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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1984

Interlobate comparison of glacial-depositional style as evidenced by small-relief glacial landscape features in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, utilizing SIR-B

The objectives and expected results of an investigation of the use of the Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B) as a basic tool in the recognition and mapping of glacial landforms are discussed. The main goals are: (1) to evaluate the ability of SIR-B to delineate varying sizes, shapes, and relief of surface forms; (2) to compare and contrast SIR-B imagery with selected Seasat SAR imagery; (3) to utilize SIR-B imagery synergistically with available SEASAT SAR, LANDSAT RBV, and other imagery sources to identify and map suites of glacial landforms; and (4) eventually to interpret the suites in terms of ice dynamics and conditions of deglaciation, to relate them to the stratigraphic record, and to evaluate interactions of the major lobes and sublobes.

Johnson, W. H.↗
NASA NTRS1990

A3I visibility modeling project

The Army-NASA Aircrew Aircraft Integration program is supporting a joint project to build a visibility computer-aided design (CAD) tool. CAD has become an essential tool in modern engineering applications. CAD tools are used to create engineering drawings and to evaluate potential designs before they are physically realized. The visibility CAD tool will provide the design engineer with a tool to aid in the location and specification of windows, displays, and control in crewstations. In an aircraft cockpit the location of instruments and the emissive and reflective characteristics of the surfaces must be determined to assure adequate aircrew performance. The visibility CAD tool will allow the designer to ask and answer many of these questions in the context of a three-dimensional graphical representation of the cockpit. The graphic representation of the cockpit is a geometrically valid model of the cockpit design. A graphic model of a pilot, called the pilot manikin, can be placed naturalistically in the cockpit model. The visibility tool has the capability of mapping the cockpit surfaces and other objects modeled in this graphic design space onto the simulated pilot's retinas for a given visual fixation.

Larimer, James↗
NASA NTRS1990

Minimizing attitude control fuel in space manipulator systems

Techniques are presented for finding space manipulator motions which result in reduced spacecraft dynamic disturbances. Although a spacecraft's attitude control reaction jets can compensate for these disturbances, reaction jet fuel is a limited resource and excessive disturbances would limit the life of a space manipulator. A graphical tool called the Enhanced Disturbance Map (EDM) is presented and is demonstrated as an aid in developing planning and control algorithms to solve this complex problem.

Dubowsky, Steven↗
NASA NTRS1993

Classification of multispectral image data by the Binary Diamond neural network and by nonparametric, pixel-by-pixel methods

The classification of multispectral image data obtained from satellites has become an important tool for generating ground cover maps. This study deals with the application of nonparametric pixel-by-pixel classification methods in the classification of pixels, based on their multispectral data. A new neural network, the Binary Diamond, is introduced, and its performance is compared with a nearest neighbor algorithm and a back-propagation network. The Binary Diamond is a multilayer, feed-forward neural network, which learns from examples in unsupervised, 'one-shot' mode. It recruits its neurons according to the actual training set, as it learns. The comparisons of the algorithms were done by using a realistic data base, consisting of approximately 90,000 Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper pixels. The Binary Diamond and the nearest neighbor performances were close, with some advantages to the Binary Diamond. The performance of the back-propagation network lagged behind. An efficient nearest neighbor algorithm, the binned nearest neighbor, is described. Ways for improving the performances, such as merging categories, and analyzing nonboundary pixels, are addressed and evaluated.

Salu, Yehuda↗
NASA NTRS1994

Spectral eclipse mapping of the accretion disk in the nova-like variable UX Ursae Majoris

We analyze narrow-band eclipse light curves of the nova-like cataclysmic variable UX UMa, obtained from low-resolution spectra spanning lambda lambda 3600-9800 A . The light curves for narrow bands in the continuum as well as those for individual spectral lines are treated independently, and are used to construct images of the accretion disk's brightness distribution using the maximum-entropy eclipse-mapping technique. Particular attention is paid to the propagation of statistical uncertainties in the data and to how the analysis may introduce systematic errors in the final result. From the many narrrow band images we have reconstructed the spectra from isolated parts of the accretion disk. These spectra reveal that the inner disk radiates a continuum spectrum which peaks in the near UV and has the hydrogen Balmer lines in absorption (with the exception of H-alpha), whereas the outer disk is much fainter, has a much redder spectrum, and has Balmer emission lines. Our analysis reveals the presence of an uneclipsed component of the total light, whose spectrum is very red and has Balmer lines in emission. This unexpected feature of the eclipse mapping technique offers a new tool for an independent assessment of the secondary star's spectrum in eclipsing cataclysmic variables.

Rutten, R. G. M.↗
NASA NTRS2019

ALMA Autocorrelation Spectroscopy of Comets: the HCN/H13CN Ratio in C/2012 S1 (ISON)

The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) is a powerful tool for high-resolution mapping of comets, but the main interferometer (comprised of 50×12-m antennas) is insensitive to the largest coma scales due to a lack of very short baselines. In this work, we present a new technique employing ALMA autocorrelation data (obtained simultaneously with the interferometric observations), effectively treating the entire 12-m array as a collection of single-dish telescopes. Using combined autocorrelation spectra from 28 active antennas, we recovered extended HCN coma emission from comet C/2012 S1 (ISON), resulting in a fourteen-fold increase in detected line brightness compared with the interferometer. This resulted in the first detection of rotational emission from H13CN in this comet. Using a detailed coma radiative transfer model accounting for optical depth and non-LTE excitation effects, we obtained an H12CN/H13CN ratio of 88±18, which matches the terrestrial value of 89, consistent with a lack of isotopic fractionation in HCN during comet formation in the protosolar accretion disk. The possibility of future discoveries in extended sources using autocorrelation spectroscopy from the main ALMA array is thus demonstrated.

M A Cordiner↗
NASA NTRS2021

Hawai‘i Island Disasters: Using NASA Earth Observations to Assess Coastal Flood Risk with Measures of Land Cover Change, Flood Extent, and Vulnerability for Adaptation and Mitigation Planning on Hawai‘i Island

As the County of Hawai‘i faces an increased risk of extreme flooding events, sea-level rise, and other hazards associated with climate change, the need for building geospatial capacity to make better-informed decisions is critical. The County of Hawai‘i and Arizona State University partnered with NASA DEVELOP to complete a macro-scale risk analysis for the island of Hawai‘i analyzing flooding, land cover, vulnerability, and exposure factors using Earth observations and socio-economic data. The team assessed the variation in urban coastal vulnerability around the entire island of Hawai‘i, using satellite imagery of coastal land cover typology from satellite products such as Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), and Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). The team made a sharable geodatabase containing datasets modeling vulnerability to coastal flooding as well as the Hawai‘i Flood Risk Toolbox (HiFloRT) which contains multiple tools for the County to map land cover, extreme rainfall and flood extent across the Island. The end products will allow the County of Hawai‘i to establish a protocol and standard framework for the utilization of Earth observations in future planning.

Garren Kalter↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Community Noise Impact of Urban Air Mobility Vehicle Operations

Advanced air mobility (AAM) missions, carried out by electrically driven air vehicles, are characterized by ranges of less than about 300-500 nm (about 500-900 km) and include both rural and urban operations. The missions may include public transportation, cargo delivery, air taxi, and emergency response. While the urban air mobility (UAM) subset of AAM is projected to have high economic benefit, it is also the most difficult to develop because it must overcome many barriers, including those associated with the airspace system, safety, and community noise. This presentation focuses on the utilization of UAM source noise data for assessment of community noise impact. Although a limited number of acoustic flight measurement campaigns have been made to characterize the source noise of prototype and preproduction UAM aircraft, prediction-based approaches are primarily considered herein. Following conceptual design, in which the vehicle is appropriately sized for its intended mission, a comprehensive analysis must be performed for a range of operating conditions spanning the flight envelope to determine the corresponding configurations of the vehicle, that is, the trimmed states. For each trimmed state, the noise produced by each source, for example, steady and unsteady rotor noise, may be computed and so-called source noise (hemi)spheres generated. These source data may subsequently be used in various community noise impact analyses. Several use cases are presented including those supporting noise certification and those for auralizations that may, in turn, be used as part of a perception-influenced design process. Land use planning tools for generating noise exposure maps, including those using simulation and integrated modeling approaches, are also presented. Finally, use cases supporting development of low noise flight operations, including an acoustic flight simulator and acoustically aware flight control, are considered.

aircraft community noise↗
NASA NTRS2017

Connecting Projects to Complete the In Situ Resource Utilization Paradigm

Terrain Identify specifics such as slope, rockiness, traction parameters Identify what part of ISRU needs each Physical Geotechnical Hardness, density, cohesion, etc. Identify what part of ISRU needs each (e.g., excavation needs to know hardness, density; soil processing needs to know density, cohesion; etc.)Mineral Identify specifics Identify what part of ISRU needs each Volatile Identify specifics Identify what part of ISRU needs each Atmosphere Identify specifics Identify what part of ISRU needs each Environment Identify specifics Identify what part of ISRU needs each Resource Characterization What: Develop an instrument suite to locate and evaluate the physical, mineral, and volatile resources at the lunar poles Neutron Spectrometer Near Infrared (IR) to locate subsurface hydrogen surface water Near IR for mineral identification Auger drill for sample removal down to 1 m Oven with Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer to quantify volatiles present ISRU relevance: Water volatile resource characterization and subsurface material access removal Site Evaluation Resource Mapping What: Develop and utilize new data products and tools for evaluating potential exploration sites for selection and overlay mission data to map terrain, environment, and resource information e.g., New techniques applied to generate Digital Elevation Map (DEMs) at native scale of images (1mpxl)ISRU relevance: Resource mapping and estimation with terrain and environment information is needed for extraction planning Mission Planning and Operations What: Develop and utilize tools and procedures for planning mission operations and real time changes Planning tools include detailed engineering models (e.g., power and data) of surface segment systems allows evaluation of designs ISRU relevance: Allows for iterative engineering as a function of environment and hardware performance.

Paradigm↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Predicting the Likelihood of Human-Elephant Conflict and Assessing Patterns in Elephant Movements Over Varying Habitat Conditions in the Kavango-Zambezi Area

In the Kavango-Zambezi area of southern Africa, three million people live within areas frequently traveled by free-ranging elephants. As the region continues to develop rapidly, urban and agricultural settlements further encroach upon the land that these elephants use. As elephants come into more frequent contact with urban and agricultural areas, human populations face financial loss through crop damage and the potential for injury from direct conflict with elephants. Elephant populations are also at risk of injuries from conflict as well as illness related to the consumption of waste. In order to implement human-elephant conflict mitigation strategies, local conservation groups need to be informed on best practices for coexistence. This project aided The Ecoexist Project and Connected Conservation in understanding the ecological factors that drive elephant movement into human settlements and provided Earth observation data to support conflict management in the future. The team used Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) data to create land use land cover maps and calculate vegetation indices, and used TerraClimate data to analyze drought conditions. These classified maps allowed us to display a time series of human settlement from 1990 to the present and were made explorable alongside other environmental variables in an updated Google Earth Engine (GEE) tool. This project also provided heat maps that show the risk of human-elephant conflict based on historical data of HEC locations. This analysis will provide support for conservation experts in determining best practices for future mitigation and prevention of human-elephant conflict.

Ariel Calle↗
NASA NTRS2017

NASA's Solar System Treks: Online Portals for Planetary Mapping and Modeling

NASA's Solar System Treks are a suite of web-based of lunar and planetary mapping and modeling portals providing interactive visualization and analysis tools enabling mission planners, planetary scientists, students, and the general public to access mapped lunar data products from past and current missions for the Moon, Mars, Vesta, and more. New portals for additional planetary bodies are being planned. This presentation will recap significant enhancements to these toolsets during the past year and look ahead to future features and releases. Moon Trek is a new portal replacing its predecessor, the Lunar Mapping and Modeling Portal (LMMP), that significantly upgrades and builds upon the capabilities of LMMP. It features greatly improved navigation, 3D visualization, fly-overs, performance, and reliability. Additional data products and tools continue to be added. These include both generalized products as well as polar data products specifically targeting potential sites for NASA's Resource Prospector mission as well as for missions being planned by NASA's international partners. The latest release of Mars Trek includes new tools and data products requested by NASA's Planetary Science Division to support site selection and analysis for Mars Human Landing Exploration Zone Sites. Also being given very high priority by NASA Headquarters is Mars Trek's use as a means to directly involve the public in upcoming missions, letting them explore the areas the agency is focusing upon, understand what makes these sites so fascinating, follow the selection process, and get caught up in the excitement of exploring Mars. Phobos Trek, the latest effort in the Solar System Treks suite, is being developed in coordination with the International Phobos/Deimos Landing Site Working Group, with landing site selection and analysis for JAXA's MMX (Martian Moons eXploration) mission as a primary driver.

Day, Brian↗
DOE OSTI2021

Coupling 1D xRAGE simulations with machine learning for graded inner shell design optimization in double shell capsules

Advances in machine learning provide the ability to leverage data from expensive simulations of high-energy-density experiments to significantly cut down on computational time and costs associated with the search for optimal target designs. This study presents an application of cutting-edge Bayesian optimization methods to the one-dimensional (1D) design optimization of double shell graded layer targets for inertial confinement fusion experiments. This investigation attempts to reduce hydrodynamic instabilities while retaining high yields for future NIF experiments. Machine learning methods can use predictive physics simulations to identify graded layer designs from within the vast design space that demonstrate high predicted performance, including novel designs with high uncertainty in performance that may hold unexpected promise. By applying machine learning tools to the simulation design, we map the trade-off between 1D yield and instability, specifically isolating parameter ranges, which maintain high performance while showing significantly improved Rayleigh–Taylor stability over the point design. Furthermore, the groundwork laid in this study will be a useful design tool for future NIF experiments with graded layer targets.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

GADRAS Batch Inject Tool User Guide

Gamma Detector Response and Analysis Software (GADRAS) is used by the radiation detection and emergency response community to perform modeling and spectral analysis for gamma detector systems. Built into GADRAS is the ability to define a detector, geometry, background characteristics and source composition to generate synthetic spectra for drills and exercises (injects). Consequence Management is currently in development of a sample result data simulator tool in which a deposition model is probed for source conditions at moments in time and locations in space. These values are used to generate realistic sample results for use in drills and exercises. In addition to sample results, there is a need to simulate the actual spectra that would be observed in the field by downlooking HPGe instruments given a deposition activity. This way, the FRMAC Gamma Spectroscopist can practice their process of generating quantified results from spectra on realistic data as well. Recognizing the decades of work done in GADRAS to accurately generate synthetic spectra, this team decided to build a link between the new simulator and GADRAS to generate these spectra quickly and easily. The simulator tool will generate a file that specifies the name of the spectra, its location, date/time of measurement, duration of measurement, height off the ground, and the deposition activity and age for every radionuclide in the simulation. Then, a new tool within the Inject Tab of GADRAS was developed to read in this file given a detector selection and generate In-Situ spectra for each row in the file in any file format the user chooses. This way, simulation cell staff can take these files and then upload them to the appropriate data system (RAMS or RadResponder) for use during drills and exercises. An advanced feature of this tool allows for generating any spectra given an appropriate model and mapping of source to model layer in the batch inject tool. This way, spectra from field sample counts, mobile laboratories, or even fixed laboratories can be generated in bulk given an estimate of the radioactivity concentration or total radioactivity in an import file. This expands the capabilities of this tool a great deal and will make it a more useful tool for CM and others to help estimate detector response for nearly any situation. This user guide will explain the steps needed to perform a batch inject file generation.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
NASA NTRS2008

Renewed Mapping of the Nepthys Mons Quadrangle (V-54), Venus

After a long hiatus due to competing tasks with the PI, mapping of Venus' Nepthys Mons Quadrangle (V-54, 300-330degE, 25-50degS) has been resumed, with planned submission late in 2008 or early 2009. Major goals are to determine the style of volcanism and tectonism over time, the evolution of shield volcanoes, the evolution of coronae, the characteristics of plains volcanism, and what these observations tell us about the general geologic history of Venus. This abstract largely repeats earlier progress reports, with some updates to show GEMS that the PI intends to complete this task in the near future. Methods: Geologic units and structures have been mapped onto hardcopy FMAPs and then transferred to the 1:5 million-scale map base (Figure 1). Pseudostereo anaglyphs have proved an indispensable tool and have resulted in a virtual complete revision of previously mapped areas [1,2]. At FMAP scale, structural trends and inferred ages are broken out using different symbols and colors. These are in the process of being transferred to a 1:5 million-scale structure map separate from the geologic map. The geologic units, structures, impact craters, coronae, and volcanoes are being arranged in time-stratigraphic sequences as the mapping progresses.

Bridges, Nathan T.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Rapid spatial analysis of surrogate TRISO fuel particles using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy image analysis

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) mapping enables rapid elemental and spatial analysis of solid samples. In this work, surrogate TRi-structural ISOtropic (TRISO) particles with various layers consisting of Zr, W, C, and Si were used to demonstrate the use of a new thickness measurement tool developed to analyze elemental images generated from LIBS maps. Zr particles with varying outer-layer thicknesses ranging from 16 to 32 μm were measured with scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and LIBS with both a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) detector and an intensified charged coupled device (ICCD) detector. LIBS maps of particles were completed using CMOS and ICCD spectrometers with effective spatial resolutions of 4 and 2 μm, respectively. The novel thickness measurement tool identified layer regions within a LIBS map and then identified the locations of the boundaries between these layers. The tool then generated up to 1000 random profiles stemming radially from the center region, which were used to measure the layer thickness/radius. This image analysis tool demonstrated LIBS's ability to provide values comparable with SEM-EDS (3.7% relative difference) along with a 95% reduction in measurement time. Furthermore, the precision of these measurements was on par with the SEM-EDS measurements at <15% relative standard deviation. Following the analysis of the Zr particles, W particles with increased complexity (e.g., five versus three layers) were analyzed using both the CMOS and ICCD spectrometers simultaneously. The spatial dimensions were extracted with an average relative difference of 2.7% and an average relative standard deviation of 9%.

Andrews, Hunter B. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory ↗
NASA NTRS2017

Applications of Satellite Data to Support Improvements in Irrigation and Groundwater Management in California

In agricultural regions around the world, threats to water supplies from drought and groundwater depletion are driving increased demand for tools to advance agricultural water use efficiency and support sustainable groundwater management. Satellite mapping of evapotranspiration (ET) from irrigated agricultural lands can provide agricultural producers and water resource managers with information that can be used to both optimize ag water use and improve estimates of groundwater withdrawals for irrigation. We describe the development of two remote sensing-based tools for ET mapping in California, including important lessons in terms of system design, partnership development, and transition to operations. For irrigation management, the integration of satellite data and surface sensor networks to provide timely delivery of information on crop water requirements can make irrigation scheduling more practical, convenient, and accurate.Developed through a partnership between NASA and the CA Department of Water Resources, the Satellite Irrigation Management Support (SIMS) framework integrates satellite data with information from agricultural weather networks to map crop canopy development and crop water requirements at the scale of individual fields. Information is distributed to agricultural producers and water managers via a web-based interface and web data services. SIMS also provides an API that facilitates integration with other irrigation decision support tools, such as CropManage and IrriQuest. Field trials using these integrated tools have shown that they can be used to sustain yields while improving water use efficiency and nutrient management. For sustainable groundwater management, the combination of satellite-derived estimates of ET and data on surface water deliveries for irrigation can increase the accuracy of estimates of groundwater pumping. We are developing an OpenET platform to facilitate access to ET data from multiple models and accelerate operational use of ET data in support of a range of water management applications, including implementation of the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act in CA. By providing a shared basis for decision making, we anticipate that the OpenET platform will accelerate implementation of solutions for sustainable groundwater management.

Satellite↗
NASA NTRS2022

Air Traffic Management TestBed: Weather Visualization using Map Tiles

Running realistic simulations and developing algorithms for decision support tools usually require weather data access. This document describes the weather data service capability implemented in the Air Traffic Management (ATM) TestBed. The capability provides ways for querying weather data from the weather products provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Sherlock ATM Data Warehouse. Depending on use cases, weather data can be queried using a Java application programming interface, web data access, and map tile image access. Map tile images are generated using triangular meshes obtained using the Matching Squares contour algorithm. An analysis determines a grid size that will produce both high image quality and fast image rendering. In addition, the visualization of weather data as map tiles on a TestBed visualization tool called Traffic Viewer is presented.

Chok Fung Lai↗