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Electrochemical behavior of SnCl 2 and influence of Cu and Ni ions in molten LiCl−KCl−CaCl 2 eutectic
Reliable transport and thermodynamic data for multivalent ions in complex molten salts are scarce, limiting model fidelity for electrorefining and impurity control. Here, we report a comprehensive electrochemical characterization of SnCl₂ in LiCl–KCl–CaCl₂ (50.5–44.2–5.3 mol%) at 685 K, including the effects of Ni 2+ and Cu + impurities. Using cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), and chronopotentiometry (CP), we quantified Sn 2+ and Ni 2+ diffusion with exceptional agreement across methods: Sn 2+ averaged (1.03 ± 0.10) × 10 −5 cm 2 s −1 , and Ni 2+ averaged (0.75 ± 0.19) × 10 −5 cm 2 s −1 . The tight confidence-interval overlap across CV, CA, and CP strengthens confidence in these values and is uncommon in molten chloride studies. Open-circuit-potential measurements provided standard apparent reduction potentials that closely match LiCl–KCl literature, indicating minimal shift with CaCl₂ present. The Sn 2+ /Sn couple behaves as a reversible two-electron soluble–insoluble process at 685 K; the Sn 4+ /Sn 2+ couple transitions to soluble–soluble behavior near 788 K, which may correlate with the decomposition of surface bound chlorostannates, though direct characterization remains to be established. In mixed systems, Cu+/Cu overlaps Sn 2+ /Sn, limiting Cusingle bondSn electroseparation, whereas the larger potential gap between Ni 2+ /Ni and Sn 2+ /Sn supports selective Ni removal. These internally consistent transport and thermodynamic data establish a validated basis for process modeling and optimization of Sn electrorefining and impurity management in LiCl–KCl–CaCl₂.
High strength ultrafine eutectic composites with metastable intermetallic phases
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Estimation of key physical properties for LaCl3 in molten eutectic LiCl–KCl by fitting cyclic voltammetry data to a BET-based electrode reaction kinetics model
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Determination of activity coefficient of lanthanum chloride in molten LiCl-KCl eutectic salt as a function of cesium chloride and lanthanum chloride concentrations using electromotive force measurements
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Electroanalytical measurements of binary-analyte mixtures in molten LiCl-KCl eutectic: Uranium(III)- and Magnesium(II)-Chloride
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Application of the rotating cylinder electrode in molten LiCl-KCl eutectic containing uranium(III)- and magnesium(II)-chloride
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Optimization of UCl 3 and MgCl 2 separation from molten LiCl-KCl eutectic salt via galvanic drawdown with sacrificial Gd anode
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Calculated thermodynamic properties of GdCl 3 in LiCl-KCl eutectic molten salt
The thermodynamic behaviors of lanthanides in molten salt are significant for the pyroprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. In this study, the ternary phase diagram of LiCl-KCl-GdCl 3 system was assessed by the CALPHAD method using two-sublattice model. The liquidus surfaces were calculated and plotted from 720 K to 1000 K. The solubility of GdCl 3 from 720 K to 850 K was determined from the phase diagram developed. The activity coefficient and apparent potential of GdCl 3 with a concentration up to 3 mol% were also investigated. They both show a dependence on the concentration. In conclusion, From 0 to 3 mol%, the apparent potential increases by about 3% and the activity coefficient increases by about 50%.
Characterisation of corrosion damage in T91/F91 steel exposed to static liquid lead-bismuth eutectic at 700–715 °C
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Zn-Sn Interdigitated Eutectic Alloy Anodes with High Volumetric Capacity for Lithium-Ion Batteries
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A study of the effects of minor additives to Pb-Bi eutectic: Designing novel Pb-Bi-X liquid alloys for heat transfer applications
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Plastic deformation induced microstructure transition in nano-fibrous Al-Si eutectics
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Choline Fluoride-Ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent mixture – Synthesis and physicochemical properties
A critical factor in achieving tunability in DESs is varying the type of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) and donors (HBDs). Choline halides (ChX), such as ChCl and ChBr, have been studied to investigate the effect of the choline anion on DESs. However, ChF-based DESs have been underrepresented in scientific research. ChF has excellent potential, such as high electron affinity, ionization potential, and strong hydrogen bond interactions. Moreover, ChF-based DES can lead to a deeper understanding of DESs due to the NMR-active 19F nuclear spin nature. We report the first synthesis and characterization of choline fluoride-EG (1:2, ChF:EG) DES, which we named “EthalineF.” We studied this mixture using various spectroscopic techniques, including NMR, FT-IR, Raman, and UV–vis spectroscopies. Polarity, density, viscosity, and conductivity measurements were collected as well. Transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) was used to study the solvation dynamics of EthalineF. 19F NMR indicated that some fluoride anions (~15%) are coordinated to the choline cation. In EthalineF, the new type of observed fluoride anions is proposed to be a tight-binding choline-fluoride ion pair. Further, EthalineF has a larger solvodynamic radius than Ethaline. This can explain the lower conductivity for EthalineF compared to Ethaline despite the higher fluidity and solvation dynamics for EthalineF.