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At least 343 records · Page 19

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DOE OSTI2015

Generation of broadband terahertz radiation using a backward wave oscillator and pseudospark-sourced electron beam

This paper presents for the generation of a small size high current density pseudospark (PS) electron beam for a high frequency (0.2 THz) Backward Wave Oscillator (BWO) through a Doppler up-shift of the plasma frequency. An electron beam ∼1 mm diameter carrying a current of up to 10 A and current density of 10{sup 8} A m{sup −2}, with a sweeping voltage of 42 to 25 kV and pulse duration of 25 ns, was generated from the PS discharge. This beam propagated through the rippled-wall slow wave structure of a BWO beam-wave interaction region in a plasma environment without the need for a guiding magnetic field. Plasma wave assisted beam-wave interaction resulted in broadband output over a frequency range of 186–202 GHz with a maximum power of 20 W.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

An Initial Electric Motor Rotor Vibration Model

Ongoing integration of outrunner brushless electric motors into drones and Advanced Air Mobility aircraft presents a need for accurate acoustic predictions derived from prediction of the motor rotor vibrations. In outrunner motors, the external rotor vibrates and drives the acoustic field. At resonant frequencies of the rotor, the rotor displacements will be the largest. The vibrations can lead to acoustic tones that are relevant to the overall acoustic design of these types of vehicles. This study performs a finite element analysis to assess the modes in two electric motor rotors. This model is then refined into a simple parameterized geometry that can make the same predictions for motors of the same class. A parametric sweep and least-squares-curve fit to the finite element analysis data results in a series of simple curves that can predict the mode shapes and frequencies that are likely to appear in this class of motors without the need for any simulation. The simulations are validated by comparison to acoustic and experimental modal-analysis data.

Electric Motor Noise↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

An Initial Electric Motor Rotor Vibration Model

Electric Motor Noise↗

DOE OSTI2023

Frequency‐Scanning Considerations in Axionlike Dark Matter Spin‐Precession Experiments

Abstract Galactic dark matter may consist of axionlike particles (ALPs) that can be described as an “ultralight bosonic field” oscillating at the ALP Compton frequency. The ALP field can be searched for using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), where resonant precession of spins of a polarized sample can be sensitively detected. The ALP mass to which the experiment is sensitive is scanned by sweeping the bias magnetic field. The scanning either results in detection of ALP dark matter or rules out ALP dark matter with sufficiently strong couplings to nuclear spins over the range of ALP masses corresponding to the covered span of Larmor frequencies. In this work, scanning strategies are analyzed with the goal of optimizing the parameter‐space coverage via a proper choice of experimental parameters (e.g., the effective transverse relaxation time).

Zhang, Yuzhe (ORCID:0009000660829066)↗

DOE OSTI2025

Microstructurally Strained Pyrochlore–Perovskite Biphasic Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Efficiency of water splitting for hydrogen production is often limited by the sluggish kinetics of multiple electronic transfers required in the heterogeneous oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Catalyst design for reducing the high OER overpotential remains a major scientific challenge. Lattice-strain engineering, a method for tuning the electronic structure and surface geometric configuration of active sites, may greatly affect the interaction between adsorbates and catalytic surfaces for high activity and stability. Here, in this study, we present the synthesis of biphasic oxides of YPrSrRuMnO x , which consists of distinct phases of Y 2 Ru 2 O 7 pyrochlore and (Pr 0.7 Sr 0.3 )MnO 3 perovskite, and the development of a suitable analytical approach to study the strain–catalytic property relationship. Linear sweep voltammetry results reveal that the biphasic oxide exhibits approximately 3.1 times greater mass activity and 2.4 times larger turnover frequency (TOF) than single-phase Y 2 Ru 2 O 7 in the 0.1 M HClO 4 electrolyte. The biphasic catalyst is also about 3 times more stable than the single-phase oxide under acidic conditions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nitrogen isotherm, and electrochemical surface area analyses indicate that the oxidation state, specific surface area, and electrochemical surface area do not cause enough difference in the observed enhancement of OER performance. We examined the effects of microstrain on electrocatalysis, originating from lattice mismatch between different phases, using three different structural models. Specifically, we compared the Williamson–Hall method, standard stress–strain analysis, and Rietveld refinement in analyzing the structure–property relationship. Strain mapping using geometric phase analysis (GPA) further revealed significant microstrain and lattice dislocations localized near phase boundaries in the biphasic oxide, in contrast to the uniform strain in single-phase materials. The results reveal that the increased microstrain correlates well with the improved OER performance, as the biphasic oxide catalyst exhibits 2–3 times greater microstrain than Y 2 Ru 2 O 7 pyrochlore.

electrocatalysts↗

DOE OSTI2018

Active–Source Seismic Tomography at the Brady Geothermal Field, Nevada, with Dense Nodal and Fiber–Optic Seismic Arrays

We deployed a dense seismic array to image the shallow structure in the injection area of the Brady Hot Springs geothermal power plant in western Nevada. The array was composed of 238 three-component, 5 Hz nodal instruments, 8700 m of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) fiber-optic cable (FOC) installed horizontally in surface trenches, and 400 m of FOC installed vertically in a borehole. The geophone array had about 60 m instrument spacing in the target zone, whereas DAS channel separations were about 1 m with an averaging (gauge) length of 10 m. The acquisition systems provided 15 days of continuous records, including active-source and ambient noise signals. A large vibroseis truck was operated at 196 locations, exciting a swept-frequency signal from 5 to 80 Hz over 20 s using three vibration modes (vertical, longitudinal, and transverse), with three sweeps per mode at each site. Sweeps were repeated up to four times at each site during four different stages of power plant operation: normal operation, shutdown, high and oscillatory injection and production, and normal operation. After removal of the sweep signal from the raw data, the first P-wave arrivals were automatically picked using a combination of methods. Here, the travel times were then used to invert for the 3D P-wave velocity structure. Models with 100 m horizontal and 20–50 m vertical node spacing were obtained, covering an area 2000 m by 1300 m, with acceptable resolution extending to about 250 m below surface. The travel-time data were fit to a root mean square (rms) misfit of 31 ms, close to our estimated picking uncertainty. Lateral boundaries between high and low velocity zones agree relatively well with the location of local faults from previous studies, and low near-surface velocities are associated with faults and fumarole locations. A sharp increase in velocity from < 1500 to > 2000 m/s at approximately 50 m below the ground surface in many parts of the study area may indicate a shallower water table than expected for the region.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

NASA NTRS1966

An investigation of phase-lock loop swept- frequency synchronization

Rapid synchronization of phase-locked oscillators is best achieved by the swept-frequency acquisition technique, wherein the voltage-controlled oscillator /VCO/ is linearly swept through the uncertainty band. The theoretically predicted sweep rates of this technique and the observed experimental results differ by less than seven percent.

Dye, R. A.↗

NASA NTRS1966

Interior servicing platform simplifies maintenance of storage tanks

Rapid synchronization of phase-locked oscillators is best achieved by the swept-frequency acquisition technique, wherein the Voltage-Controlled Oscillator /VCO/ is linearly swept through the uncertainty band. The theoretically predicted sweep rates of this technique and the observed experimental results differ by less than seven percent.

Ranger, C. S.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Solving large-scale dynamic systems using band Lanczos method in Rockwell NASTRAN on CRAY X-MP

The improved cost effectiveness using better models, more accurate and faster algorithms and large scale computing offers more representative dynamic analyses. The band Lanczos eigen-solution method was implemented in Rockwell's version of 1984 COSMIC-released NASTRAN finite element structural analysis computer program to effectively solve for structural vibration modes including those of large complex systems exceeding 10,000 degrees of freedom. The Lanczos vectors were re-orthogonalized locally using the Lanczos Method and globally using the modified Gram-Schmidt method for sweeping rigid-body modes and previously generated modes and Lanczos vectors. The truncated band matrix was solved for vibration frequencies and mode shapes using Givens rotations. Numerical examples are included to demonstrate the cost effectiveness and accuracy of the method as implemented in ROCKWELL NASTRAN. The CRAY version is based on RPK's COSMIC/NASTRAN. The band Lanczos method was more reliable and accurate and converged faster than the single vector Lanczos Method. The band Lanczos method was comparable to the subspace iteration method which was a block version of the inverse power method. However, the subspace matrix tended to be fully populated in the case of subspace iteration and not as sparse as a band matrix.

Gupta, V. K.↗

NASA NTRS1990

The stability of a three-dimensional laminar boundary layer on a swept flat plate

The linear stability of the laminar boundary layer on a swept flat plate with an imposed favorable pressure gradient was studied utilizing a linear stability model which accounts for streamline curvature for three-dimensional incompressible flows. Calculations were performed for an effective leading-edge sweep angle of 42.5 degrees and freestream velocity of 19 m/s. Computed disturbance amplification rates for the spectrum of amplified frequencies and wavelengths for stationary crossflow vortices were compared with experimental results.

Collier, F. S., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS2008

Structural Dynamic Analysis of a Spacecraft Multi-DOF Shaker Table

Finite element enforced response analysis was performed on a three axis expander head shaker table to aid in the design of the table structure and vibration control system. The payload for this shaker system is a generic spacecraft with a multitude of flexible modes across a broad frequency band. A Craig-Bampton representation of the spacecraft was used to expedite analysis of multiple shaker table designs. The analysis examines the required forces in the actuators for a constant amplitude base acceleration sine sweep test, the resulting forces in the spacecraft and table attachment restraints, and the resulting accelerations on the spacecraft structure. The results show the spacecraft response is very high at the spacecraft center of gravity (CG) due to the high CG offset and cantilever effect of the low frequency spacecraft bending modes. The high response can be addressed by "notching" the input vibration levels to avoid over-testing the spacecraft. At frequencies above 25 Hz, the spacecraft modal effective masses are very small, and the response of the shaker table dominates the response. Anti-resonances of the shaker table in the frequency range of interest reduce the acceleration output and require much higher actuator forces to achieve the acceleration specification. These effects may require stiffening the shaker structure to move the modes out of the test frequency range or increasing the shaker table damping.

Pray, Carl↗

DOE OSTI2015

Ion polarization behavior in alumina under pulsed gate bias stress

Alkali metal ion incorporation in alumina significantly increases alumina capacitance by ion polarization. With high capacitance, ion-incorporated aluminas become promising high dielectric constant (high-k) gate dielectric materials in field-effect transistors (FETs) to enable reduced operating voltage, using oxide or organic semiconductors. Alumina capacitance can be manipulated by incorporation of alkali metal ions, including potassium (K{sup +}), sodium (Na{sup +}), and lithium (Li{sup +}), having different bond strengths with oxygen. To investigate the electrical stability of zinc tin oxide-based transistors using ion incorporated alumina as gate dielectrics, pulsed biases at different duty cycles (20%, 10%, and 2% representing 5 ms, 10 ms, and 50 ms periods, respectively) were applied to the gate electrode, sweeping the gate voltage over series of these cycles. We observed a particular bias stress-induced decrease of saturation field-effect mobility accompanied by threshold voltage shifts (ΔV{sub th}) in potassium and sodium-incorporated alumina (abbreviated as PA and SA)-based FETs at high duty cycle that persisted over multiple gate voltage sweeps, suggesting a possible creation of new defects in the semiconductor. This conclusion is also supported by the greater change in the mobility-capacitance (μC) product than in capacitance itself. Moreover, a more pronounced ΔV{sub th} over shorter times was observed in lithium-incorporated alumina (abbreviated as LA)-based transistors, suggesting trapping of electrons in existing interfacial states. ΔV{sub th} from multiple gate voltage sweeps over time were fit to stretched exponential forms. All three dielectrics show good stability using 50-ms intervals (20-Hz frequencies), corresponding to 2% duty cycles.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2011

Numerical studies of optical forces from adiabatic rapid passage

We present a numerical study of the properties of optical forces on moving atoms derived from purely stimulated processes produced by multiple adiabatic rapid-passage sequences. The optical Bloch equations are solved for a carefully timed sequence of frequency-swept pulses that can produce a force much larger than the ordinary radiative force. We describe the effects of the sweep range, peak intensity, sweep direction, number of pulses, atomic velocity, and spontaneous emission. Since the momentum of thermal atoms is much larger than that transferred by a single absorption-stimulated emission cycle, multiple repetitions are needed to make a significant velocity change.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

NASA NTRS1993

Behavior of spinning laminated composite plates with initial twist-experimental vibrations, strain, and deflection results

The experimental behavior of spinning, pre-twisted laminated composite plates was investigated. The purpose of these experiments was to establish an experimental database consisting of strain, deflections, and natural frequencies as a function of rotational velocity. Six different plate sets were tested, that included three different stacking sequences (two symmetric, one asymmetric), two different initial twist levels (0 deg, 30 deg), and two different initial twist axis locations (midchord, quarter-chord). The plates were spin tested at four different combinations of pitch and sweep. It was observed that the location of the pretwist axis and the level of pretwist greatly affects the strain and deflections of the spinning plate, while only the pretwist level affects the measured natural frequencies.

Lapid, A. J.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Results of a parametric aeroelastic stability analysis of a generic X-wing aircraft

This paper discusses the trends in longitudinal dynamic aeroelastic stability of a generic x-wing aircraft model with design parameter variations. X-wing rotor blade sweep angle, ratio of blade mass to total vehicle mass, blade structural stiffness cross-coupling and vehicle center-of-gravity location were parameters considered. The typical instability encountered is body-freedom flutter involving a low frequency interaction of the first elastic mode and the aircraft short period mode. Parametric cases with the lowest static margin consistently demonstrated the highest flutter dynamic pressures. As mass ratio was increased, the flutter boundary decreased. The decrease was emphasized as center-of-gravity location was moved forward. As sweep angle varied, it was observed that the resulting increase in forward-swept blade bending amplitude relative to aft blade bending amplitude in the first elastic mode had a stabilizing effect on the flutter boundary. Finally, small amounts of stiffness cross-coupling in the aft blades increased flutter dynamic pressure.

Woods, Jessica A.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Results of a parametric aeroelastic stability analysis of a generic X-wing aircraft

This paper discusses the trend in longitudinal dynamic aeroelastic stability of a generic X-Wing aircraft model with design parameter variations. X-Wing rotor blade sweep angle, ratio of blade mass to total vehicle mass, blade structural stiffness cross-coupling and vehicle center-of-gravity location were parameters considered. The typical instability encountered is body-freedom flutter involving a low frequency interaction of the first elastic mode and the aircraft short period mode. Parametric cases with the lowest static margin consistently demonstrated the highest flutter dynamic pressures. As mass ratio was increased, the flutter boundary decreased. The decrease was emphasized as center-of-gravity location was moved forward. As sweep angle varied, it was observed that the resulting increase in forward-swept blade bending amplitude relative to aft blade bending amplitude in the first elastic mode had a stabilizing effect on the flutter boundary. Finally, small amounts of stiffness cross-coupling in the aft blades increased flutter dynamic pressure.

Woods, Jessica A.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Streak camera based SLR receiver for two color atmospheric measurements

To realize accurate two-color differential measurements, an image digitizing system with variable spatial resolution was designed, built, and integrated to a photon-counting picosecond streak camera, yielding a temporal scan resolution better than 300 femtosecond/pixel. The streak camera is configured to operate with 3 spatial channels; two of these support green (532 nm) and uv (355 nm) while the third accommodates reference pulses (764 nm) for real-time calibration. Critical parameters affecting differential timing accuracy such as pulse width and shape, number of received photons, streak camera/imaging system nonlinearities, dynamic range, and noise characteristics were investigated to optimize the system for accurate differential delay measurements. The streak camera output image consists of three image fields, each field is 1024 pixels along the time axis and 16 pixels across the spatial axis. Each of the image fields may be independently positioned across the spatial axis. Two of the image fields are used for the two wavelengths used in the experiment; the third window measures the temporal separation of a pair of diode laser pulses which verify the streak camera sweep speed for each data frame. The sum of the 16 pixel intensities across each of the 1024 temporal positions for the three data windows is used to extract the three waveforms. The waveform data is processed using an iterative three-point running average filter (10 to 30 iterations are used) to remove high-frequency structure. The pulse pair separations are determined using the half-max and centroid type analysis. Rigorous experimental verification has demonstrated that this simplified process provides the best measurement accuracy. To calibrate the receiver system sweep, two laser pulses with precisely known temporal separation are scanned along the full length of the sweep axis. The experimental measurements are then modeled using polynomial regression to obtain a best fit to the data. Data aggregation using normal point approach has provided accurate data fitting techniques and is found to be much more convenient than using the full rate single shot data. The systematic errors from this model have been found to be less than 3 ps for normal points.

Varghese, Thomas K.↗

DOE OSTI2023

Genomic variation across Chinook salmon populations reveals effects of a duplication on migration alleles and supports fine scale structure

Abstract The distribution of ecotypic variation in natural populations is influenced by neutral and adaptive evolutionary forces that are challenging to disentangle. This study provides a high‐resolution portrait of genomic variation in Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) with emphasis on a region of major effect for ecotypic variation in migration timing. With a filtered data set of ~13 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from low‐coverage whole genome resequencing of 53 populations (3566 barcoded individuals), we contrasted patterns of genomic structure within and among major lineages and examined the extent of a selective sweep at a major effect region underlying migration timing (GREB1L/ROCK1). Neutral variation provided support for fine‐scale structure of populations, while allele frequency variation in GREB1L/ROCK1 was highly correlated with mean return timing for early and late migrating populations within each of the lineages ( r 2 = .58–.95; p < .001). However, the extent of selection within the genomic region controlling migration timing was much narrower in one lineage (interior stream‐type) compared to the other two major lineages, which corresponded to the breadth of phenotypic variation in migration timing observed among lineages. Evidence of a duplicated block within GREB1L/ROCK1 may be responsible for reduced recombination in this portion of the genome and contributes to phenotypic variation within and across lineages. Lastly, SNP positions across GREB1L/ROCK1 were assessed for their utility in discriminating migration timing among lineages, and we recommend multiple markers nearest the duplication to provide highest accuracy in conservation applications such as those that aim to protect early migrating Chinook salmon. These results highlight the need to investigate variation throughout the genome and the effects of structural variants on ecologically relevant phenotypic variation in natural species.

Horn, Rebekah L.↗