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At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Reassessing the proposed “CY chondrites”: Evidence for multiple meteorite types and parent bodies from Cr-Ti-H-C-N isotopes and bulk elemental compositions

Here, we report a coordinated bulk Cr-Ti-H-C-N isotopic and compositional study of six carbonaceous chondrites from Antarctica that are often considered to be related and termed Yamato-like carbonaceous (CY) chondrites. These meteorites are known to have undergone extensive aqueous alteration followed by different degrees of thermal alteration, to be similar to one another in regard to mineralogy, and share affinities with both the Ivuna-like carbonaceous (CI) and Mighei-like carbonaceous (CM) chondrites. While mineralogically similar, a key difference among these samples is that chondrules have been found in some of these samples, but not in others. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship of these meteorites to one another, and investigate how they relate to the CI and CM chondrite groups. We find that with the addition of the isotopic compositions of these ‘CY’ chondrites, there is now a continuum of isotopic compositions among the carbonaceous chondrites. The CI chondrites are no longer separate in O isotopic compositions from the other carbonaceous chondrite groups in plots of Cr-O and Ti-O. We also find that the ‘CY’ chondrites represent two distinct populations, which correlate with their heating stage. However, the peak temperatures experienced by each population can only explain the differences in H and C isotopes and abundances and N abundances between samples, and cannot have caused the differences in N, Cr, and Ti isotopes, or all the volatile element depletions of the sample’s bulk compositions. Instead, we conclude that the compositional and isotopic data of these two populations correlate with their known chondrule abundances, indicating distinct precursors for each population. We find it most likely that these samples originate from two distinct asteroids, implying that among the six samples studied here, there are not five related samples to constitute a new meteorite group. The chondrule-free heating Stage III samples are most likely heated CI chondrites, while the chondrule-bearing heating Stage IV samples could be heated CM chondrites.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1992

Effect of recovery mode following hind-limb suspension on soleus muscle composition in the rat

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two different recovery modes from hind-limb suspension-induced hypodynamia on whole body and muscle (soleus) growth as well as soleus composition and size changes of different fiber types within this same muscle. Following 28 days of tail-suspension, rats were returned to their cages and sedentarily recovered (HS), or were exercised by running on a treadmill 5 days/wk, at progressively increasing workloads (HR) for one month. Sedentary and running control groups of animals (CS, CR) were also evaluated for comparative purposes. The exercise program, which was identical for CR and HR groups, had no effect on body wt., soleus wt., soleus muscle composition or fiber size in CR rats. Atrophied soleus muscle and reduced soleus wt./body wt. ratio (both 60% of control) had returned to control values by day 7 of recovery in both suspended groups despite the fact that whole body wt. gain was significantly reduced (p less than 0.05) in HR as compared to HS rats. Atrophied soleus Type I fiber mean cross-sectional area in both HR and HS groups demonstrated similar and significant (p less than 0.01) increases during recovery. Increases in Type IIa and IIc fiber area during this same period were significant only in the HR group. While the percentage area of muscle composed of Type I fibers increased in both hypodynamic groups during recovery, the reduction in area percentage of muscle made up of Type IIa fibers was again only significant in the HR group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS).

Non-NASA Center↗
NASA NTRS1983

Al-Sm-Eu-Sr systematics of eucrites and moon rocks Implications for planetary bulk compositions

Constraints are placed on the bulk compositions of the eucrite parent body (EPB) and the moon through analysis of the Eu and Sr 'anomalies' of eucrites and lunar rooks. It is noted that the elements Al, REE, and Sr are incompatible with the major minerals of these small, low-f(O2) bodies,except for plagioclase. Predictions can be derived about the concentrations of Al, REE, and Sr in samples affected by plagioclase fractionation, based on the hypothesis that these elements in the EPB and moon are all in proportions close to those in the bulk solar system. It is determined that the predictions are almost idealy fulfilled by eucrites and lunar samples. For the EPB, the ratios REE/Al, Sr/Al, and Sr/REE are found to be constrained probably within 10 percent of the chondritic ratios. For the moon, the constraints are found to be less precise: REE/Al is very probably within 25 percent of chondritic; Sr/Al and Sr/REE are probably within 35 percent of chondritic; Sr/Al and Sr/REE are probably within 35 percent of chondritic. It is concluded that there is a very strong similarity between the bulk compositions of the planets and the compositions of chondritic meteorites.

Warren, P. H.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Conceptual design study of advanced acoustic composite nacelle

Conceptual nacelle designs for wide-bodied and for advanced-technology transports were studied with the objective of achieving significant reductions in community noise with minimum penalties in airplane weight, cost, and in operating expense by the application of advanced composite materials to nacelle structure and sound suppression elements. Nacelle concepts using advanced liners, annular splitters, radial splitters, translating centerbody inlets, and mixed-flow nozzles were evaluated and a preferred concept selected. A preliminary design study of the selected concept, a mixed flow nacelle with extended inlet and no splitters, was conducted and the effects on noise, direct operating cost, and return on investment determined.

Goodall, R. G.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Thermoviscoplastic analysis of fibrous periodic composites by the use of triangular subvolumes

The non-linear viscoplastic behavior of fibrous periodic composites is analyzed by discretizing the unit cell into triangular subvolumes. A set of these subvolumes can be configured by the analyst to construct a representation for the unit cell of a periodic composite. In each step of the loading history the total strain increment at any point is governed by an integral equation which applies to the entire composite. A Fourier series approximation allows the incremental stresses and strains to be determined within a unit cell of the periodic lattice. The non-linearity arising from the viscoplastic behavior of the constituent materials comprising the composite is treated as a fictitious body force in the governing integral equation. Specific numerical examples showing the stress distributions in the unit cell of a fibrous tungsten/copper metal-matrix composite under viscoplastic loading conditions are given. The stress distribution resulting in the unit cell when the composite material is subjected to an overall transverse stress loading history perpendicular to the fibers is found to be highly heterogeneous, and typical homogenization techniques based on treating the stress and strain distributions within the constituent phases as homogeneous result in large errors under inelastic loading conditions.

Walker, Kevin P.↗
NASA NTRS1998

Geologic Landforms and Processes on Icy Satellites

During the first reconaissence of the satellites of the outer solar system conducted by the Voyager missions (1979-1989), a surprising diversity of unusual geologic landforms were observed, in some cases with bewildering complexity (e.g., Triton). Impact features were certainly expected but the variety of volcanic, diapiric, tectonic, impact, and erosional landforms was only remotely suggested by some early theoretical works. These diagnostic features are manifestations of the internal composition, thermal history, and dynamical evolution of these bodies. It is the job of the geologist to interpret the morphology, stratigraphy, and composition of these deposits and structures to ascertain what materials were mobilized in the interior, in what amount, and the mechanism and cause of their mobilization. In this chapter, we review what is know about these features and what constraints can be placed on composition and thermal history. Particular emphasis is placed on volcanic features, as these are most directly related to satellite composition and thermal history. The surface spectra, high albedos, and low bulk densities of the satellites of the outer solar system indicate that water and other ices are abundant on these bodies, particularly on their surfaces. Ices, particularly water ice, are less dense than silicates and will tend to float and form crusts during differentiation or partial melting of the interior. Ices therefore take the place of silicates as 'crust-forming' minerals and dominate geologic processes on icy satellites. Melted ices form magma bodies, and sometimes are extruded as lavas, an unusual but still valid perspective for terrestrial geologists. The unusual properties of some ices, including their low melting temperatures, and low strengths (as well as the decrease in density on the freezing of water ice), will ultimately be very important in interpreting this record.

Schenk, Paul M.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Enrichment of Non-Terrestrial L-Proteinogenic Amino Acids by Aqueous Alteration on the Tagish Lake Meteorite Parent Body

The distribution and isotopic and enantiomeric compositions of amino acids found in three distinct fragments of the Tagish Lake C2-type carbonaceous chondrite were investigated via liquid chromatography fluorescence detection time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Large L-enantiomeric excesses (L(sub ee) approx. 43 to 59%) of the a-hydrogen aspartic and glutamic amino acids were measured in Tagish Lake, whereas alanine, another alpha-hydrogen protein amino acid, was found to be nearly racemic (D approx. L) using both techniques. Carbon isotope measurements of D- and L-aspartic acid and D- and L-alanine in Tagish Lake fall well outside of the terrestrial range and indicate that the measured aspartic acid enantioenrichment is indigenous to the meteorite. Alternate explanations for the Lexcesses of aspartic acid such as interference from other compounds present in the sample, analytical biases, or terrestrial amino acid contamination were investigated and rejected. These results can be explained by differences in the solid-solution phase behavior of aspartic acid, which can form conglomerate enantiopure solids during crystallization, and alanine, which can only form racemic crystals.

Glavin, Daniel P.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Ferrite logic reliability study

Development and use of digital circuits called all-magnetic logic are reported. In these circuits the magnetic elements and their windings comprise the active circuit devices in the logic portion of a system. The ferrite logic device belongs to the all-magnetic class of logic circuits. The FLO device is novel in that it makes use of a dual or bimaterial ferrite composition in one physical ceramic body. This bimaterial feature, coupled with its potential for relatively high speed operation, makes it attractive for high reliability applications. (Maximum speed of operation approximately 50 kHz.)

Baer, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

The end of the iron-core age.

The terrestrial planets aggregated essentially from small particles, to begin as solid cool bodies with the same general compositions, and there is no possibility of an iron-core developing within any of them at any stage. Their differing internal and surface properties receive ready explanation from their different masses which determine whether the pressures within are sufficient to bring about phase-changes. The claim that the terrestrial core can be identified by means of shock-wave data as nickel-iron is based on theoretical misconception, whereas the actual seismic data establish an uncompressed-density value much lower than any such mixture could have. The onset of the Ramsey phase-change in the earth takes the form of a rapid initial collapse to produce a large core in metallic state which thereafter continues to grow secularly as a result of radioactive heating and leads to reduction of surface-area at long last adequate to account for folded and thrusted mountain-building.

Lyttleton, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Meteoritic, lunar and Lonar impact chondrules.

Impact-generated silicate spherules from the Lonar Crater, India and from all Apollo sites are analogous to meteoritic chondrules (and some microtektites). Thus, the impact origin of chondrules, first proposed by Urey (1952) is a mechanism strongly supported by physical evidence from both the moon and the earth. Chondrites appear to be essentially impact breccias similar to lunar and Lonar microbreccias. The implications of this with regard to size and composition of the meteorite parent bodies are reviewed as well as the possible variations of element fractionation by volatilization-condensation.

Fredriksson, K.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Computer simulation analysis of the behavior of renal-regulating hormones during hypogravic stress

A computer simulation of a mathematical circulation model is used to study the alterations of body fluids and their electrolyte composition that occur in weightlessness. The behavior of the renal-regulating hormones which control these alterations is compared in simulations of several one-g analogs of weightlessness and space flight. It is shown that the renal-regulating hormones represent a tightly coupled system that responds acutely to volume disturbances and chronically to electrolyte disturbances. During hypogravic conditions these responses lead to an initial suppression of hormone levels and a long-term effect which varies depending on metabolic factors that can alter the plasma electrolytes. In addition, it is found that if pressure effects normalize rapidly, a transition phase may exist which leads to a dynamic multiphasic endocrine response.

Leonard, J. I.↗
NASA NTRS1984

In Situ Data

In-situ planetary data include all measurements made by a wide variety of instruments whose sensors are exposed directly to the planetry environment. Typical measurements include those of magnetic fields, energetic particle densities and energy distributions, plasma wave characteristics, ionospheric and neutral gas densities, temperatures, composition and motions. A large body of scientists in the United States, and the world, are involved in research using in-situ data. Many of these scientists are associated with Mission investigations groups which provide specific types of in-situ data. These groups, in the course of data analysis, use data provided by similar groups. The interdisciplinary nature of these investigations fosters exchange and reliance upon one another for data is heavy. To a lesser extent, correlative data sets are obtained from the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC). However, the data entries often have limited temporal and spatial resolution, are of uncertain quality, and are usually available only for measurements that are several years old.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1984

Spectrophotometry of 17 comets. I - The emission features

The present 112 sets of image dissector scanner data were obtained at Lick Observatory from 17 comets during a 2.5-yr period, 1980-1982. Results obtained include column densities for CN, C3, CH, C2, and forbidden line O I, new Haser parent scale lengths for CN, C3, and C2, and a large body of data on the composition of cometary comae as a function of heliocentric distance. Particularly notable is the well-defined C2-to-CN ratio, which decreases roughly as r to the -1.4 power out to r of about 1.8 AU, and then falls precipitously. Although there is considerable chemical uniformity in most comets studied, two (P/Borrelly and P/Swift-Gehrels) appear significantly deficient in both C2 and C3. The apparent systematics within the crude Haser paradigm offer suggestions for more realistic chemical modelling studies.

Newburn, R. L., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Geochemical evidence for the formation of the Moon by impact induced fission of the proto-Earth

Geochemical evidence is discussed which advocates the theory that the Moon was formed by impact induced fission of the Earth. The Earth's mantle exhibits a number of geochemical peculiarities which make our planet a unique object in the solar system. Terrestrial basalts are compared with those from the Eucrite parent body and the Shergotty parent body. Also the Moon's composition is very close to the Earth's in all details except the lower FeO content which is explained. Evidence is discussed for the plausible physical process of formation of the Moon by impact induced fission. Also the theory that impact induced fission occurred at the moment at which accretion of the Earth was not totally complete is briefly discussed.

Waenke, H.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Planetary perspective. Report of Working Group Number 4

The study of global megageomorphology from a planetary perspective requires that, philosophically, we view the Earth as a planet like any other; one among a number of bodies of varied size and composition which, together with the Sun, form the Solar System. A first step in the study of the Earth from the planetary perspective is the development of global distribution maps of surface factors as landforms, tectonics, and of key processes operating on Earth. Data of other types, such as gravity and magnetism, should also be included and, so far as possible, multiple data sets should be developed. The compilation of maps would serve as a catalyst for research and a basis for interpretation. They could be used scientifically to document changes such as glacial variations and their relationships to climate, volcanic eruptions and their effects, and coastal alterations. Slow and rapid changes should be studied together with the relationships between scale and the rapidity of change. A study of the relationship of geomorphology (i.e., surficial processes) to lithology and structure is needed. The planetary perspective can also help in the identification and investigation of exotic features such as suspect terrains.

Rossbacher, L. A.↗
NASA NTRS1986

An imaging spectrometer for the investigation of Mars

Unmanned misions to Mars will employ imaging spectrometry to yield compositional data about the target body, through visual and IR measurements of the intensity and distribution of characteristic spectral signature features in the radiation that is emitted and reflected by surface materials. Attention is presently given to a modular imaging spectrometer design with applicability to a diverse range of planetary missions. This visual and IR mapping spectrometer has been tentatively selected for NASA's recently approved Mars Observer mission. Detailed optical characteristics and capabilities of the instrument are presented.

Duval, James E.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Solar nebula condensates and the composition of comets

Interpretation of the volatile abundances in Halley's comet in terms of models for chemical and physical processes in the solar nebula are discussed. Key ratios of the oxidized and reduced species of nitrogen and carbon are identified which tell something of the chemical history of the environment in which cometary grains accreted to form the nucleus. Isotopic abundances are also applied to this problem. It will be shown that the abundances of methane and carbon monoxide are consistent both with models of solar nebula chemistry and chemical processing on grains in star-forming regions. Ultimately, limitations of the current data set on molecular abundances in comets and star-forming regions prevent a definitive choice between the two. Processes important to the composition of outer solar system bodies are: (1) gas phase chemistry in the solar nebula; (2) imperfect mixing in the solar nebula; (3) condensation; (4) clathration; (5) adsorption; and (6) processing of interstellar material.

Lunine, J. I.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Anitproton-matter interactions in antiproton applications

By virtue of the highly energetic particles released when they annihilate in matter, antiprotons have a variety of potentially important applications. Among others, these include remote 3-D density and composition imaging of the human body and also of thick, dense materials, cancer therapy, and spacecraft propulsion. Except for spacecraft propulsion, the required numbers of low energy antiprotons can be produced, stored, and transported through reliance on current or near term technology. Paramount to these applications and to fundamental research involving antiprotons is knowledge of how antiprotons interact with matter. The basic annihilation process is fairly well understood, but the antiproton annihilation and energy loss rates in matter depend in complex ways on a number of atomic processes. The rates, and the corresponding cross sections, were measured or are accurately predictable only for limited combinations of antiproton kinetic energy and material species.

Morgan, David L., Jr.↗