, as crews spend long periods in remote and potentially hazardous environments. The success of future missions will depend on both individual psychological health and group cohesion and productivity, particularly as crew profiles become more heterogeneous. Thus, further human factors are needed in the area of small-group dynamics and performance.

Nicogossian, Arnauld E.↗

NASA NTRS1997

Efficient Parallel Kernel Solvers for Computational Fluid Dynamics Applications

Distributed-memory parallel computers dominate today's parallel computing arena. These machines, such as Intel Paragon, IBM SP2, and Cray Origin2OO, have successfully delivered high performance computing power for solving some of the so-called "grand-challenge" problems. Despite initial success, parallel machines have not been widely accepted in production engineering environments due to the complexity of parallel programming. On a parallel computing system, a task has to be partitioned and distributed appropriately among processors to reduce communication cost and to attain load balance. More importantly, even with careful partitioning and mapping, the performance of an algorithm may still be unsatisfactory, since conventional sequential algorithms may be serial in nature and may not be implemented efficiently on parallel machines. In many cases, new algorithms have to be introduced to increase parallel performance. In order to achieve optimal performance, in addition to partitioning and mapping, a careful performance study should be conducted for a given application to find a good algorithm-machine combination. This process, however, is usually painful and elusive. The goal of this project is to design and develop efficient parallel algorithms for highly accurate Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations and other engineering applications. The work plan is 1) developing highly accurate parallel numerical algorithms, 2) conduct preliminary testing to verify the effectiveness and potential of these algorithms, 3) incorporate newly developed algorithms into actual simulation packages. The work plan has well achieved. Two highly accurate, efficient Poisson solvers have been developed and tested based on two different approaches: (1) Adopting a mathematical geometry which has a better capacity to describe the fluid, (2) Using compact scheme to gain high order accuracy in numerical discretization. The previously developed Parallel Diagonal Dominant (PDD) algorithm and Reduced Parallel Diagonal Dominant (RPDD) algorithm have been carefully studied on different parallel platforms for different applications, and a NASA simulation code developed by Man M. Rai and his colleagues has been parallelized and implemented based on data dependency analysis. These achievements are addressed in detail in the paper.

Sun, Xian-He↗

NASA NTRS1999

Anesthetic Concerns of Space Flight

Anesthesiologists are acutely aware of the fact that, although a given surgical procedure may be relatively simple, the required anesthetic care is, in certain cases, extremely complex. This principle is particularly evident when one ponders the difficulties involved in providing even basic anesthetic care in microgravity. In this issue some of these difficulties through the evaluation of airway management techniques during water immersion are confronted, a simulation of the gravito-inertial conditions of space flight. As prelude for this paper, I would like to outline some of the challenges to be overcome before surgical, anesthetic, and critical care can be delivered beyond our home planet.

Norfleet, William T.↗

NASA NTRS2001

The Role of Space Medicine in Management of Risk in Spaceflight

The purpose of Space Medicine is to ensure mission success by providing quality and comprehensive health care throughout all mission phases to optimize crew health and performance and to prevent negative long-term health consequences. Space flight presents additional hazards and associated risks to crew health, performance, and safety. With an extended human presence in space it is expected that illness and injury will occur on orbit, which may present a significant threat to crew health and performance and to mission success. Maintaining crew health, safety and performance and preventing illness and injury are high priorities necessary for mission success and agency goals. Space flight health care should meet the standards of practice of evidence based clinical medicine. The function of Space Medicine is expected to meet the agency goals as stated in the 1998 NASA Strategic Plan and the priorities established by the Critical Path Roadmap Project. The Critical Path Roadmap Project is an integrated NASA cross-disciplinary strategy to assess, understand, mitigate, and manage the risks associated with long-term exposure to the space flight environment. The evidence based approach to space medicine should be standardized, objective process yielding expected results and establishing clinical practice standards while balancing individual risk with mission (programmatic) risk. The ability to methodically apply available knowledge and expertise to individual and mission health issues will ensure appropriate priorities are assigned and resources are allocated. NASA Space Medicine risk management process is a combined clinical and engineering approach. Competition for weight, power, volume, cost, and crew time must be balanced in making decisions about the care of individual crew with competing agency resources.

Clark, Jonathan B.↗

NASA NTRS2002

ASK Talks with W. Scott Cameron

This paper presents an interview with Scott Cameron who is the Capital Systems Manager for the Food and Beverage Global Business Unit of Procter and Gamble. He has been managing capital projects and mentoring other project managers for the past 20 years at Procter and Gamble within its Beauty Care, Health Care, Food and Beverage, and Fabric and Home Care Businesses. Scott also has been an Academy Sharing Knowledge (ASK) feature writer since Volume One.

Cameron, W. Scott↗

NASA NTRS2002

Sensor Web Architectural Concepts and Implementation Challenges - An Heuristic Approach

There is a significant interest in the Earth Science remote sensing community to increase the number of observations. The obvious reasons for such a push is to improve the temporal and surface coverage of measurements. However, there is little analysis available in terms of benefits, costs and optimized set of sensors needed to make these necessary observations. In reality, this is a complex problem that should be carefully studied and balanced over many boundaries. For example, the question of technology maturity versus users desire to obtain additional measurements is non congruent. This is further complicated by the limitations of the laws of physics and the economic conditions. With the advent of advance technology, it is anticipated that the cost of the spacecraft technology will become more affordable. However, the specialized detector subsystems, and the precision flying techniques may still require substantial innovation, development time and cost. Additionally, the space deployment scheme should also be given a careful attention because of a high expense. Nonetheless, it is important to carefully examine the science priorities and steer the development efforts that can commensurate with the tangible requirements. This paper outlines a possible set of architectural concepts, operational scenarios and potential benefits of one scheme versus another. It further makes some suggestions where one can draw some boundary conditions to incrementally solve this predicament.

Habib, Shahid↗

NASA NTRS2002

Sensor Web and Intelligent Sensors for Earth Science Applications

There is a significant interest in the Earth Science remote sensing community in substantially increasing the number of observations relative to the current frequency of collection. The obvious reason for such a push is to improve the temporal and surface coverage of measurements. However, there is little analysis available in terms of benefits, costs and optimized set of sensors needed to make these necessary observations. This is a complex problem that should be carefully studied and balanced over many boundaries. For example, the question of technology maturity versus users' desire for obtaining additional measurements is noncongruent. This is further complicated by the limitations of the laws of physics and the economic conditions. With the advent of advanced technology, it is anticipated that developments in spacecraft technology will enable advanced capabilities to become more affordable. However, specialized detector subsystems, and precision flying techniques may still require substantial innovation, development time and cost. Additionally, the space deployment scheme should also be given careful attention because of the high associated expense. Nonetheless, it is important to carefully examine the science priorities and steer the development efforts that can commensurate with the tangible requirements. This presentation will focus on a possible set of architectural concepts beneficial for future Earth science studies and research its and potential benefits.

Habib, Shahid↗

NASA NTRS1998

Applications of telemedicine in the United States space program

Since the beginning of human space flight, NASA has been placing humans in extreme and remote environments. There are many challenges in maintaining humans in outer space, including the provision of life-support systems, radiation shielding, and countermeasures for minimizing the effect of microgravity. Because astronauts are selected for their health, among other factors, disease and illness are minimized. However, it is still of great importance to have appropriate medical care systems in place to address illness and injury should they occur. With the exception of the Apollo program, exploration of space has been limited to missions that are within several hundred miles of the surface of the Earth. At the drawn of the 21st century and the new millennium, human exploration will be focused on operation of the International Space Station (ISS) and preparation for human missions to Mars. These missions will present inherent risks to human health, and, therefore, appropriate plans must be established to address these challenges and risks. Crews of long-duration missions must become more independent from ground controllers. New systems, protocols, and procedures are currently being perfected. Application of emerging technologies in information systems and telecommunications will be critical to inflight medical care. Application of these technologies through telemedicine will provide crew members access to information, noninvasive procedures for assessing health status, and guidance through the integration of sensors, holography, decision-support systems, and virtual environments. These technologies will also serve as a basis to enhance training and medical education. The design of medical care for space flight should lead to a redesign of the practice of medicine on Earth.

Review, Tutorial↗

NASA NTRS2006

Space Flight 101

This viewgraph presentation reviews many aspects of spaceflight. There are many pictures of the International Space Station. Some of the topics covered in this review are: Have you ever wondered why we have launch windows? Or why the attitude of the Space Station changes? The half-day seminar answers some of the many questions about why and how we fly in space. Topics in the course were: What's so valuable about micro gravity? How do we get to micro G so close to a huge gravity well like the Earth? How come such a big rocket gets so little payload to space? Why do we have daily launch windows, and why are they so short? What's the beta angle, why does it change so strangely, and why do we care so much about it? Why do we have launch seasons for the Shuttle? Why can't we just launch any old day? Why do we see the station some days, not on others, and at different times and directions? Why do we keep changing the attitude of the Space Station? What are the certified attitudes of the station, and why did we pick these few? Why do we keep changing the altitude of the Space Station among these three? What's the difference between Power Balance, Energy Balance, and Depth-of-Discharge? Where does all the uncertainty come from in our orbit predictions for phasing, collisions, communications coverage, etc? Why do we usually reboost only on days that we do attitude changes? What's F(10.7), what does it do, why do we care, and why does it vary so much? Why do we care about orbital phasing of the ISS? Can't we just do phasing with the arriving vehicles? Why is the Space Station built the way it is? What's Sun Slicer? (or Night Glider, or Dual Angle, or (coming soon!) Mixmaster, or Outrigger, or...) What's a BGA, and what is BGA conditioning all about? What's a Control Moment Gyroscope, and what does it do? What's a desat? Why is it more trouble now than it used to be? How much orbital debris is there, and how dangerous is it? Why aren't we more worried about meteor storms? What is atomic Oxygen? Where does it come from, and why is it a nuisance? What's a gravity gradient attitude, and why don't we use it? How come we see things like phantom torques and phantom spikes and other things that Shuttles and stations and capsules have never seen? and How are all these topics affecting our assembly plans for this year and through the life of station?

Bacon, Jack↗

NASA NTRS2006

Anesthesia during and Immediately after Spaceflight

The increasing presence of humans in space and long-duration manned missions to the Moon or Mars pose novel challenges to the delivery of medical care. Even now, cumulative person-days in space exceed 80 years and preparations for a return to the Moon are actively underway. Medical care after an emergent de-orbit or an accident during a non-nominal landing must not only address the specific disease or injuries but also the challenges posed by physiologic adaptations to microgravity. In the highly autonomous situation of a long-term space mission the situation is even more complex, because personnel, equipment, specific training, and clinical experience are by definition limited. To summarize our current knowledge specifically for anesthetic care during and immediately after spaceflight, we will review physiologic adaptations to microgravity with particular emphasis on the resulting anesthetic risks, discuss veterinary experiences with anesthesia in weightlessness or in animals adapted to microgravity, describe current research that pertains to anesthesia and spaceflight and point out unresolved questions for future investigation.

Seubert, Christoph N.↗