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DOE OSTI2023

Spatial ecology of translocated raccoons

Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are routinely translocated both legally and illegally to mitigate conflicts with humans, which has contributed to the spread of rabies virus across eastern North America. The movement behavior of translocated raccoons has important ramifications for disease transmission yet remains understudied and poorly quantified. To examine the spatial ecology of raccoons following experimental translocation, we performed reciprocal 16 km-distance translocations of 30 raccoons between habitats of high and low raccoon density (bottomland hardwood and upland pine, respectively) across the Savannah River Site (SRS) in Aiken, South Carolina, USA (2018–2019). Translocation influenced patterns of raccoon space use, with translocated animals exhibiting a 13-fold increase in 95% utilization distributions (UDs) post- compared to pre-translocation (mean 95% UD 35.8 ± 36.1 km 2 vs 1.96 ± 1.17 km 2 ). Raccoons originating from upland pine habitats consistently had greater space use and larger nightly movement distances post-translocation compared to raccoons moved from bottomland hardwood habitats, whereas these differences were generally not observed prior to translocation. Estimated home ranges of male raccoons were twice the area as estimated for female raccoons, on average, and this pattern was not affected by translocation. After a transient period lasting on average 36.5 days (SD = 30.0, range = 3.25–92.8), raccoons often resumed pre-experiment movement behavior, with 95% UD sizes not different from those prior to translocation (mean = 2.27 ± 1.63km 2 ). Most animals established new home ranges after translocation, whereas three raccoons moved > 16 km from their release point back to the original capture location. Four animals crossed a 100-m wide river within the SRS post-translocation, but this behavior was not documented among collared raccoons prior to translocation. Large increases in space use combined with the crossing of geographic barriers such as rivers may lead to elevated contact rates with conspecifics, which can heighten disease transmission risks following translocation. These results provide additional insights regarding the potential impacts of raccoon translocation towards population level risks of rabies outbreaks and underscore the need to discourage mesocarnivore translocations to prevent further spread of wildlife rabies.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

Reproduction drives changes in space use and habitat selection in a highly adaptable invasive mammal

Abstract For ungulates, it is not well understood how the interaction between habitat and reproduction affects movement behavior, space use, and habitat selection. We used known parturition (farrowing) data to validate First Passage Time (FPT) movement analysis to identify wild pig (Sus scrofa) parturition events from data collected with GPS collars. We examined home range and habitat selection during three physiologically distinct time periods in the reproductive cycle: late-gestation; farrowing; and neonate-care period. Sows exhibited a behavioral change 1-2 days prior to farrowing, suggesting FPT analysis can reliably identify parturition events for wide-ranging species that have a focused birthing area. Home range was smallest during the farrowing period, likely reflective of nest building, parturition, and protection of neonates. Home range size during the neonate-care period was intermediate between the late-gestation and farrowing periods, indicative of offspring care that may restrict maternal movement. Across all periods, sows avoided developed areas that have sparse canopy and ground cover and are associated with human activities. During late-gestation, sows avoided pine forests that have an open understory and less vegetative cover. During late-gestation and neonate-care, sows selected bottomland hardwood forests, habitat associated with ample food, cover, and water. During farrowing and neonate-care periods, sows selected upland hardwood forests, habitat with high quality food and cover for neonates. The physiological requirements of reproduction drive female habitat selection and spatial scale of movement patterns associated with parturition. Our study contributes to delineation of the appropriate scale at which to analyze movement data to provide insight about where individuals chose to place their home range, how much space to use, and how they use resources on the landscape to maximize reproductive success and fitness.

Zoology↗

DOE OSTI2021

Characterizing Canopy Openness in Open Forests: Spherical Densiometer and Canopy Photography Are Equivalent but Less Sensitive than Direct Measurements of Solar Radiation

In forest ecosystems, canopy openness affects understory light availability, plant growth, and tree species recruitment, thus shaping future forest composition, structure, and functional diversity. Foresters must correctly and quickly measure canopy openness to meet their management objectives. To help guide the selection of an appropriate method for measuring canopy openness, we compared three common techniques that vary in cost, complexity, and time required for measurements and data processing: smartphone-based hemispherical photography, spherical densiometer measurements, and direct measurements of solar radiation (using AccuPAR ceptometer). We measured canopy openness using these three methods on 28 permanent forest health monitoring plots in pine-oak forests of the Central Pine Barrens of Long Island in New York State. By analysis of variance and regression analyses, we found the three methods (particularly densiometer and hemispherical photographs) yielded broadly equivalent and strongly positively correlated descriptions of canopy openness. The direct measurements of solar radiation seemed to have a greater potential to detect subtle variation in forest understory light. Forest managers may sufficiently characterize canopy openness using quick and cheap methods (e.g., spherical densiometers) and avoid larger costs of devices for direct light measurements (e.g., ceptometers) and the larger data processing times of hemispherical photography.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Effect of repulsion on superconductivity at low density

Here we examine the effect of repulsion on superconductivity in a three-dimensional system with a Bardeen-Pines-like interaction in the low-density limit, where the chemical potential μ is much smaller than the phonon frequency ω L . We parametrize the strength of the repulsion by a dimensionless parameter f, and find that the superconducting transition temperature T c approaches a nonzero value in the μ = 0 limit as long as f is below a certain threshold f * . In this limit, we find that T c goes to zero as a power of f * - f, in contrast to the high density limit, where T c goes to zero exponentially quickly as f approaches f * . For all nonzero f, the gap function Δ(ω m ) changes sign along the Matsubara axis, which allows the system to partially overcome the repulsion at high frequencies. We trace the position of the gap node with f and show that it approaches zero frequency as f approaches f * . To investigate the robustness of our conclusions, we then go beyond the Bardeen-Pines model and include full dynamical screening of the interaction, finding that T c still saturates to a nonzero value at μ = 0 when f < f * .

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2024

Decoding the chemical language of Suillus fungi: genome mining and untargeted metabolomics uncover terpene chemical diversity

ABSTRACT Ectomycorrhizal fungi establish mutually beneficial relationships with trees, trading nutrients for carbon. Suillus are ectomycorrhizal fungi that are critical to the health of boreal and temperate forest ecosystems. Comparative genomics has identified a high number of non-ribosomal peptide synthetase and terpene biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC) potentially involved in fungal competition and communication. However, the functionality of these BGCs is not known. This study employed co-culture techniques to activate BGC expression and then used metabolomics to investigate the diversity of metabolic products produced by three Suillus species ( Suillus hirtellus EM16, Suillus decipiens EM49, and Suillus cothurnatus VC1858), core members of the pine microbiome. After 28 days of growth on solid media, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry identified a diverse range of extracellular metabolites (exometabolites) along the interaction zone between Suillus co-cultures. Prenol lipids were among the most abundant chemical classes. Out of the 62 unique terpene BGCs predicted by genome mining, 41 putative prenol lipids (includes 37 putative terpenes) were identified across the three Suillus species using metabolomics. Notably, some terpenes were significantly more abundant in co-culture conditions. For example, we identified a metabolite matching to isomers isopimaric acid, sandaracopimaric acid, and abietic acid, which can be found in pine resin and play important roles in host defense mechanisms and Suillus spore germination. This research highlights the importance of combining genomics and metabolomics to advance our understanding of the chemical diversity underpinning fungal signaling and communication. IMPORTANCE Using a combination of genomics and metabolomics, this study’s findings offer new insights into the chemical diversity of Suillus fungi, which serve a critical role in forest ecosystems.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2022

Ozonized biochar filtrate effects on the growth of Pseudomonas putida and cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942

Background: Biochar ozonization was previously shown to dramatically increase its cation exchange capacity, thus improving its nutrient retention capacity. The potential soil application of ozonized biochar warrants the need for a toxicity study that investigates its effects on microorganisms. Results: In the study presented here, we found that the filtrates collected from ozonized pine 400 biochar and ozonized rogue biochar did not have any inhibitory effects on the soil environmental bacteria Pseudomonas putida, even at high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations of 300 ppm. However, the growth of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 was inhibited by the ozonized biochar filtrates at DOC concentrations greater than 75 ppm. Further tests showed the presence of some potential inhibitory compounds (terephthalic acid and p-toluic acid) in the filtrate of non-ozonized pine 400 biochar; these compounds were greatly reduced upon wet-ozonization of the biochar material. Nutrient detection tests also showed that dry-ozonization of rogue biochar enhanced the availability of nitrate and phosphate in its filtrate, a property that may be desirable for soil application. Conclusion: Ozonized biochar substances can support soil environmental bacterium Pseudomonas putida growth, since ozonization detoxifies the potential inhibitory aromatic molecules.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2024

Epoxy Coating of Biofiber: An Effective Modifier of Biofiber Physical and Flow Properties for Improved Tensile Behavior of Biofiber-Reinforced Biocomposite

Biocomposites combine renewable, plant-based fibers with degradable polymers and are an attractive option for sustainable, lightweight, and cost-effective materials with a low carbon footprint, especially for large-scale additive manufacturing. One of the major challenges in the widespread adoption of biocomposites is that their mechanical performance is significantly inferior to that of synthetic composites. Surface treatment is a common and effective technique to improve the mechanical properties of the biofibers used in biocomposites. This study aims to investigate the physical and flow properties of surface-treated biofibers, as well as the tensile properties of their PLA-based biocomposite, to gain insights into how surface treatment changes the fiber‘s characteristics and biocomposite‘s mechanical properties. Surface treatment was created using a two-component epoxy system by reacting poly(bisphenol A-co-epichlorohydrin) glycidyl end-capped (PBG) and dicyandiamide (DICY). The treatment was tested on two different biofibers (loblolly pine and corn stover fibers) with three different PBG/DICY molar ratios (0.25, 0.5, and 2). Results showed that surface-treated fibers improved the tensile strength and Young‘s modulus of the biocomposites. Loblolly pine biocomposites from fibers treated with a PBG/DICY ratio of 0.25 exhibited the best tensile properties. The surface treatment resulted in a more loosely dispersed fiber bulk structure, as evidenced by less fiber agglomeration into smaller particle sizes, higher fiber sphericity, and lower loose bulk density. This can enhance stress distribution and the overall mechanical performance of the biocomposites. Additionally, surface-treated fibers exhibited better dynamic flow properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2021

Coarse Woody Debris Decomposition Assessment Tool: Model validation and application

Coarse woody debris (CWD) is a significant component of the forest biomass pool; hence a model is warranted to predict CWD decomposition and its role in forest carbon (C) and nutrient cycling under varying management and climatic conditions. A process-based model, CWDDAT (Coarse Woody Debris Decomposition Assessment Tool) was calibrated and validated using data from the FACE (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) Wood Decomposition Experiment utilizing pine ( Pinus taeda ), aspen ( Populous tremuloides ) and birch ( Betula papyrifera ) on nine Experimental Forests (EF) covering a range of climate, hydrology, and soil conditions across the continental USA. The model predictions were evaluated against measured FACE log mass loss over 6 years. Four widely applied metrics of model performance demonstrated that the CWDDAT model can accurately predict CWD decomposition. The R 2 (squared Pearson’s correlation coefficient) between the simulation and measurement was 0.80 for the model calibration and 0.82 for the model validation ( P <0.01). The predicted mean mass loss from all logs was 5.4% lower than the measured mass loss and 1.4% lower than the calculated loss. The model was also used to assess the decomposition of mixed pine-hardwood CWD produced by Hurricane Hugo in 1989 on the Santee Experimental Forest in South Carolina, USA. The simulation reflected rapid CWD decomposition of the forest in this subtropical setting. The predicted dissolved organic carbon (DOC) derived from the CWD decomposition and incorporated into the mineral soil averaged 1.01 g C m -2 y -1 over the 30 years. The main agents for CWD mass loss were fungi (72.0%) and termites (24.5%), the remainder was attributed to a mix of other wood decomposers. These findings demonstrate the applicability of CWDDAT for large-scale assessments of CWD dynamics, and fine-scale considerations regarding the fate of CWD carbon.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

Blodgett Forest CA Warming Experiment Soil Gas Well Data March 2014 to June 2017

These are soil gas data from the whole soil profile warming experiment at the University of California Blodgett Forest Research Station, in the Sierra Nevada foothills near Georgetown, CA at 1370 m above sea level. Mean annual precipitation is 1774 mm with most of it occurring from November through April and mean annual temperature is about 12.5°C . The experiment is in a thinned 80-year-old stand of mixed conifers including ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), incense cedar (Calodefrus decurrens), white fir (Abies concolor), and douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). The soils are Holland series: fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Ultic Haploxeralfs of granitic origin with thick, >5 cm O horizons, minimal carbonates , and a pH that ranges from 5.6 to 6.5. The warming experiment warms the top meter of the soil profile to +4°C above ambient. These data include depth-resolved measurements of CO2 concentrations, 13CO2, apparent respiration quotients, soil temperature, and soil moisture (VWC). These data can be used to model CO2 production rates across the soil profile or to track how the sources and processes contributing to soil respiration change seasonally and with warming.

13C↗

DOE OSTI2024

Heating effects on pyrogenic organic matter mass loss and temperature in a sand matrix in a lab setting from 2022

This dataset contains data associated with the preprint “A laboratory method for simulating the effects of subsequent fires on pyrogenic organic matter at different exposure depths in a sand matrix” (https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.30.605814), which has been accepted for publication in the International Journal of Wildland Fire. The dataset was generated to investigate the effects of subsequent fires on preexisting pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) at different soil depths. Specifically, we designed a laboratory method to simulate soil heating from above, applying realistic heat flux profiles (High, Low, Control) derived from jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) log burns. Using a cone calorimeter, these profiles were applied to buried jack pine PyOM (produced at 350°C) in a sand matrix pyrocosm to examine PyOM mass loss at different depths (surface, 1 cm, 5 cm). Each treatment (e.g., High heat flux at 1 cm depth) was applied once to five replicates in a pyrocosm.The dataset includes mass loss fraction of PyOM and time-series temperature profiles (measured with type K thermocouples). Additionally, calibration datasets for high and low heat flux profiles are provided, including programmed heat flux profile data and three sets of calibration results. All datasets are in .csv format and were analyzed in R using code found at https://github.com/MengmengLuo/Reburning-pyrogenic-organic-matter-A-laboratory-method-for-dosing-dynamic-heat-fluxes-from-above. This dataset supports research on PyOM transformations during subsequent fires, and methodological advancements in simulating soil heating. It can be used to explore fire-induced PyOM alterations across different fire intensities and soil depths.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2026

Sap Velocity Data for East River Watershed Sites (2023-2025)

This dataset includes sap velocity measurements for aspen (populus tremuloides), fir (abies lasiocarpa), spruce (Engelmann spruce) and lodgepole pine (pinus contorta) trees at nine sites in the East River Watershed near Gothic, CO. This dataset was generated following a similar method as a previous dataset (Dataset. doi:10.15485/1647654) but was conducted at different sites in the area and now includes lodgepole pine. Site selection was done to explicitly improve understanding of topographic controls of tree water use. The data collection began in June 2023 and we provide data until December 2025 - though data collection is ongoing. The sap flux data were collected using ICT SFM1 sensors and are presented in both units of cm h^-1 and as kg h^-1 by multiplying the sap flux by the sapwood area of the tree. All sap flow data has been been corrected using estimates of wounding diameter, water content of wood and sap wood depth. We also provide a normalized sap velocity estimate by subtracting each measurement from that trees' annual minimum and dividing by that trees' annual maximum. This provides data for each tree and year on a 0-1 scale. This data entry contains one CSV file that includes all available sap flow data. The timestamps are provided in local time as year, day of year and hour and each measurement contains an associated latitude, longitude and site number which can be used to identify trees in a given stand. Each species is given a numeric value as: 1= populus tremuloides, 2=Engelmann spruce, 3=abies lasiocarpa and 4=pinus contorta.

abies↗

DOE OSTI2021

AmeriFlux US-xLE NEON Lenoir Landing (LENO)

This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site US-xLE NEON Lenoir Landing (LENO). Site Description - This terrestrial field site is located in a hardwood bottomland with seasonal flooding each spring located in southwest Alabama. The meteorological/flux tower and tower sampling plots are located at Lenoir Landing and the distributed plots are located approximately 5 km south of the tower at Choctaw National Wildlife Refuge. The ecosystem at LENO is dominated by closed-canopy pine-oak mixed forest with a developed understory, and also includes a small fraction of meadows, wetlands, and smaller water bodies. Dominant plant species include American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). Choctaw National Wildlife Refuge also provides a protected wintering area for waterfowl and wood duck brood habitat. This site is colocated with the Lower Tombigbee river aquatic site.

Network), NEON (National Ecological Observatory↗

DOE OSTI2022

AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-NC1 NC_Clearcut

This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-NC1 NC_Clearcut. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-NC1 NC_Clearcut produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - The North Carolina Clearcut site is located in a pine plantation amongst the mixed forests of the North Carolina lower coastal plain. Owned by the Weyerhaeuser Company, the plantation is managed for the purpose of commercial logging. In 2004, 70 ha of 75 year old native hardwoods was harvested. Following the clearcut, the stand was bedded and planted with loblolly pine seedlings. The only significant natural disturbances during the measurement period was a severe drought that lasted from summer of 2007 through 2008. Consequently, the 2007 total amount of precipitation was 486 mm below the 30-year norm.

Noormets, Asko↗

DOE OSTI2023

AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F CA-SF2 Saskatchewan - Western Boreal, forest burned in 1989

This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site CA-SF2 Saskatchewan - Western Boreal, forest burned in 1989. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site CA-SF2 Saskatchewan - Western Boreal, forest burned in 1989 produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - Amiro_et_al_2006, AFM/136:...The 1989 burn site (F89) was northeast of Prince Albert National Park, Saskatchewan, with the humancaused fire covering 13,500 ha. Parts of the area had been logged prior to the fire, and slash residues would have been burned in some locations. Parts of the area were aerially seeded with jack pine seeds in the winter of 1990. The present tree canopy was composed of balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.), jack pine, trembling aspen, and birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and prior to the fire, the stand consisted of these same species aswell asblack spruce.Deadsnags of black spruce and jack pinewere still standing, althoughmost had fallen over and formed a leaningmix of dry, dead tree boles. The understory vegetation consisted mostly of black spruce saplings, saplings of the tree overstory species, bearberry, blueberry (Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx.), raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), rose (Rosa acicularis Lindl.), bunchberry (Cornus canadensis L.), and reed grass (Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Nutt.).

Amiro, Brian↗

DOE OSTI2023

AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-Bar Bartlett Experimental Forest

This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-Bar Bartlett Experimental Forest. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-Bar Bartlett Experimental Forest produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - The Bartlett Experimental Forest (448170 N, 71830 W) is located within the White Mountains National Forest in north-central New Hampshire, USA. The 1050 ha forest extends across an elevational range from 200 to 900 m a.s.l. It was established in 1931 and is managed by the USDA Forest Service Northeastern Research Station in Durham, NH. The climate is humid continental with short, cool summers (mean July temperature, 19.8C) and long, cold winters (mean January temperature, 9.8C). Annual precipitation averages 130 cm and is distributed evenly throughout the year. Soils are developed from glacial till and are predominantly shallow, well-drained spodosols. At lowto mid-elevation, vegetation is dominated by northern hardwoods (American beech, Fagus grandifolia; sugar maple, Acer saccharum; yellow birch, Betula alleghaniensis; with some red maple, Acer rubrum and paper birch, Betula papyrifera). Conifers (eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis; eastern white pine, Pinus strobus; red spruce, Picea rubens) are occasionally found intermixed with the more abundant deciduous species but are generally confined to the highest (red spruce) and lowest (hemlock and pine) elevations. In 2003, the site was adopted as a NASA North American Carbon Program (NACP) Tier-2 field research and validation site. A 26.5 m high tower was installed in a low-elevation northern hardwood stand in November, 2003, for the purpose of making eddy covariance measurements of the forest–atmosphere exchange of CO2, H2O and radiant energy. Continuous flux and meteorological measurements began in January, 2004, and are ongoing. Average canopy height in the vicinity of the tower is approximately 20–22 m. In the tower footprint, the forest is predominantly classified into red maple, sugar maple, and American beech forest types. Leaf area index in the vicinity of the tower is 3.6 as measured by seasonal litterfall collection, and 4.5 as measured by the optically based Li-Cor LAI-2000 instrument. Further site information: http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/durham/4155/bartlett.htm

Richardson, Andrew↗

DOE OSTI2023

AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-Ced Cedar Bridge

This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-Ced Cedar Bridge. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-Ced Cedar Bridge produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - Wildfires and prescribed fires are a common occurrence in the NJ Pinelands. Prior to a 1995 nonstand replacing wildfire, the stand was last burned in the very large wildfire in 1963. Plow lines were installed for fire control in December of 2007, followed by a prescribed burns in 2008 and 2013, conducted by the New Jersey Forest Fire Service. Pine looper defoliated the stand in 1998, and Gypsy moth defoliated the understory and deciduos oaks in 2007. Pitch Pines are largely unaffected by defoliation by Gypsy moth.

Skowronski, Nicholas S.↗

DOE OSTI2023

AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-CPk Chimney Park

This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CPk Chimney Park. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-CPk Chimney Park produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - High elevation, primarily lodge-pole pine forest with high amounts of Mountain Pine Bark Beetle mortality. Site burned in June/July 2018, characterized by a highly heterogeneous fire behavior that resulted in unburned, understory-only, as well as severely-burned patches within the tower footprint.

Ewers, Brent↗

DOE OSTI2025

AmeriFlux US-MEF Manitou Experimental Forest

This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site US-MEF Manitou Experimental Forest. Site Description - This site was established on an existing 30-m tower structure at the Forest Service's Manitou Experimental Forest, Colorado. Manitou Experimental Forest is located approximately 38 km northwest of Colorado Springs, within the Pike National Forest. The tower was constructed and used between 2008 and 2013 by NCAR for the BEACHON project and has line power and internet connections. The tower is located in approximately 12 km^2 of ponderosa pine forest and savannah with a land use history of thinning and prescribed burning, though these disturbances have not occurred for many years. The tower is situated in a broad, flat valley that drains to the north. Early research at the site was focused mainly on grazing, while more recently it has turned broadly to the ecology and management of ponderosa pine ecosystems. In 2002, the Hayman Fire burned approximately 56,000 ha to the west and northwest of the tower location.

Frank, John [US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Res↗