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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 325 records · Page 18
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1977

Quantitative density visualization in a transonic compressor rotor

The flow in a 59-cm-diameter high-work transonic compressor rotor has been visualized using a fluorescent gas, 2,3, butanedione, as a tracer. The technique allows the three-dimensional flow to be imaged as a set of distinct planes. Quantitative static density maps were obtained by correcting the images for distortion and nonlinearities introduced by the illumination and imaging systems. These images and maps were used to analyze the three-dimensional nature of the blade's boundary layer and shock system.

Epstein, A. H.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Measurements of OH(X2pi) in the stratosphere by high resolution UV spectroscopy

This paper reports the first results obtained using high spectral resolution imaging ultraviolet spectroscopy to observe multiple rotational lines of OH A2 Sigma-X2pi (0-0) band. A 9.2 A spectral segment from 3075.8 A to 3085.0 A is imaged at 0.08 A FWHM spectral resolution, allowing the simultaneous acquisition of six of the brightest OH resonance fluorescence emission lines. The high spectral resolution and low scattered light design of the instrument allows these lines to be detected above the Rayleigh scattered sunlight background. The technique permits remote sensing of stratospheric OH from a high altitude instrument. The instrument was flown to an altitude of 40 km on Aug. 25, 1983, and again on June 12, 1986, on scientific balloons from Palestine, TX. The OH profiles inverted from the limb scans made during these flights are reported here. These profiles represent the first measurements of the temporal variation of OH over an extended height range. The results demonstrate that the technique can be used to monitor OH from orbit.

Torr, D. G.↗
NASA NTRS2010

Simultaneous Spectral Temporal Adaptive Raman Spectrometer - SSTARS

Raman spectroscopy is a prime candidate for the next generation of planetary instruments, as it addresses the primary goal of mineralogical analysis, which is structure and composition. However, large fluorescence return from many mineral samples under visible light excitation can render Raman spectra unattainable. Using the described approach, Raman and fluorescence, which occur on different time scales, can be simultaneously obtained from mineral samples using a compact instrument in a planetary environment. This new approach is taken based on the use of time-resolved spectroscopy for removing the fluorescence background from Raman spectra in the laboratory. In the SSTARS instrument, a visible excitation source (a green, pulsed laser) is used to generate Raman and fluorescence signals in a mineral sample. A spectral notch filter eliminates the directly reflected beam. A grating then disperses the signal spectrally, and a streak camera provides temporal resolution. The output of the streak camera is imaged on the CCD (charge-coupled device), and the data are read out electronically. By adjusting the sweep speed of the streak camera, anywhere from picoseconds to milliseconds, it is possible to resolve Raman spectra from numerous fluorescence spectra in the same sample. The key features of SSTARS include a compact streak tube capable of picosecond time resolution for collection of simultaneous spectral and temporal information, adaptive streak tube electronics that can rapidly change from one sweep rate to another over ranges of picoseconds to milliseconds, enabling collection of both Raman and fluorescence signatures versus time and wavelength, and Synchroscan integration that allows for a compact, low-power laser without compromising ultimate sensitivity.

Blacksberg, Jordana↗
NASA NTRS2004

X-MIME: An Imaging X-ray Spectrometer for Detailed Study of Jupiter's Icy Moons and the Planet's X-ray Aurora

Remote observations with the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the XMM-Newton Observatory have shown that the Jovian system is a source of x-rays with a rich and complicated structure. The planet's polar auroral zones and its disk are powerful sources of x-ray emission. Chandra observations revealed x-ray emission from the Io Plasma Torus and from the Galilean moons Io, Europa, and possibly Ganymede. The emission from these moons is certainly due to bombardment of their surfaces of highly energetic protons, oxygen and sulfur ions from the region near the Torus exciting atoms in their surfaces and leading to fluorescent x-ray emission lines. Although the x-ray emission from the Galilean moons is faint when observed from Earth orbit, an imaging x-ray spectrometer in orbit around these moons, operating at 200 eV and above with 150 eV energy resolution, would provide a detailed mapping (down to 40 m spatial resolution) of the elemental composition in their surfaces. Such maps would provide important constraints on formation and evolution scenarios for the surfaces of these moons. Here we describe the characteristics of X-MIME, an imaging x-ray spectrometer under going a feasibility study for the JIMO mission, with the ultimate goal of providing unprecedented x-ray studies of the elemental composition of the surfaces of Jupiter's icy moons and Io, as well as of Jupiter's auroral x-ray emission.

Elsner, R. F.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Shedding new light on gas dynamics

Modern laser-spectroscopic techniques usually incorporate one or more laser beams and depend on their radiative interaction with some spectroscopic feature of the gas. Attention is given to laser absorption, laser-induced fluorescence, Rayleigh scattering, and Raman scattering. Consideration is given to UV Rayleigh scattering applied to aerodynamic flows to obtain images of a supersonic boundary layer that show instantaneous turbulent structures at a level of detail not achieved by any other practical method.

Mckenzie, Robert L.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Wind Tunnel Visualization of the Flow Over a Full-Scale F/A-18 Aircraft

The proposed paper presents flow visualization performed during experiments conducted on a full-scale F/A-18 aircraft in the 80- by 120-Foot Wind-Tunnel at NASA Ames Research Center. This investigation used both surface and off-surface flow visualization techniques to examine the flow field on the forebody, canopy, leading edge extensions (LEXs), and wings. The various techniques used to visualize the flow field were fluorescent tufts, flow cones treated with reflective material, smoke in combination with a laser light sheet, and a video imaging system. The flow visualization experiments were conducted over an angle of attack range from 20deg to 45deg and over a sideslip range from -10deg to 10deg. The results show regions of attached and separated flow on the forebody, canopy, and wings. Additionally, the vortical flow is clearly visible over the leading-edge extensions, canopy, and wings.

Lanser, Wendy R.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Flow Visualization Techniques in Wind Tunnel Tests of a Full-Scale F/A-18 Aircraft

The proposed paper presents flow visualization performed during experiments conducted on a full-scale F/A-18 aircraft in the 80- by 120-Foot Wind-Tunnel at NASA Ames Research Center. The purpose of the flow-visualization experiments was to document the forebody and leading edge extension (LEX) vortex interaction along with the wing flow patterns at high angles of attack and low speed high Reynolds number conditions. This investigation used surface pressures in addition to both surface and off-surface flow visualization techniques to examine the flow field on the forebody, canopy, LEXS, and wings. The various techniques used to visualize the flow field were fluorescent tufts, flow cones treated with reflective material, smoke in combination with a laser light sheet, and a video imaging system for three-dimension vortex tracking. The flow visualization experiments were conducted over an angle of attack range from 20 deg to 45 deg and over a sideslip range from -10 deg to 10 deg. The various visualization techniques as well as the pressure distributions were used to understand the flow field structure. The results show regions of attached and separated flow on the forebody, canopy, and wings as well as the vortical flow over the leading-edge extensions. This paper will also present flow visualization comparisons with the F-18 HARV flight vehicle and small-scale oil flows on the F-18.

Lanser, Wendy R.↗
NASA NTRS2005

Multipurpose Fiber Injected-micro-spherical LIDAR System

A technological revolution is occurring in the field of fiber lasers. Over the past two years, the level of power has increased from approx. 100 watts to nearly 1 kilowatt. We are developing a novel fiber laser system, which is a satellite-based LIDAR transmitter of multi-lines. The system is made of a hollow fiber filled with micro-spheres doped with lasing materials. Each sphere has its inherent optical cavity, which makes the system a cavity free and in the same time, emits multi-laser lines for simultaneous multi-task operations. The system is also rugged, compact, lightweight, and durable. Our earlier studies on micro-spheres doped with different laser dyes demonstrated the emission of extremely fine laser lines of less than 3 A line-width, which are of interest for spectroscopic applications, sensing, imaging, and optical communications. Individual dye-doped micro-spheres demonstrated a lasing resonance peaks phenomenon in their fluorescence spectra of linear and nonlinear features that do not exist in the bulk dye solutions. Each individual micro-sphere acts as a laser system with inherent cavity, where the fluorescence line suffers multiple internal reflections within the micro-sphere and gains enough energy to become a laser line. Such resonance peaks are dependent on the sphere's morphology, size, shape, and its refractive index. These resonance peaks are named structural resonance, whispering modes or whispering gallery modes, creeping waves, circumferential waves, surfaces modes, and virtual modes. All of these names refer to the same phenomenon of morphology dependent resonance (MDR), which has already been described and predicted precisely by electromagnetic theory and Lorentz-Mie theory since 1908. The resonance peaks become more obvious when the particle size approaches and exceeds the wavelength of the laser used and the relative index of the particle is greater than that of the surrounding medium. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract.

Abdelayem, Hossin↗
NASA NTRS2007

Optical Measurements in a Combustor Using a 9-Point Swirl-Venturi Fuel Injector

This paper highlights the use of two-dimensional data to characterize a multipoint swirl-venturi injector. The injector is based on a NASA-conceived lean direct injection concept. Using a variety of advanced optical diagnostic techniques, we examine the flows resultant from multipoint, lean-direct injectors that have nine injection sites arranged in a 3 x 3 grid. The measurements are made within an optically-accessible, jet-A-fueled, 76-mm by 76-mm flame tube combustor. Combustion species mapping and velocity measurements are obtained using planar laser-induced fluorescence of OH and fuel, planar laser scatter of liquid fuel, chemiluminescence from CH*, NO*, and OH*, and particle image velocimetry of seeded air (non-fueled). These measurements are used to study fuel injection, mixedness, and combustion processes and are part of a database of measurements that will be used for validating computational combustion models.

Hicks, Yolanda R.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Experimental Measurement of RCS Jet Interaction Effects on a Capsule Entry Vehicle

An investigation was made in NASA Langley Research Center s 31-Inch Mach 10 Tunnel to determine the effects of reaction-control system (RCS) jet interactions on the aft-body of a capsule entry vehicle. The test focused on demonstrating and improving advanced measurement techniques that would aid in the rapid measurement and visualization of jet interaction effects for the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle while providing data useful for developing engineering models or validation of computational tools used to assess actual flight environments. Measurements included global surface imaging with pressure and temperature sensitive paints and three-dimensional flow visualization with a scanning planar laser induced fluorescence technique. The wind tunnel model was fabricated with interchangeable parts for two different aft-body configurations. The first, an Apollo-like configuration, was used to focus primarily on the forward facing roll and yaw jet interactions which are known to have significant aft-body heating augmentation. The second, an early Orion Crew Module configuration (4-cluster jets), was tested blowing only out of the most windward yaw jet, which was expected to have the maximum heating augmentation for that configuration. Jet chamber pressures and tunnel flow conditions were chosen to approximate early Apollo wind tunnel test conditions. Maximum heating augmentation values measured for the Apollo-like configuration (>10 for forward facing roll jet and 4 for yaw jet) using temperature sensitive paint were shown to be similar to earlier experimental results (Jones and Hunt, 1965) using a phase change paint technique, but were acquired with much higher surface resolution. Heating results for the windward yaw jet on the Orion configuration had similar augmentation levels, but affected much less surface area. Numerical modeling for the Apollo-like yaw jet configuration with laminar flow and uniform jet outflow conditions showed similar heating patterns, qualitatively, but also showed significant variation with jet exit divergence angle, with as much as 25 percent variation in heat flux intensity for a 10 degree divergence angle versus parallel outflow. These results along with the fabrication methods and advanced measurement techniques developed will be used in the next phase of testing and evaluation for the updated Orion RCS configuration.

Buck, Gregory M.↗
NASA NTRS2016

OH PLIF Visualization of a Premixed Ethylene-fueled Dual-Mode Scramjet Combustor

Hydroxyl radical (OH) planar induced laser fluorescence (PLIF) measurements have been performed in a small-scale scramjet combustor at the University of Virginia Aerospace Research Laboratory at nominal simulated Mach 5 enthalpy. OH lines were carefully chosen to have fluorescent signal that is independent of pressure and temperature but linear with mole fraction. The OH PLIF signal was imaged in planes orthogonal to and parallel to the freestream flow at different equivalence ratios. Flameout limits were tested and identified. Instantaneous planar images were recorded and analyzed to compare the results with width increased dual-pump enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (WIDECARS) measurements in the same facility and large eddy simulation/Reynolds average Navier-Stokes (LES/RANS) numerical simulation. The flame angle was found to be approximately 10 degrees for several different conditions, which is in agreement with numerical predictions and measurements using WIDECARS. Finally, a comparison between NO PLIF non-combustion cases and OH PLIF combustion cases is provided: the comparison reveals that the dominant effect of flame propagation is freestream turbulence rather than heat release and concentration gradients.

Cantu, Luca M. L.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Summary of the NASA Semi-Span High-Lift Common Research Model Wind Tunnel Test at the QinetiQ 5-Metre Low-Speed Facility

A summary and selected results from experimental testing of the NASA 10% scale semi-span High-Lift Common Research Model (CRM-HL) at the QinetiQ 5m (5mWT) pressurized low-speed wind tunnel are presented. There were many objectives of this test, the primary being to define a set of reference configurations for dissemination and use within the CRM-HL ecosystem, one in the landing configuration and one in the takeoff configuration. A database of force, moment, pressure and surface flow visualization data was collected to support several objectives: aerodynamic sensitivity to high-lift device positioning, Reynolds number effects on configuration selection, isolation of the effects of various components of the reference configuration e.g. landing gear, nacelle, horizontal tail, etc., and limited repeatability data for uncertainty quantification assessment. Some results were compared to limited data collected at the NASA Langley Research Center 14x22 wind tunnel to assess half-model effects and facility differences. Half-model effects were further studied with use of floor blowing to change boundary layer profile and assess effects on model aerodynamics. Flow visualization data were gathered with fluorescent mini-tufts and UV oil. Finally, test time was spend working on the development of new Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Model Deformation Measurement (MDM) capabilities at the 5mWT facility.

Ashley Evans↗
NASA NTRS1993

OH-radical imaging and velocity field measurements in a gaseous hydrogen/oxygen rocket

Detailed measurements of the OH-radical and velocity fields for a shear coaxial unielement rocket chamber burning gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen propellants are reported. The velocity measurements indicate that a highly unsteady flowfield results from the turbulent combustion of the coaxial jets. The core of the oxygen stream is observed to remain intact well downstream of the injector face while the maximum turbulent intensities in the shear layer region between the hydrogen and oxygen flows were measured to be about 25 percent. Both 1D and 2D laser-induced fluorescence studies of the OH-radical are reported and provide information on the evolving flame structure under rocketlike conditions. Both single and multiple laser pulse images indicate that the structure of the unsteady flowfield is directly reflected in the combustion zone flame structure. Preliminary results regarding analysis approaches and interpretation of the data are also presented.

Moser, M. D.↗
NASA NTRS1992

High-resolution Elemental Mapping of the Lunar Surface

New instruments and missions are being proposed to study the lunar surface as a result of the resurgence of interest in returning to the Moon. One instrument recently proposed is similar in concept to the x-ray fluorescence detectors flown on Apollo, but utilizes fluorescence from the L- and M-shells rather than the K-shell. This soft X-Ray Flourescence Imager (XRFI) is discussed.

Edwards, Bradley C.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Study of Luminescence Characteristics of Trivalent Terbium in Silicate Glass

An important use of silicate glasses doped with terbium oxide (Tb2O3) is their use as fiber optic sensors for high-resolution imaging applications requiring the detection of x-rays (e.g. tomography and radiography). The x-ray radiation is absorbed by the glass, producing electron-hole pairs (excitons). The excitons migrate through the glass matrix and then recombine, emitting characteristic Tb(3+) luminescence in the optical wavelength region. This emission is due to forbidden transitions of 4f electrons and therefore has a long decay time. Long decay time is undesirable when imaging transient events since it results in blurring in time of the images. It has been reported elsewhere that in crystals Tb(3+) ions can act both as luminescence centers and as fluorescence traps. These traps can capture excitons and delay their recombination. This delayed fluorescence is seen as a long lived, secondary component to the luminescence decay curve, or afterglow. Such a secondary decay component to the luminescence decay of Tb(3+) has been observed before in soda glass following pulsed optical excitation. In order to determine the conditions under which afterglow occurs, an understanding of the material's luminescent properties is required.

West, Mike S.↗
NASA NTRS2022

Gulf of Maine Water Resources: Assessing the Use of Nasa Earth Observations for Identifying Harmful Algal Blooms of Pseudo-Nitzschia in the Gulf of Maine

The Gulf of Maine has a history of harmful algal blooms (HABs) that have been increasing in frequency and intensity in recent years, raising concerns in the community. Specifically, the Pseudo-nitzschia genus possesses harmful toxins that can induce food-borne illnesses and infect humans through ambient water. We observed in-situ data from known 2016 and 2020 Pseudo-nitzschia blooms as case studies to test the feasibility of using satellite data to track bloom events. In order to map the frequency and distribution of Pseudo-nitzschia bloom events, we used satellite data from the Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI). We utilized Earth observation data to calculate normalized fluorescence line height (nFLH) and absorption by phytoplankton (aph443), which are satellite products that more accurately depict phytoplankton reflectance. We compared these products with in-situ observations in order to analyze ocean color differences and distinguish diatomic algal particles from other organic and inorganic particles.

harmful algal blooms↗
NASA NTRS2019

MapX: an In-Situ Mapping X-Ray Fluorescence Instrument for Detection of Biosignatures and Habitable Planetary Environments

The search for evidence of life or its processes on other worlds takes on two major themes: the detection of biosignatures indicating extinct or extant life, or the determination that an environment either has or once had the potential to harbor living organisms. In situ elemental imaging is useful in either case, since features on the mm to μm scale reveal geological processes which may indicate past or present habitability. Further, biomineralization can leave traces in the morphology and element distribution of surfaces. The Mapping X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (MapX) is an in-situ instrument designed to identify these features on planetary surfaces [1]. Progress on instrument development, data analysis methods, and element quantification are presented.

Walroth, R. C.↗