Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “MAGNETIC BEARINGS”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19

Calibrationless rotating Lorentz-force flowmeters for low flow rate applications

A 'weighted magnetic bearing' has been developed to improve the performance of rotating Lorentz-force flowmeters (RLFFs). Experiments have shown that the new bearing reduces frictional losses within a double-sided, disc-style RLFF to negligible levels. Operating such an RLFF under 'frictionless' conditions provides two major benefits. First, the steady-state velocity of the RLFF magnets matches the average velocity of the flowing liquid at low flow rates. This enables an RLFF to make accurate volumetric flow measurements without any calibration or prior knowledge of the fluid properties. Second, due to minimized frictional losses, an RLFF is able to measure low flow rates that cannot be detected when conventional, high-friction bearings are used. This paper provides a brief background on RLFFs, gives a detailed description of weighted magnetic bearings, and compares experimental RLFF data to measurements taken with a commercially available flowmeter.

liquid metal↗

Calibrationless rotating Lorentz-force flowmeters for low flow rate applications

A 'weighted magnetic bearing' has been developed to improve the performance of rotating Lorentz-force flowmeters (RLFFs). Experiments have shown that the new bearing reduces frictional losses within a double-sided, disc-style RLFF to negligible levels. Operating such an RLFF under 'frictionless' conditions provides two major benefits. First, the steady-state velocity of the RLFF magnets matches the average velocity of the flowing liquid at low flow rates. This enables an RLFF to make accurate volumetric flow measurements without any calibration or prior knowledge of the fluid properties. Second, due to minimized frictional losses, an RLFF is able to measure low flow rates that cannot be detected when conventional, high-friction bearings are used. As a result, this paper provides a brief background on RLFFs, gives a detailed description of weighted magnetic bearings, and compares experimental RLFF data to measurements taken with a commercially available flowmeter.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Richard Freeman Post (14 November 1918–7 April 2015)

Richard Freeman Post, a member of the Nuclear Fusion Board of Editors in 1976 and again in the 1990s, passed away April 7, 2015 [1]. He was 96. Dick Post initiated magnetic mirror research in the US and served as Deputy Associate Director for Magnetic Fusion Energy at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Dick contributed three seminal ideas— yin-yang mirrors, high current neutral beams and a way to stabilize mirror plasmas—that culminated in the first demonstration of a plasma at thermonuclear temperatures, in the 2XIIB experiment in 1976. He also invented a method for direct conversion of plasma energy to electricity as a way to improve the efficiency of mirror fusion reactors. His review papers published in 1956 in Reviews of Modern Physics and in 1959 in Annual Review of Nuclear Science were among the first consistent reviews of hot plasmas for controlled fusion. These influential papers were immediately translated into Russian and published in Russia; the 1959 paper as a separate book. In 1987, Dick published a comprehensive review of mirror research that filled the whole October issue of Nuclear Fusion [2]. Dick also pioneered research on high-speed flywheel energy storage employing novel magnetic bearings that presaged a new approach to magnetically levitated trains. He remained actively engaged in mirror research and in early 2000 came up with an idea of a 'kinetic stabilizer' for axisymmetric tandem mirrors.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Embedded I&C for Extreme Environments

This project uses embedded instrumentation and control (I&C) technologies to demonstrate potential performance gains of nuclear power plant components in extreme environments. Extreme environments include high temperature, radiation, high pressure, high vibration, and high EMI conditions. For extreme environments, performance gains arise from moment-to-moment sensing of local variables and immediate application of local feedback control. Planning for embedding I&C during early system design phases contrasts with the traditional, serial design approach that incorporates minimal I&C after mechanical and electrical design is complete. The demonstration application involves the development and control of a novel, proof-of-concept motor/pump design. The motor and pump combination operate within the fluid environment, eliminating the need for rotating seals. Actively controlled magnetic bearings also replace failure-prone mechanical contact bearings that typically suspend rotating components. Such as design has the potential to significantly enhance the reliability and life of the pumping system and would not be possible without embedded I&C.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

Embedded Sensors and Controls to Improve Component Performance and Reliability -- Bench-scale Testbed Design Report

Embedded instrumentation and control systems that can operate in extreme environments are challenging due to restrictions on sensors and materials. As a part of the Department of Energy's Nuclear Energy Enabling Technology cross-cutting technology development programs Advanced Sensors and Instrumentation topic, this report details the design of a bench-scale embedded instrumentation and control testbed. The design goal of the bench-scale testbed is to build a re-configurable system that can rapidly deploy and test advanced control algorithms in a hardware in the loop setup. The bench-scale testbed will be designed as a fluid pump analog that uses active magnetic bearings to support the shaft. The testbed represents an application that would improve the efficiency and performance of high temperature (700 C) pumps for liquid salt reactors that operate in an extreme environment and provide many engineering challenges that can be overcome with embedded instrumentation and control. This report will give details of the mechanical design, electromagnetic design, geometry optimization, power electronics design, and initial control system design.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Actively controlled superconducting bearings

Actively controlled conventional radial beating using copper winding and soft magnetic material can provide only up to 200 N/sq cm of pressure. Large cryogenic pumps for space applications operating at 30,000 rpm and high rpm machines may require larger magnetic pressure. We show that using superconducting winding in the rotor and the stator of a magnetic bearing system increases the pressure by an order of magnitude. The paper addresses winding configuration, stability, ac losses, and power requirement for the superconducting winding.

Eyssa, Yehia M.↗

Performance tests of helium circulator under abnormal cooling conditions - 18523

Helium circulator is one of the key equipment of High-temperature Gas-cooled Reactor Pebble-bed Module (HTR-PM) and the unique rotating equipment of primary loop. It transports heat generated by fission reactions from reactor core to steam generator by forcing helium circulating in primary loop. As the study on the characteristics of helium circulator in HTGR was limited and the advanced designs integrated with many new technologies, a prototype of helium circulator was manufactured. It was supported by Active Magnetic Bearings (AMBs), and was assembled in a pressure vessel. The prototype was tested in Engineering Test Facility - Helium Circulator (ETF-HC), which is a full scale, rated flow rate and power, engineering test loop. Although performance tests under normal operation condition were successfully fulfilled, the complete features and performance still need further verification, especially for abnormal cooling conditions. Thus performance tests under abnormal cooling operation conditions were carried out. Tests such as temporary coolant loss of motor and AMBs cooler and abnormal high-temperature cooling water condition were fulfilled. All performance tests results showed that helium circulator met the entire requirement of HTR-PM plant under abnormal cooling conditions and validated its safety and reliability. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

Modeling and analysis of an AMB system with flexible rotor in HTR-10GT - 18550

Active magnetic bearing (AMB) has been widely used in high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR) for its specific properties: free of contact, absence of lubrication, capability of rotating at high speed. AMB system is inherently unstable since positive feedback exists in the open loop system and, thus, requires feedback control. From the control view of point, accurate system model is essential for designing of an effective controller especially when the flexible gyroscopic rotor is involved. In the paper, a flexible rotor and an open-loop AMB system model were established for the purpose of controller design. Dynamic characteristics of the undamped flexible rotor are analyzed including modal vibration analysis and undamped natural frequencies. Additionally, some characteristics of open-loop AMB system are investigated such as relationship between support stiffness and natural frequencies, and the system frequency response. The analysis results in this paper will provide valuable information for AMB system feedback controller design. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

Experimental results in nonlinear compensation of a one degree-of-freedom magnetic suspension

Nonlinear control techniques are of increasing interest in magnetic bearing applications. A one-degree-of-freedom magnetic suspension system has been constructed to serve as a test system for nonlinear control. The objective of this effort is to build an accurate model for the nonlinear suspension dynamics and to show the advantages of compensating for these nonlinearities by using a nonlinear controller. The results obtained with a nonlinear controller are experimentally demonstrated as superior to those obtained with a linear controller. Specifically, a controller which contains a force-control block yields transient responses which are largely independent of the operating point air gap.

Trumper, David L.↗

Design of bearings for rotor systems based on stability

Design of rotor systems incorporating stable behavior is of great importance to manufacturers of high speed centrifugal machinery since destabilizing mechanisms (from bearings, seals, aerodynamic cross coupling, noncolocation effects from magnetic bearings, etc.) increase with machine efficiency and power density. A new method of designing bearing parameters (stiffness and damping coefficients or coefficients of the controller transfer function) is proposed, based on a numerical search in the parameter space. The feedback control law is based on a decentralized low order controller structure, and the various design requirements are specified as constraints in the specification and parameter spaces. An algorithm is proposed for solving the problem as a sequence of constrained 'minimax' problems, with more and more eigenvalues into an acceptable region in the complex plane. The algorithm uses the method of feasible directions to solve the nonlinear constrained minimization problem at each stage. This methodology emphasizes the designer's interaction with the algorithm to generate acceptable designs by relaxing various constraints and changing initial guesses interactively. A design oriented user interface is proposed to facilitate the interaction.

Dhar, D.↗

Rotordynamic Instability Problems in High-Performance Turbomachinery 1996

The first rotordynamics workshop proceedings emphasized a feeling of uncertainty in predicting the stability of characteristics of high-performance turbomachinery. In the second workshop proceedings these uncertainties were reduced through programs established to systematically resolve problems, with emphasis on experimental validation of the forces that influence rotordynamics. In the third proceedings many programs for predicting or measuring forces and force coefficients in high-performance turbomachinery produced results. Data became available for designing new machines with enhanced stability characteristics or for upgrading existing machines. In the fourth proceedings there emerged trends towards a more unified view of rotordynamic instability problems and several encouraging new analytical developments. The fifth workshop supported the continuing trend toward a unified view with several new developments in the design and manufacture of new turbomachineries with enhanced stability characteristics along with new data and associated numerical/theoretical results. The sixth workshop report provided field experience and experimental results, and expanded the use of computational and control techniques with integration of damper, bearing, and eccentric seal operation results. The seventh workshop report provided field experiences, numerical, theoretical, and experimental results and control methods for seals, bearings, and dampers with some attention given to variable thermophysical properties and turbulence measurements, and introduction of two-phase flow results. In the present workshop, active magnetic bearings (AMB's) evolve into a new method of measuring rotordynamic coefficients with discussions on honeycomb seals, drop of magnetically supported rotors, seals, bearings and dampers with new data being reported. The intent of the workshop and this proceedings is to provide a continuing impetus for an understanding and resolution of these problems.

Source record↗

Spin Testing for Durability Began on a Self-Tuning Impact Damper for Turbomachinery Blades

NASA and Pratt & Whitney will collaborate under a Space Act Agreement to perform spin testing of the impact damper to verify damping effectiveness and durability. Pratt & Whitney will provide the turbine blade and damper hardware for the tests. NASA will provide the facility and perform the tests. Effectiveness and durability will be investigated during and after sustained sweeps of rotor speed through resonance. Tests of a platform wedge damper are also planned to compare its effectiveness with that of the impact damper. Results from baseline tests without dampers will be used to measure damping effectiveness. The self-tuning impact damper combines two damping methods-the tuned mass damper and the impact damper. It consists of a ball located within a cavity in the blade. This ball rolls back and forth on a spherical trough under centrifugal load (tuned mass damper) and can strike the walls of the cavity (impact damper). The ball s rolling natural frequency is proportional to the rotor speed and can be designed to follow an engine-order line (integer multiple of rotor speed). Aerodynamic forcing frequencies typically follow these engineorder lines, and a damper tuned to the engine order will most effectively reduce blade vibrations when the resonant frequency equals the engine-order forcing frequency. This damper has been tested in flat plates and turbine blades in the Dynamic Spin Facility. During testing, a pair of plates or blades rotates in vacuum. Excitation is provided by one of three methods--eddy-current engine-order excitation (ECE), electromechanical shakers, and magnetic bearing excitation. The eddy-current system consists of magnets located circumferentially around the rotor. As a blade passes a magnet, a force is imparted on the blade. The number of magnets used can be varied to change the desired engine order of the excitation. The magnets are remotely raised or lowered to change the magnitude of the force on the blades. The other two methods apply force to the rotating shaft itself at frequencies independent of the rotor speed. During testing, blade vibration is monitored with strain gauges and laser displacement probes.

Duffy, Kirsten↗

Three-Dimensional Field Solutions for Multi-Pole Cylindrical Halbach Arrays in an Axial Orientation

This article presents three-dimensional B field solutions for the cylindrical Halbach array in an axial orientation. This arrangement has applications in the design of axial motors and passive axial magnetic bearings and couplers. The analytical model described here assumes ideal magnets with fixed and uniform magnetization. The field component functions are expressed as sums of 2-D definite integrals that are easily computed by a number of mathematical analysis software packages. The analysis is verified with sample calculations and the results are compared to equivalent results from traditional finite-element analysis (FEA). The field solutions are then approximated for use in flux linkage and induced EMF calculations in nearby stator windings by expressing the field variance with angular displacement as pure sinusoidal function whose amplitude depends on radial and axial position. The primary advantage of numerical implementation of the analytical approach presented in the article is that it lends itself more readily to parametric analysis and design tradeoffs than traditional FEA models.

Thompson, William K.↗

Frictionless Bearing Uses Permanent Magnets

The purpose of this innovation was to develop a frictionless bearing for high speed, light load applications. The device involves the incorporation of permanent magnets in the bearing design. The repulsion of like magnetic poles provides concentric support of the inner member so that no metallic contact occurs between the bearing surfaces.

Source record↗

Correlated Electromagnetic Levitation Actuator: A Reaction Sphere Based Attitude Control System

To address problems experienced by current reaction wheels and control moment gyroscopebased attitude control systems (ACS), researchers at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center have begun developing a reaction sphere actuator based on correlated electromagnetic levitation that will be immune to destructive bearing friction, momentum saturation, and gimbal lock. The Correlated Electromagnetic Levitation Actuator (CELA) advances the state of the art of reaction sphere ACSs by employing the concept of correlated magnetics. It is a frictionless, direct-drive reaction sphere that harnesses a unique technology with an array of applications across multiple disciplines. Correlated electromagnets function in a manner that is analogous to a matched filter; the convolution of two signals is peaked at the index representing the greatest match. For CELA, the signals are the patterns of magnetic flux density as a function of position. The magnitude of the convolution equates to an attractive or repulsive force, and these forces can be azimuthal or radial. The development of CELA is based in four distinct disciplines: Advanced Manufacturing, Prototype Development, Electromagnetic Modeling, and Controls. We are developing novel manufacturing techniques required to build arrays of permanent and electromagnet dipoles on curved surfaces. To print the permanent magnetic array, we have developed a probe with pyramidal magnets that will reside on a robotic arm to induce localized magnetic fields on a surface. The probe also includes the ability to erase dipole patterns from a permanent magnet by heating the surface to its Curie temperature. A number of test articles and prototypes have been developed using additive manufacturing methods. These prototypes have included hemispherical motors to test the drive algorithm, and a levitation test bed that demonstrates a magnetic bearing method based on attractive magnetic forces and ratiometric Hall effect sensors. We developed an array of electromagnetic dipoles on a printed circuit board (PCB) with individual H-bridges controlling each coil. This device created various flux density patterns and we measured their magnetic fields using a custom Hall effect 3-D probe and a LabVIEW virtual instrument. These data will serve as a benchmark for characterizing the accuracy of future models. Current work is focused on modeling the magnetic fields of our prototype arrays using COMSOL Finite Element Analysis and verifying the model against our test data. Accurate modeling will allow us to quickly test new patterns of electromagnets and their macro behavior. Eventually, the magnetic field models will be implemented in our controls simulations to facilitate precise control of the reaction sphere. Initial model results agree with field measurements to within 1 G (5% of measured flux density). Currently, we are testing different material properties of the electromagnets and their magnetic fields and thermal effects. These results will be used to refine the design of the electromagnetic dipoles. Our control efforts have centered on developing commutation, levitation, and field pattern shaping hardware in the form of breadboards and PCBs with software running on a local microcontroller. In addition, our partners developed MATLAB Simulink models to demonstrate a PID controller thatmitigates disturbance forces resulting from the interaction of drive and levitation magnetics. Finally, we have designed a three-axis test stand that will be used in future work to demonstrate CELA’s orientation control capability.

controls↗

Correlated Electromagnetic Levitation Actuator: A Reaction Sphere-Based Attitude Control System

To address problems experienced by current reaction wheels and control moment gyroscopebased attitude control systems (ACS), researchers at National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) have begun developing a reaction sphere actuator based on correlated electromagnetic levitation that will be immune to destructive bearing friction, momentum saturation, and gimbal lock. The Correlated Electromagnetic Levitation Actuator (CELA) advances the state of the art of reaction sphere ACSs by employing the concept of correlated magnetics. It is a frictionless, direct-drive reaction sphere that harnesses a unique technology with an array of applications across multiple disciplines. Correlated electromagnets function in a manner that is analogous to a matched filter; the convolution of two signals is peaked at the index representing the greatest match. For CELA, the signals are the patterns of magnetic flux density as a function of position. The magnitude of the convolution equates to an attractive or repulsive force, and these forces can be azimuthal or radial. The development of CELA is based in four distinct disciplines: Advanced Manufacturing, Prototype Development, Electromagnetic Modeling, and Controls. We are developing novel manufacturing techniques required to build arrays of permanent and electromagnet dipoles on curved surfaces. To print the permanent magnetic array, we have developed a probe with pyramidal magnets that will reside on a robotic arm to induce localized magnetic fields on a surface. We have also used high temperature ovens to erase dipole patterns from a permanent magnet by heating the surface to its Curie temperature. A number of test articles and prototypes have been developed using additive manufacturing methods. These prototypes have included hemispherical motors to test the drive algorithm, and a levitation test bed that demonstrates a magnetic bearing method based on attractive magnetic forces and ratiometric Hall effect sensors. We developed an array of electromagnetic dipoles on a printed circuit board (PCB) with individual H-bridges controlling each coil. This device created various flux density patterns and we measured their magnetic fields using a custom Hall effect 3-D probe and a LabVIEW virtual instrument. These data will serve as a benchmark for characterizing the accuracy of future models. Current work is focused on modeling the magnetic fields of our prototype arrays using COMSOL finite element analysis (FEA) and verifying the model against our test data. Accurate modeling will allow us to quickly test new patterns of electromagnets and their macro behavior. Eventually, the magnetic field models will be implemented in our controls simulations to facilitate precise control of the reaction sphere. Initial model results agree with field measurements to within 1 G (5% of measured flux density). Currently, we are testing different material properties of the electromagnets and their magnetic fields and thermal effects. These results will be used to refine the design of the electromagnetic dipoles. Our control efforts have centered on developing commutation, levitation, and field pattern shaping hardware in the form of breadboards and PCBs with software running on a local microcontroller. In addition, our partners developed MATLAB Simulink models to demonstrate a PID controller that mitigates disturbance forces resulting from the interaction of drive and levitation magnetics. Finally, we have designed a three-axis test stand that will be used in future work to demonstrate CELA’s orientation control capability.

reaction sphere↗

Large-Angle Magnetic Suspension (LAMS)

Spherical LAMS is magnetic syspension that provides dual functions of magnetic bearing and rotorgimbal system. Provides two degrees of angular freedom within single magnetic suspension system. Approach employs spherically-shaped magnetic-gap surfaces to achieve much-larger angular freedom than available from previous suspensions.

Oglevie, Ronald E.↗

Large angle magnetic suspension text fixture

In lieu of a final report for this project for the period 1 April 1995 through 31 October 1995, a compilation of three reports are included herein. The three reports are: (1) 'Design and Implementation of a Digital Controller for a Magnetic Suspension and Vernier Pointing System', (2) 'Influence of Eddy Currents on the Dynamic Characteristics of Magnetic Suspensions and Magnetic Bearings', and (3) 'Design and Implementation of a Digital Controller for a Magnetic Suspension and Vernier Pointing System'.

Britcher, Colin P.↗