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At least 343 records · Page 19

Xenon–metal pair formation in UO 2 investigated using DFT + U

A recent experimental study on a spent uranium dioxide (UO 2 ) fuel sample from Belgium Reactor 3 identified a unique pair structure formed by the noble metal phase (NMP) and fission gas [xenon (Xe)] precipitate. However, the fundamental mechanism behind this structure remains unclear. The present study aims to provide an understanding of the interaction between five different metal precipitates [molybdenum (Mo), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), technetium (Tc), and rhodium (Rh)] and the Xe fission gas atoms in UO 2 , by using density functional theory (DFT) in combination with the Hubbard U correction to compute the formation energies involved. All DFT + U calculations were performed with occupation matrix control to ensure antiferromagnetic ordering of UO 2 . The calculated formation and binding energies of the Xe and solid fission products in the NMP reveal that these metal precipitates form stable pair structures with Xe. Notably, the formation energy of Xe–metal pairs is lower than that of the isolated single defects in all instances, with Pd and Mo showing the most favorable binding energy, likely accounting for the observed pair structure formation.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Combining pressure and electrochemistry to synthesize superhydrides

Significance Superhydrides are a materials system where near–room-temperature superconductivity has been achieved but only at very high (megabar) pressures. This work proposes an approach that combines pressure and electrochemistry to stabilize superhydrides at moderate pressures. Through a computational study of the palladium–hydrogen system, we construct electrochemical phase diagrams and show that electrochemically synthesizing superhydrides may be possible when combined with moderate pressures. We generalize this to other binary metal superhydrides of interest for superconductivity, including La, Y, and Mg hydrides.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Benchmarking Hydrogen Isotope Separation Efficiency of Pd/k–Packed TCAP Columns

By leveraging the large isotope effect in the palladium hydrogen isotope system, the Thermal Cycling Absorption Process (TCAP) provides an efficient and advantageous means to separate protium, deuterium, and tritium. To meet increased future tritium processing demands, such as those needed for fusion power plants, current designs of the separation columns need to be adapted and optimized using the progress made in understanding hydrogen isotope science. One key to this optimization lies in understanding the baseline performance for currently employed separation packing materials. Pd/k and molecular sieves, as commonly used for the separation of hydrogen isotopes, are herein evaluated to establish a baseline for their separation efficiency. Van Deemter plots are formulated, and the influence of each parameter is evaluated to determine areas for improvement.

Thermal Cycling Absorption Process (TCAP)↗

Separation of Hydrogen Using Pd/Ag Membranes: Experimental and Modeling Results with Potential Application to Direct Internal Recycle

Implementation of fusion energy requires processing the deuterium-tritium (D-T) mixture used to fuel the reaction, and separation of hydrogen isotopes from other gases is imperative. Specifically, the separation of hydrogen isotopes from helium is a matter of importance to the fusion fuel cycle community. Initial testing with a palladium-silver (Pd-Ag) membrane indicates that even moderate vacuum (~100 torr permeate pressure) can provide a high degree of separation (>90%) at a high ratio of H 2 to He. Given the presence of He in many fusion systems, a high technology readiness level (TRL) for Q 2 /He (where Q represents any isotope of hydrogen) separations is needed. This study demonstrates the efficacy of H 2 removal from He via permeation and potential applications for direct internal recycle. Modeling will accompany the experimental campaign to generate a predictive capability and quantify the separation performance. Modeling from previous hydrogen permeation studies has demonstrated that the typical Sieverts’ law fails to predict the measured permeation rates at high hydrogen fluxes. Existing models are being refined to integrate the effects of surface phenomena into permeation predictions, which have been expanded to account for mixtures with large ranges of Q 2 concentrations. These data will improve the TRL of permeators as a separation technology for the fusion fuel cycle.

08 HYDROGEN↗

A highly efficient atomically thin curved PdIr bimetallene electrocatalyst

Abstract The multi-metallene with an ultrahigh surface area has great potential in precise tuning of surface heterogeneous d-electronic correlation by surface strain effect for the distinctive surface electronic structure, which is a brand new class of promising 2D electrocatalyst for sustainable energy device application. However, achieving such an atomically thin multi-metallene still presents a great challenge. Herein, we present a new synthetic method for an atomic-level palladium-iridium (PdIr) bimetallene with an average thickness of only ∼1.0 nm for achieving superior catalysis in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR). The curved PdIr bimetallene presents a top-ranked high electrochemical active area of 127.5 ± 10.8 m2 gPd+Ir−1 in the reported noble alloy materials, and exhibits a very low overpotential, ultrahigh activity and improved stability for HER and FAOR. DFT calculation reveals that the PdIr bimetallene herein has a unique lattice tangential strain, which can induce surface distortion while concurrently creating a variety of concave-convex featured micro-active regions formed by variously coordinated Pd sites agglomeration. Such a strong strain effect correlates the abnormal on-site active 4d10-t2g-orbital Coulomb correlation potential and directly elevates orbital-electronegativity exposure within these active regions, resulting in a preeminent barrier-free energetic path for significant enhancement of FAOR and HER catalytic performance.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

High-pressure synthesis and thermodynamic stability of PdH 1±ε up to 8 GPa

Palladium hydride alloys are superconductors and hydrogen storage materials. One synthesis route is compression of Pd to high pressure in a hydrogen-rich environment. Here we report the evolution of the unit cell volume of PdH x synthesized by compressing Pd in a pure H 2 medium to pressures from 0.2 to 8 GPa in a diamond anvil cell at room temperature. The volume of the face-centered cubic unit cell changes nonmonotonically with pressure, increasing upon compression from 0.2 to 1 GPa and decreasing upon compression from 1 to 8 GPa. Volume is reversible upon decompression and is independent of whether the sample was heated to 600 K at low pressure (P < 2 GPa). The x-ray diffraction data show no evidence for a phase transition between 0.2 and 8 GPa. The volume maximum at 1 GPa must be caused by progressive hydrogenation from 0 to 1 GPa. Assuming a pressure-volume-composition equation of state derived from previously published data, the [H]:[Pd] ratio in this study increases to a maximum value of x = 1 ± 0.02 at 2 ± 0.5 GPa and remains stable upon further compression to and from 8 GPa. These results add to a mounting body of evidence that PdH 1±ϵ is in thermodynamic equilibrium with pure H 2 at room temperature from 2 GPa to at least 8 GPa. Here, the simplest interpretation is that H atoms occupy all octahedral sites and no tetrahedral sites in face-centered cubic PdH 1.0 .

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Abrasion-fission reactions at intermediate energies

The availability of high-intensity, heavy-ion beams coupled to sensitive, large solid-angle acceptance spectrometers has enabled a detailed examination of the fission fragments produced in induced-fission reactions. The abrasion fission process involves the formation of projectile-like prefragments in violent nuclear collisions at relative energies in excess of 100 MeV/u. At intermediate energies below this threshold, experiments suggest a change in the prefragment kinematic qualities. Information regarding the influence of this transitional phase upon the evolution of nuclei approaching the point of scission is scarce. In this article, data are presented for over 200 nuclei from nickel to palladium produced in abrasion-fission reactions of a 80 MeV/u 238 U beam. Cross sections were obtained following yield measurements performed for the principal charge states of the identified fission fragments and a detailed analysis of the ion transmission. A full kinematic analysis of the fission fragments has been performed using the LISE ++ software package, where the trajectory of an ion passing through a spectrometer can be reconstructed based upon measurements at the focal plane. Furthermore, the results obtained at the S800 spectrograph are compared with predictions obtained with a three-fission progenitor (3EER) model. Systematic studies of fission-fragment properties continue to provide a valuable experimental benchmark for theoretical efforts directed toward describing this complex decay channel, that is important in the context of planning experiments to explore the neutron-rich region of the nuclear chart at rare-isotope beam facilities.

59 ≤ A ≤ 8990 ≤ A ≤ 149↗

Synthesis of Yttrium Superhydride Superconductor with a Transition Temperature up to 262 K by Catalytic Hydrogenation at High Pressures

The recent observation of room-temperature superconductivity will undoubtedly lead to a surge in the discovery of new, dense, hydrogen-rich materials. The rare earth metal superhydrides are predicted to have very high-T c superconductivity that is tunable with changes in stoichiometry or doping. Here we report the synthesis of an yttrium superhydride that exhibits superconductivity at a critical temperature of 262 K at 182±8 GPa. A palladium thin film assists the synthesis by protecting the sputtered yttrium from oxidation and promoting subsequent hydrogenation. Phonon-mediated superconductivity is established by the observation of zero resistance, an isotope effect and the reduction of T c under an external magnetic field. Furthermore, the upper critical magnetic field is 103 T at zero temperature.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Pressure cells for in situ neutron total scattering: time and real-space resolution during deuterium absorption

In situ gas-loading sample holders for two-dimensionally arranged detectors in time-of-flight neutron total scattering experiments have been developed to investigate atomic arrangements during deuterium absorption using time and real-space resolution. A single-crystal sapphire container was developed that allows conditions of 473 K and 10 MPa hydrogen gas pressure. High-resolution transient measurements detected deuterium absorption by palladium that proceeded within a few seconds. A double-layered container with thick- and thin-walled vanadium allowed conditions of 423 K and 10 MPa hydrogen gas pressure. The deuterium occupation sites of a lanthanum–nickel–aluminium alloy are discussed in detail on the basis of real-space high-resolution data obtained from in situ neutron scattering measurements and reverse Monte Carlo structural modeling.

08 HYDROGEN↗

Reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy of the surface chemistry of furfural on Pd(111)

The hydrolysis and subsequent acidic dehydration of biomass leads to the production of smaller oxygenates, including furfural, which can undergo subsequent reactions such as hydrogenation to produce value-added products. Palladium has been found to be an active catalyst for this process. As a result, the surface chemistry of furfural is investigated on a Pd(111) single-crystal surface using reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy as a basis for understanding the catalytic conversion of furfural to value-added products. Following adsorption at 90 K, furfural adopts a flat-lying geometry at low coverages, but converts to a tilted species as the coverage approaches saturation. Heating to ~175 K forms a tilted η 1 (O) species that appears to deprotonate on heating to above 200 K to form an intermediate with a tilted furyl ring and a carbonyl group close to parallel to the surface. Further heating to ~250 K and above caused this species to decarbonylate to form adsorbed carbon monoxide and an infrared invisible furyl intermediate. This can then undergo a ring-opening reaction to produce further CO and form a C 3 H 3 intermediate that can hydrogenate to produce propylene. Finally, this reaction sequence is in good agreement with previous density functional theory calculations and with the products observed in temperature-programmed desorption.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Editors’ Choice—Uncovering the Role of Alkaline Pretreatment for Hydroxide Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Alkaline pretreatment is perceived as an essential step for high-performance hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells (HEMFCs), but its exact function is not fully understood. Here we show that alkaline pretreatment is only necessary when carboxylates are generated from platinum- or palladium-catalyzed oxidation of primary alcohol solvents during membrane electrode assembly (MEA) fabrication. When alkaline pretreatment is needed, bicarbonates are a better choice than the most commonly used hydroxide bases. We further demonstrate that MEAs with Pt/Pd-free catalysts, which can be used in HEMFCs, exhibit a better performance without the alkaline pretreatment: a voltage of 0.64 V at 1.0 A cm −2 and a peak power density of 0.69 W cm −2 in H 2 /O 2 . The optimization or elimination of the alkaline pretreatment will simplify the fabrication process for fuel cells and thus reduces their manufacturing costs.

Shi, Lin↗

Multiplexable intrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometric fiber sensors for multipoint hydrogen gas monitoring

This Letter presents an approach to produce multiplexable optical fiber chemical sensor using an intrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer (IFPI) array via the femtosecond laser direct writing technique. Using the hydrogen-sensitive palladium (Pd) alloy as a functional sensory material, Pd alloy coated IFPI devices can reproducibly and reversibly measure hydrogen concentrations with a detection limit of 0.25% at room temperature. Seven IFPI sensors were fabricated in one fiber and performed simultaneous temperature and hydrogen measurements at seven different locations. This Letter demonstrates a simple yet effective approach to fabricate multiplexable fiber optical chemical sensors for use in harsh environments.

Cao, Rongtao↗

Materials Data on Pd(SCl3)2 by Materials Project

PdCl2(SCl2)2 is Cyanogen Chloride-derived structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of one palladium(ii) chloride molecule and two sulfur dichloride molecules.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Pd(SeCl3)2 by Materials Project

PdCl2(SeCl2)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four palladium(ii) chloride molecules and eight selenium dichloride molecules.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Zn3Ga4Pd7 by Materials Project

Pd7Zn3Ga4 is beta-prime palladium aluminum-derived structured and crystallizes in the trigonal R3 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Pd sites. In the first Pd site, Pd is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Zn and three Ga atoms. There are a spread of Pd–Zn bond distances ranging from 2.63–2.69 Å. There are one shorter (2.58 Å) and two longer (2.63 Å) Pd–Ga bond lengths. In the second Pd site, Pd is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Zn and five Ga atoms. There are one shorter (2.69 Å) and one longer (2.73 Å) Pd–Zn bond lengths. There are a spread of Pd–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.61–2.70 Å. In the third Pd site, Pd is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to three equivalent Zn and five Ga atoms. All Pd–Zn bond lengths are 2.73 Å. There are a spread of Pd–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.58–2.78 Å. Zn is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven Pd atoms. There are two inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to seven Pd atoms. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight Pd atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on Bi14PdBr16 by Materials Project

Bi14PdBr16 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is one-dimensional and consists of two bismuth molecules; one palladium molecule; and one Bi3Br4 ribbon oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. In the Bi3Br4 ribbon, there are six inequivalent Bi1+ sites. In the first Bi1+ site, Bi1+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Br1- atom. The Bi–Br bond length is 3.53 Å. In the second Bi1+ site, Bi1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Br1- atom. The Bi–Br bond length is 3.52 Å. In the third Bi1+ site, Bi1+ is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Br1- atom. The Bi–Br bond length is 3.60 Å. In the fourth Bi1+ site, Bi1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Br1- atom. The Bi–Br bond length is 3.55 Å. In the fifth Bi1+ site, Bi1+ is bonded to six Br1- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing BiBr6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 60–64°. There are a spread of Bi–Br bond distances ranging from 2.77–3.14 Å. In the sixth Bi1+ site, Bi1+ is bonded to six Br1- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing BiBr6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 60–64°. There are a spread of Bi–Br bond distances ranging from 2.75–3.20 Å. There are eight inequivalent Br1- sites. In the first Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Bi1+ atoms. In the second Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Bi1+ atom. In the third Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Bi1+ atoms. In the fourth Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two equivalent Bi1+ atoms. In the fifth Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two Bi1+ atoms. In the sixth Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to two Bi1+ atoms. In the seventh Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to two equivalent Bi1+ atoms. In the eighth Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Bi1+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on K2Ag4Pd3(NO2)12 by Materials Project

(KAg2(NO2)6)2(Pd)3 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of six palladium molecules and one KAg2(NO2)6 framework. In the KAg2(NO2)6 framework, K1+ is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.81–3.47 Å. There are two inequivalent Ag+1.50+ sites. In the first Ag+1.50+ site, Ag+1.50+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.40–3.00 Å. In the second Ag+1.50+ site, Ag+1.50+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.41–3.11 Å. There are six inequivalent N+2.33+ sites. In the first N+2.33+ site, N+2.33+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.24 Å) and one longer (1.26 Å) N–O bond length. In the second N+2.33+ site, N+2.33+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two O2- atoms. Both N–O bond lengths are 1.25 Å. In the third N+2.33+ site, N+2.33+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.24 Å) and one longer (1.25 Å) N–O bond length. In the fourth N+2.33+ site, N+2.33+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two O2- atoms. Both N–O bond lengths are 1.25 Å. In the fifth N+2.33+ site, N+2.33+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.24 Å) and one longer (1.26 Å) N–O bond length. In the sixth N+2.33+ site, N+2.33+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.24 Å) and one longer (1.26 Å) N–O bond length. There are twelve inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Ag+1.50+ and one N+2.33+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ag+1.50+ and one N+2.33+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one K1+, one Ag+1.50+, and one N+2.33+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one K1+, one Ag+1.50+, and one N+2.33+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one K1+, one Ag+1.50+, and one N+2.33+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one K1+, one Ag+1.50+, and one N+2.33+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one K1+, one Ag+1.50+, and one N+2.33+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one K1+, two Ag+1.50+, and one N+2.33+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one K1+, one Ag+1.50+, and one N+2.33+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one K1+, one Ag+1.50+, and one N+2.33+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one K1+, one Ag+1.50+, and one N+2.33+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one K1+, one Ag+1.50+, and one N+2.33+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on H12Pd(N5O4)2 by Materials Project

PdN2(NH3)4(NO2)4 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two ammonia molecules, four ammonia molecules, four nitrous acid molecules, and one palladium molecule.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗