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NASA NTRS2016

Reconstructed Parachute System Performance During the Second LDSD Supersonic Flight Dynamics Test

NASA’s Low-Density Supersonic Decelerators project (LDSD) has developed and tested four new aerodynamic decelerator technologies for future Mars missions: two attached toroidal inflatable decelerators, a ballute, and a large supersonic parachute. On June 8, 2015, the project conducted a high-altitude, supersonic flight test of a 30.5-meter supersonic Ringsail (SSRS) canopy at the US Navy’s Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) on Kauai, HI. This test, the second in a series of Supersonic Flight Dynamics Tests (SFDT-2), allowed the LDSD project to test the deployment and performance of its parachute decelerator system in the wake of a representative test vehicle (a 4.7-meter aeroshell and 6-meter toroidal inflatable aerodynamic decelerator) at conditions relevant to Mars entry for the second time. The parachute decelerator system consisted of the SSRS main parachute and a 4.4-meter ballute (called the parachute deployment device, or PDD) for its extraction. The ballute was mortar-deployed at a Mach number of 2.78 and a dynamic pressure of 493 Pa, and inflated with the aid of a water-methanol based gas generator. After flying in the wake of the test vehicle for ten seconds, the PDD was released and allowed to extract the main parachute pack. The SSRS reached line-stretch at a Mach number of 2.37 and dynamic pressure of 602 Pa. Following full inflation, the propagation of a tear in the canopy led to the failure of the parachute skirt band and to the subsequent failure of the vent band. The test vehicle was instrumented with load sensors, inertial sensors, and high-speed and high resolution cameras that provided data on the performance of the PDD and SSRS through deployment, inflation, and flight. This paper describes the resulting reconstructed behavior of the PDD and SSRS during deployment and inflation, their aerodynamic performance on SFDT-2, the failure of the SSRS shortly after full inflation, and the LDSD project’s investigation into its underlying causes.

O'Farrell, Clara↗

NASA NTRS1975

Phase and amplitude relationships of wave structure observed in the lower thermosphere

Data from the Atmosphere Explorer-C satellite clearly exhibit wavelike variations in neutral composition, ion density, and electron temperature, which appear to be a general feature of the atmosphere. The neutral constituents do not exhibit uniform wave characteristics since the density variations of argon are approximately twice those of molecular nitrogen and helium structure has about one-half the amplitude of the N2 variation. The waves evident in the ion density are nearly in phase with the heavy neutrals, while the electron-temperature variations are predominantly out of phase with those in the ion density. A simple model is suggested to explain the neutral composition results, wherein the enhancements in the major gas densities are in phase with the vertical component of the perturbation velocity of the gas. The vertical velocity modifies the composition by transporting parcels of air to higher or lower regions where the composition is different. The phase relationship between density and velocity implies phase velocities (assuming that these are gravitational waves) of the order of 500 meters per sec.

Reber, C. A.↗

NASA NTRS2007

Gas Emissions Acquired during the Aircraft Particle Emission Experiment (APEX) Series

NASA, in collaboration with other US federal agencies, engine/airframe manufacturers, airlines, and airport authorities, recently sponsored a series of 3 ground-based field investigations to examine the particle and gas emissions from a variety of in-use commercial aircraft. Emissions parameters were measured at multiple engine power settings, ranging from idle to maximum thrust, in samples collected at 3 different down stream locations of the exhaust. Sampling rakes at nominally 1 meter down stream contained multiple probes to facilitate a study of the spatial variation of emissions across the engine exhaust plane. Emission indices measured at 1 m were in good agreement with the engine certification data as well as predictions provided by the engine company. However at low power settings, trace species emissions were observed to be highly dependent on ambient conditions and engine temperature.

Changlie, Wey↗

DOE OSTI2020

RODeO (Revenue Operation and Device Optimization Model) [SWR 20-67]

The Revenue, Operation, and Device Optimization (RODeO) model explores optimal system design and operation considering different levels of grid integration, equipment cost, operating limitations, financing, and credits and incentives. RODeO is a price-taker model formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model in the GAMS modeling platform. The objective is to maximizes the net revenue for a collection of equipment at a given site. The equipment includes generators (e.g., gas turbine, steam turbine, solar, wind, hydro, fuel cells, etc.), storage systems (batteries, pumped hydro, gas-fired compressed air energy storage, long-duration systems, hydrogen), and flexible loads (e.g., electric vehicles, electrolyzers, flexible building loads). The input data required by RODeO can be classified into three bins: 1) utility service data, which refers to retail utility rate information (meter cost, energy and demand charges), 2) electricity market data, which include energy and reserve prices, 3) other inputs, which refer to additional electrical demand, product output demand, technological assumptions, financial properties, and operational parameters.

Guerra Fernandez, Omar Jose↗

NASA NTRS2003

Ultra-Lightweight Borosilicate Gas-Fusion Mirror for Cryogenic Testing

Hextek Corporation fabricated a 250 mm diameter ultra-lightweight borosilicate mirror substrate for cryogenic testing at NASA MSFC XRCF facility in Huntsville AL under contract# H-34475D. The objectives of the program were to demonstrate that the Hextek Gas-Fusion technology is capable of meeting the 15kg/sq m areal density target required for future space missions, and to provide a demonstration substrate for NASA MSFC to finish and test at cryogenic temperature. This presentation reviews company background and capabilities, features and benefits of the Gas-Fusion technology, historical data on cryogenic performance of borosilicate glass showing near zero cte at 30-35 degrees Kelvin, design and fabrication results of the 250 mm 15kg/sq m areal density substrate, and finally, projected scaling, lightweighing and fabrication lead-times for meter class segments.

Voevodsky, Michael↗

DOE OSTI2023

Hydrogen Production, Grid Integration, and Scaling for the Future

The Hydrogen Production, Grid Integration, and Scaling for the Future project will inform clean hydrogen production deployment across the planning, procurement, and operation stages of hydrogen production on the grid. Hydrogen production from renewables is a clean source of fuel which is near zero for greenhouse gas emissions and criteria pollutants. The results from this project will inform entities looking to build clean energy projects that produce good paying jobs in manufacturing, installation, maintenance and operation of these facilities. This project provides system characterization examples, multiple configurations, optimizations, and suggested metering and custody transfer points through multiple scenarios and hardware testing of NREL's state-of-the-art 1.25 MW polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzer system to characterize system performance in relevant scenarios. This work also creates a digital twin for emulation in the Advanced Research on Integrated Systems (ARIES) virtual environment and performs hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing of pilot-scale, decentralized, and centralized hydrogen systems.

centralized hydrogen production↗

NASA NTRS1972

Hot-gas-side heat transfer with and without film cooling on a simulated nuclear rocket thrust chamber using H2-O2

Heat-transfer coefficients were obtained on a thrust chamber which simulated the geometry of the NERVA nuclear rocket. The tests were performed with and without peripheral film cooling over a chamber pressure range of 1.05 million to 5.84 million newtons per square meter (153 to 847 psia). With no film cooling, the overall axial variation in the value of the correlation coefficient C of the equation (Stanton)* (Prandtl)* to the 0.7ths power = C(Reynolds)* to the -0.2ths power, where * indicates the reference enthalpy condition, was reduced 66 percent when the local diameter in the Reynolds number was replaced by the axial distance from the injector face. The average peak values of C were reduced 25 percent with 2 and 3.75 percent cooling and 50 percent with 7.5 percent cooling.

Quentmeyer, R. J.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Mixing effectiveness test of an exhaust gas mixer in a high bypass turbofan at altitude

Thermal mixing effectiveness characteristics of an eighteen lobe, scalloped and unscalloped, partial, forced mixer were measured in a high-bypass turbofan engine. Data were also obtained without the mixer installed, i.e., free mixing. Tests were conducted at four combinations of simulated flight conditions from 0.3 to 0.8 Mach number and from 6,096 meters (20,000 ft) to 13,715 m (45,000 ft) altitude, mixing chamber lengths of L/D=0.52 and 0.65 were tested. For this range of test conditions and mixer configurations, the forced mixing effectiveness varied from 59 to 68 percent. Values of mixing effectiveness and total pressure loss were calculated from temperature and pressure data obtained at the mixer inlet and exhaust nozzle exit.

Cullom, R. R.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Mixing effectiveness test of an exhaust gas mixer in a high bypass turbofan at altitude

Thermal mixing effectiveness characteristics of an eighteen lobe, scalloped and unscalloped, partial, forced mixer were measured in a high-bypass turbofan engine. Data were also obtained without the mixer installed, i.e. free mixing. Tests were conducted at four combinations of simulated flight conditions from 0.3 to 0.8 Mach number and from 6,096 meters (20,000 ft) to 13,715 m (45,000 ft) altitude. Mixing chamber lengths of L/D = 0.52 and 0.65 were tested. For this range of test conditions and mixer configurations the forced mixing effectiveness varied from 59 to 68 percent. Values of mixing effectiveness and total pressure loss were calculated from temperature and pressure data obtained at the mixer inlet and exhaust nozzle exit.

Cullom, R. R.↗

DOE OSTI2024

Guided Mode Evolution and Ionization Injection in Meter-Scale Multi-GeV Laser Wakefield Accelerators

Here, we show that multi-GeV laser wakefield electron accelerators in meter-scale, low density hydrodynamic plasma waveguides operate in a new nonlinear propagation regime dominated by sustained beating of lowest order modes of the ponderomotively modified channel; this occurs whether or not the injected pulse is linearly matched to the guide. For a continuously doped gas jet, this emergent mode beating effect leads to axially modulated enhancement of ionization injection and a multi-GeV energy spectrum of multiple quasimonoenergetic peaks; the same process in a locally doped jet produces single multi-GeV peaks with <10% energy spread. A three-stage model of drive laser pulse evolution and ionization injection characterizes the beating effect and explains our experimental results.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

NASA NTRS1989

Whistle Gauge Measures Flow And Temperature

Simple, rugged gauge used to measure speed of flow and temperature of steam or other gas flowing through pipes of arbitrary diameter, from 1 to 28 in. or larger. Specially designed, instrumented whistle - has no moving parts, small, nonobstruction, operates at high temperature and pressure, and cleans itself. Does not operate at zero flow, but at moderate flows (tens of meters per second) generates intense sound for use in measurements. Consists of slanted ring groove of depth D and pressure taps in wall of pipe carrying flow to be measured. Resonant wavelength of sound generated by ring groove depends primarily on size and shape of groove and approximately equal to 4D.

Shakkottai, Parthasarathy↗

NASA NTRS2003

Modeling the Extended Neutral Atmosphere and Plasma Environment near Saturn

In the three years of this study we have published five papers in refereed journals. We have first examined satellite sources and their contribution to the observed neutral cloud. Based on the total calculated satellite sources and the spatial distribution of sputtered H20, we concluded that they cannot produce observed OH cloud. The E-ring contribution has been also studied in detail.In order to produce observed OH cloud we suggested that the E-ring might be the dominant source in inner Saturnian magnetosphere. We proposed a possible resupply mechanism which is needed to keep both E-ring and OH cloud in the present state: collisions between E-ring grains and remains of a disrupted satellite near Enceladus Lagrangian points. In this scenario a large amount of material, ranging from a few micrometers to hundred of meters, which is optically invisible at present, is likely to exist there. The fourth paper compares the magnetosheaths of the outer planets. A surprising result is that the hot proton component comprises about 40% of the total density, much larger than predicted by shock theory. Gas dynamic models of the boundaries show that the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn are flattened at the poles. The last paper was published in GRL and is the first based of the model of neutrals developed as a main goal of this grant and which is now operational.This Monte Carlo collision code self- consistently determines the neutral distribution. from the rings and satellites until they are lost by ionization, by collisions with rings, moons, or Saturn, or by escape from Saturn. Our model is unique in that it includes the effects of plasma chemistry and both plasma-neutral and neutral neutral collisions to determine the dynamical evolution of the water group neutrals in Saturn's magnetosphere. The lifetimes of the neutrals against loss to photoionization, charge exchange, electron dissociation and electron impact dissociation are based on the model given by (Richardson et al. 1998) and vary with position in the magnetosphere. The dominant neutral dissociation channels H20->OH+H, H20-> O+H2, and OH->O+H2 are considered.

Richardson, John D.↗

NASA NTRS2011

Organic Chemistry of Southern Sources: Microwave Spectroscopy of Cha-MMS1 and IRAS 15194-5115

We report new spectra of molecule-rich sources in the southern hemisphere obtained using the 22-meter Mopra telescope. Spectra and maps are presented of organic molecules detected between 30 and 50 GHz in the young Class 0 protostar Chamaeleon MMS-1. The large abundances of polyynes, cyanopolyynes and methanol may be indicative of a warm carbon chemistry in the dense gas surrounding this protostar. Spectra are also presented from a 78-96 GHz scan of the carbon-rich AGB star IRAS 15194-5115, including new detections of HC5N, CCS and C13CH.

Cordiner, Martin↗

NASA NTRS2019

Monitoring Volcanic Eruptions by OMI/OMPS, ASTER, and MERRA-2

Volcanic lava flows and/or the gas eruptions are the most common characteristics that can be remotely monitored with satellite technology in the global perspective and on different timescales. Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), one of the most abundant gases from volcanic eruptions apart from atmospheric common gases Carbon Dioxide and water vapor, can be directly detected by space-based sensors on satellites. The NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) is one of the 12 Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs) within NASA's Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS), which archives SO2 data sets from the Nimbus-7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) in 1978, till the ongoing Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA's EOS-Aura satellite, the Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite (OMPS) Nadir Mapper (NM) on both the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (Suomi-NPP or SNPP) and the Joint Polar-orbiting Satellite System-1 (JPSS-1) satellites, into the future JPSS missions. In addition to the standard OMI/Aura and OMPS/S-NPP SO2 products, SO2 products created under the charter of the Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs) project, are also archived at GES DISC, through which NASA enacts to expand understanding the Earth system using consistent data records. The Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC) is another EOSDIS's DAAC that provides land data products and operates as a partnership with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The LP DAAC has been archiving the satellite imagery from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) aboard NASA's EOS-Terra satellite, a high spatial resolution (15 meters) and 14 band multispectral instrument. The ASTER imagery is one of the land products contributing to the application for monitoring hot spots and land terrain changes caused by volcanic eruption events. The data potential in GES DISC and LP DAAC to monitor volcanic sources of SO2 and the influence of wind fields on the gas plume spread will be demonstrated with the most recent 2018 May-July Kilauea Volcano eruption.

Zeng, Jian↗

NASA NTRS1981

Gas-laser behavior in a low-gravity environment

In connection with several experiments proposed for flight on the Space Shuttle, which involve the use of gas lasers, the behavior of a He-Ne laser in a low-gravity environment has been studied theoretically and experimentally in a series of flight tests using a low-gravity-simulation aircraft. No fluctuation in laser output above the noise level of the meter (1 part in 1000 for 1 hr) was observed during the low-gravity portion of the flight tests. The laser output gradually increased by 1.4% during a 1.5-hr test; at no time were rapid variations observed in the laser output. A maximum laser instability of 1 part in 100 was observed during forty low-gravity parabolic maneuvers. The beam remained Gaussian throughout the tests and no lobe patterns were observed.

Owen, R. B.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Modular Adaptive Packing for Integrally Cooled Absorbers

Process intensification is one cornerstone in ION Clean Energy’s (ION) efforts to lowering CO2 capture cost. ION has modeled, designed, and fabricated an innovative gas-liquid contactor known as Modular Adaptive Packing (MAP). During two successful SBIR Phase I and II projects entitled: “Rapid Design and Testing of Novel Gas-Liquid Contacting Devices for Post-Combustion CO2 Capture via 3D-printing”, ION developed and proved this new technology at bench scale. MAP, a 3D-printed lattice-structured packing, combines the absorber gas/liquid contactor with an innovative in-situ heat-exchanger. Thanks to the capabilities of 3D-printing, the lattice structure of MAP contains hollow channels through which coolant water can be pumped to remove the heat of reaction from CO2 absorption. ION refers to this novel method of heat exchange as intracooling. After 25.4 cm (10 in) diameter MAP modules were fabricated, ION built and tested a packing characterization rig at its pilot facility in Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A. To provide baseline results for the characterization rig, ION tested Sulzer’s Mellapak™ 250Y (MP250Y) as a standard structured packing. ION’s MAP was then compared directly to the baseline MP250Y packing to evaluate key indicators including pressure drop, liquid hold-up, and effective area. MAP has a higher pressure drop than MP250Y at the same gas velocities in addition to greater liquid holdup. However, ION found that MAP displays a higher wetting coverage of 93% compared to 65% for MP250Y and reduces shearing forces that result in undesirable droplet formation. Using Optimized Gas Treating’s (OGT) rate-based simulation software ProTreat®, a conceptual evaluation of MAP was modeled for a CO2 absorber using 30 wt% MEA solvent over a range of lean loadings at 90% CO2 capture from a coal-fired power plant. ION modeled a 25-meter column absorber for both the standard MP250Y packing and a hybrid column. The hybrid absorber contained 10 m of MP250Y packing at the top and bottom with the middle 5 meters comprised of MAP. Compared to a traditional intercooled absorber, MAP can remove 22% more heat and increase overall MEA carrying capacity by 4% without increasing overall pressure drop.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗

NASA NTRS1984

A Wide Latitude CO Survey of Molecular Clouds in the Northern Milky Way

It is now well established that molecular clouds are an important part of the interstellar medium, containing much or most of the dense, cold component of the gas, and producing the massive stars and supernovae responsible for the diffuse, hot component. It would therefore appear essential in formulating a complete picture of the local interstellar medium to have some knowledge of the distribution and properties of nearly molecular clouds. The Goddard-Columbia 1.2 meter telescope was used to carry out a wide latitude, low angular resolution survey of CO along most of the first galactic quadrant and a small part of the second. A plane-of-the-sky map, which resulted from numerically integrating the survey over radial velocity, is presented. The Great Rift and the Aquila Rift molecular clouds of the Milky Way are discussed.

Dame, T. M.↗

NASA NTRS2010

The Wasp-Waist Nebula: VLA Ammonia Observations of the Molecular Core Envelope In a Unique Class 0 Protostellar System

The Wasp-Waist Nebula was discovered in the IRAC c2d survey of the Ophiuchus starforming clouds. It is powered by a well-isolated, low-luminosity, low-mass Class 0 object. Its weak outflow has been mapped in the CO (3-2) transition with the JCMT, in 2.12 micron H2 emission with WIRC (the Wide-Field Infrared Camera) on the Hale 5-meter, and, most recently, in six H2 mid-infrared lines with the IRS (InfraRed Spectrograph) on-board the Spitzer Space Telescope; possible jet twisting structure may be evidence of unique core dynamics. Here, we report results of recent VLA ammonia mapping observations of the dense gas envelope feeding the central core protostellar system. We describe the morphology, kinematics, and angular momentum characteristics of this unique system. The results are compared with the envelope structure deduced from IRAC 8-micron absorption of the PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) background emission from the cloud.

Wiseman, Jennifer↗