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At least 343 records · Page 19

Noncontact true temperature measurement

A laser pyrometer has been developed for acquiring the true temperature of a levitated sample. The laser beam is first expanded to cover the entire cross-sectional surface of the target. For calibration of such a system, the reflectivity signal of an ideal 0.95 cm diameter gold-coated sphere (reflectivity = 0.99) is used as the reference for any other real targets. The emissivity of the real target can then be calculated. The overall system constant is obtained by passively measuring the radiance of a blackbody furnace (emissivity = 1.0) at a known, arbitrary temperature. Since the photo sensor used is highly linear over the entire operating temperature range, the true temperature of the target can then be computed. Preliminary results indicate that true temperatures thus obtained are in excellent correlation with thermocouple measured temperatures.

Lee, Mark C.↗

Laser Raman diagnostics in subsonic and supersonic turbulent jet diffusion flames

Ultraviolet (UV) spontaneous vibrational Raman scattering combined with laser-induced predissociative fluorescence (LIPF) is developed for temperature and multi-species concentration measurements. Simultaneous measurements of temperature, major species (H2, O2, N2, H2O), and minor species (OH) concentrations are made with a 'single' narrow band KrF excimer laser in subsonic and supersonic lifted turbulent hydrogen-air diffusion flames. The UV Raman system is calibrated with a flat-flame diffusion burner operated at several known equivalence ratios from fuel-lean to fuel-rich. Temperature measurements made by the ratio of Stokes/anti-Stokes signal and by the ideal gas law are compared. The single shot measurement precision for concentration and temperature measurement is 5 to 10 pct. Calibration constants and bandwidth factors are determined from the flat burner measurements and used in a data reduction program to arrive at temperature and species concentration measurements. These simultaneous measurements of temperature and multi-species concentrations allow a better understanding of the complex turbulence-chemistry interactions and provide information for the input and validation of CFD models.

Cheng, T. S.↗

High resolution vidicon-based readout system for photon-counting streak camera applications

The design, implementation, and evaluation of a high-resolution vidicon-based reconfigurable imaging system for integration into a photon-counting streak camera that can be readily coupled to a standard interface and computer have been achieved. Experimental results are reported which demonstrate that the design goals are met, providing the capability to measure differential time to better than 3 picosecond accuracy. Augmented by real-time calibration, the accuracy, linearity, noise levels, and stability of the system are adequate to support dual wavelength laser ranging.

Varghese, Thomas K.↗

"We Burn to Learn" About Fuel-Air Mixing Within Aircraft Powerplants

I am working with my branch s advanced diagnostics team to investigate fuel-air mixing in jet-fueled gas turbine combustors and jet-fuel reformers. Our data acquisition begins with bench-top experiments which will help with calibration of equipment for facility testing. While conducting the bench-top experiments I learned to align laser and optical equipment to collect data, to use the data acquisition software, and to process the data into graphs and images. which jet he1 is to be reformed into hydrogen. Testing will commence shortly, after which we will obtain and analyze data and meet a critical milestone for the end of September. I am also designing the layout for a Schlieren system that will be used during that time frame. A Schlieren instrument records changes in the refractive index distribution of transparent media like air flows. The refractive index distribution can then be related to density, temperature, or pressure distributions within the flow. I am working on a scheme to quantify this information and add to the knowledge of the fuel-air mixing process.

Robinson, Heidi N.↗

Remote Pulsed Laser Raman Spectroscopy System for Detecting Qater, Ice, and Hydrous Minerals

For exploration of planetary surfaces, detection of water and ice is of great interest in supporting existence of life on other planets. Therefore, a remote Raman spectroscopy system was demonstrated at NASA Langley Research Center in collaboration with University of Hawaii for detecting ice-water and hydrous minerals on planetary surfaces. In this study, a 532 nm pulsed laser is utilized as an excitation source to allow detection in high background radiation conditions. The Raman scattered signal is collected by a 4-inch telescope positioned in front of a spectrograph. The Raman spectrum is analyzed using a spectrograph equipped with a holographic super notch filter to eliminate Rayleigh scattering, and a holographic transmission grating that simultaneously disperses two spectral tracks onto the detector for higher spectral range. To view the spectrum, the spectrograph is coupled to an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD), which allows detection of very weak Stokes line. The ICCD is operated in gated mode to further suppress effects from background radiation and long-lived fluorescence. The sample is placed at 5.6 m from the telescope, and the laser is mounted on the telescope in a coaxial geometry to achieve maximum performance. The system was calibrated using the spectral lines of a Neon lamp source. To evaluate the system, Raman standard samples such as calcite, naphthalene, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol were analyzed. The Raman evaluation technique was used to analyze water, ice and other hydrous minerals and results from these species are presented.

Garcia, Christopher S.↗

Observations of Keyhole Porosity and Comparisons to Analytical Models for Ti-6Al-4V Powder Bed Fusion

Keyhole porosity defects are a common concern in powder bed fusion (PBF) processing. Keyhole porosity prediction models have generally fallen into two categories – high fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulations and low fidelity analytical or empirical models based on keyhole vibration dynamics. The low computational cost of low fidelity models allows them to better approach part-scale predictions. However, studies on low fidelity modeling techniques are limited by the lack of experimental data to assess the validity of the calibration over a wide range of processing conditions. This work extracts and quantifies keyhole porosity across 14 laser velocities, two laser powers, and six+ repetitions for a total of 176 independent trials. The measured porosity data are compared to low fidelity keyhole models to assess their success in predictive porosity occurrence. This work impacts the field by providing independent validation of keyhole porosity models for PBF for use in part-scale defect prediction.

powder bed fusion↗

Calibrating Airplane Instrumentation To Measure Winds

Elaborate combination of techniques used to calibrate wind-measuring instrumentation aboard F104 airplane. Obtains wind profiles more rapidly. Airplane equipped with standard NACA research nose boom, including pressure probes and flow vanes yielding data on static and total pressures, angle of attack, and angle of sideslip. Has ring-laser-gyroscope inertial reference unit, giving linear and angular velocities, linear acceleration, and orientation of airplane. Body-mounted total-temperature sensor also used. Improved method of calibration devised to determine whether winds aloft at and shortly after time of measurement allow safe launch of Space Shuttle. Proves beneficial in other safety- or research-oriented applications in which wind velocities over range of altitudes must be determined in nearly real time.

Haering, Edward A., Jr.↗

Fiber lasers and amplifiers for science and exploration at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

We discuss present and near-term uses for high-power fiber lasers and amplifiers for NASA- specific applications including planetary topography and atmospheric spectroscopy. Fiber lasers and amplifiers offer numerous advantages for both near-term and future deployment of instruments on exploration and science remote sensing orbiting satellites. Ground-based and airborne systems provide an evolutionary path to space and a means for calibration and verification of space-borne systems. We present experimental progress on both the fiber transmitters and instrument prototypes for ongoing development efforts. These near-infrared instruments are laser sounders and lidars for measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide, oxygen, water vapor and methane and a pseudo-noise (PN) code laser ranging system. The associated fiber transmitters include high-power erbium, ytterbium, neodymium and Raman fiber amplifiers. In addition, we will discuss near-term fiber laser and amplifier requirements and programs for NASA free space optical communications, planetary topography and atmospheric spectroscopy.

Krainak, Michael A.↗

1985 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS '85), University of Massachusetts, Amherst, October 7-9, 1985, Digest. Volumes 1 & 2

The present conference on remote sensing instrumentation considers topics in water resources research, planetary remote sensing and mathematical geophysics, sea ice behavior in view of the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratories pond measurements, Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B) system performance and calibration results, geological applications of remote sensing, and microwave scattering from vegetation. Further attention is given to atmospheric probing with lasers, image processing for remote sensing, forest inventory and condition assessment, atmospheric remote sensing, SIR-B geological results, the reflectance, emission, and scattering characteristics of vegetation, sea ice sensing, multipolarization SAR results, the theoretical modeling of surfaces and volumes, crop condition assessment and productivity estimates, and SIR-B results for vegetation cover. Also considered are the microwave remote sensing of soil moisture, advanced sensors, advanced information extraction, wind and wave remote observations, results from the ESA Remote Sensing satellite, large area crop and land cover statistics, SIR-B results for directional ocean wave spectra, seasonal snow cover, ice sheets, and lake ice, fundamental research in terrain remote sensing, image classification methods, vegetation stress detection, remote sensing of coastal processes, SAR systems and calibration, electromagnetic geophysical methods and signal processing, image processing techniques, and SAR internal wave measurements.

Carver, K. R.↗

New Method for Calibration for Hyperspectral Pushbroom Imaging Systems

A new, easy-to-implement approach for achieving highly accurate spectral and radiometric calibration of array-based, hyperspectral pushbroom imagers is presented in this paper. The equivalence of the plane of the exit port of an integrating sphere to a Lambertian surface is utilized to provide a field-filling radiance source for the imager. Several different continuous wave lasers of various wavelengths and a quartz-tungsten-halogen lamp internally illuminate the sphere. The imager is positioned to "stare" into the port, and the resultant data cube is analyzed to determine wavelength calibrations, spectral widths of channels, radiometric characteristics, and signal-to-noise ratio, as well as an estimate of signal-to-noise performance in the field. The "smile" (geometric distortion of spectra) of the system can be quickly ascertained using this method. As the price and availability of solid state laser sources improve, this technique could gain wide acceptance.

Ryan, Robert↗

A wide-band monolithic quasi-optical power meter for millimeter- and submillimeter-wave applications

A novel monolithic power meter has been developed for submillimeter-wave applications (100 GHz to 10 THz). The detector is a large-area bismuth bolometer integrated on a 1.2-micron-thick dielectric membrane. This approach results in a wide-band, high-responsivity detector. The power meter is simple to fabricate, is inexpensive, and can be easily calibrated using a low-frequency network. Quasi-optical measurements at 90, 140, and 240 GHz show that the bolometer is polarization-independent and could be modeled by a simple transmission line model. Absolute power measurements at 90, 140, and 240 GHz show a + or - 5 percent accuracy and agree well with a calibrated Anritsu power meter at 90 GHz. Potential application areas are power calibration, antenna coupling efficiency measurements, and absolute power measurements from solid-state devices and far-infrared lasers at submillimeter wavelengths. Absolute output power measurements on a 220-280 GHz tripler using the quasi-optical power meter are presented as an application example.

Ling, Curtis C.↗

Pinhole Calibrator For Particle-Sizing Instrument

Rotating-pinhole calibrator designed for use in calibrating and testing optical instrument measuring sizes of cloud droplets, dust particles, and other small particles suspended in flowing air. Easily attachable to particle-size-measuring instrument and suitable for both quick verification of calibration in field and detailed calibration studies in laboratory. Calibrator used to determine such operating parameters of instrument as optical collection angles, depth of field, profile of laser beam used to measure particles, and response to trajectory of particle. Also used to align instrument. Pinhole reused any number of times without risk of variation in diffraction pattern. Furthermore, size of pinhole chosen precisely and at will.

Hovenac, Edward↗

Near-infrared diode laser based spectroscopic detection of ammonia: a comparative study of photoacoustic and direct optical absorption methods

A photoacoustic spectroscopic (PAS) and a direct optical absorption spectroscopic (OAS) gas sensor, both using continuous-wave room-temperature diode lasers operating at 1531.8 nm, were compared on the basis of ammonia detection. Excellent linear correlation between the detector signals of the two systems was found. Although the physical properties and the mode of operation of both sensors were significantly different, their performances were found to be remarkably similar, with a sub-ppm level minimum detectable concentration of ammonia and a fast response time in the range of a few minutes.

NASA Discipline Life Sciences Technologies↗

Laboratory for Atmospheres 2008 Technical Highlights

The 2008 Technical Highlights describes the efforts of all members of the Laboratory for Atmospheres. Their dedication to advancing Earth Science through conducting research, developing and running models, designing instruments, managing projects, running field campaigns, and numerous other activities, is highlighted in this report. The Laboratory for Atmospheres (Code 613) is part of the Earth Sciences Division (Code 610), formerly the Earth Sun Exploration Division, under the Sciences and Exploration Directorate (Code 600) based at NASA s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. In line with NASA s Exploration Initiative, the Laboratory executes a comprehensive research and technology development program dedicated to advancing knowledge and understanding of the atmospheres of Earth and other planets. The research program is aimed at understanding the influence of solar variability on the Earth s climate; predicting the weather and climate of Earth; understanding the structure, dynamics, and radiative properties of precipitation, clouds, and aerosols; understanding atmospheric chemistry, especially the role of natural and anthropogenic trace species on the ozone balance in the stratosphere and the troposphere; and advancing our understanding of physical properties of Earth s atmosphere. The research program identifies problems and requirements for atmospheric observations via satellite missions. Laboratory scientists conceive, design, develop, and implement ultraviolet, infrared, optical, radar, laser, and lidar technology for remote sensing of the atmosphere. Laboratory members conduct field measurements for satellite data calibration and validation, and carry out numerous modeling activities. These modeling activities include climate model simulations, modeling the chemistry and transport of trace species on regional-to-global scales, cloud-resolving models, and development of next-generation Earth system models. Interdisciplinary research is carried out in collaboration with other laboratories and research groups within the Earth Sciences Division, across the Sciences and Exploration Directorate, and with partners in universities and other Government agencies. The Laboratory for Atmospheres is a vital participant in NASA s research agenda. Our Laboratory often has relatively large programs, sizable satellite missions, and observational campaigns that require the cooperative and collaborative efforts of many scientists. We ensure an appropriate balance between our scientists responsibility for these large collaborative projects and their need for an active individual research agenda. This balance allows members of the Laboratory to continuously improve their scientific credentials. Members of the Laboratory interact with the general public to support a wide range of interests in the atmospheric sciences. Among other activities, the Laboratory raises the public s awareness of atmospheric science by presenting public lectures and demonstrations, by making scientific data available to wide audiences, by teaching, and by mentoring students and teachers. The Laboratory makes substantial efforts to attract new scientists to the various areas of atmospheric research. We strongly encourage the establishment of partnerships with Federal and state agencies that have operational responsibilities to promote the societal application of our science products. This report describes our role in NASA s mission, gives a broad description of our research, and summarizes our scientists major accomplishments during calendar year 2008. The report also contains useful information on human resources, scientific interactions, and outreach activities.

Cote, Charles E.↗

Goddard Laser for Absolute Measurement of Radiance

High accuracy achieved with temperature stabilized unfiltered trap detectors illuminated by monochromatic light. Tunable lasers and optical parametric oscillators provide orders of magnitude higher spectral radiance than blackbody or other broadband sources; calibrate at high signal levels.

McAndrew, Brendan↗

Experimental comparison of icing cloud instruments

Icing cloud instruments were tested in the spray cloud Icing Research Tunnel (IRT) in order to determine their relative accuracy and their limitations over a broad range of conditions. It was found that the average of the readings from each of the liquid water content (LWC) instruments tested agreed closely with each other and with the IRT calibration; but all have a data scatter (+ or - one standard deviation) of about + or - 20 percent. The effect of this + or - 20 percent uncertainty is probably acceptable in aero-penalty and deicer experiments. Existing laser spectrometers proved to be too inaccurate for LWC measurements. The error due to water runoff was the same for all ice accretion LWC instruments. Any given laser spectrometer proved to be highly repeatable in its indications of volume median drop size (DVM), LWC and drop size distribution. However, there was a significant disagreement between different spectrometers of the same model, even after careful standard calibration and data analysis. The scatter about the mean of the DVM data from five Axial Scattering Spectrometer Probes was + or - 20 percent (+ or - one standard deviation) and the average was 20 percent higher than the old IRT calibration. The + or - 20 percent uncertainty in DVM can cause an unacceptable variation in the drag coefficient of an airfoil with ice; however, the variation in a deicer performance test may be acceptable.

Olsen, W.↗

Target reflectance measurements for calibration of lidar atmospheric backscatter data

Wavelength and angular dependence of reflectances and depolarization in the 9-11 micron region are reported for four standard targets: flowers of sulfur, flame-sprayed aluminum, 20-grit sandblasted aluminum, and 400-grit silicon carbon sandpaper. Measurements are presented and compared using a CW CO2 grating-tunable laser in a laboratory backscatter apparatus, an integrating sphere, and a coherent pulsed TEA-CO2 lidar system operating in the 9-11 micron region. Reflectance theory related to the use of hard targets to calibrate lidar atmospheric backscatter data is discussed.

Kavaya, M. J.↗