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At least 343 records · Page 19

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NASA NTRS1987

A criterion for vortex breakdown

A criterion for the onset of vortex breakdown is proposed. Based upon previous experimental, computational, and theoretical studies, an appropriately defined local Rossby number is used to delineate the region where breakdown occurs. In addition, new numerical results are presented which further validate this criterion. A number of previous theoretical studies concentrating on inviscid standing-wave analyses for trailing wing-tip vortices are reviewed and reinterpreted in terms of the Rossby number criterion. Consistent with previous studies, the physical basis for the onset of breakdown is identified as the ability of the flow to sustain such waves. Previous computational results are reviewed and re-evaluated in terms of the proposed breakdown criterion. As a result, the cause of breakdown occurring near the inflow computational boundary, common to several numerical studies, is identified. Finally, previous experimental studies of vortex breakdown for both leading edge and trailing wing-tip vortices are reviewed and quantified in terms of the Rossby number criterion.

Spall, R. E.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Theory and simulation of collisionless parallel shocks

This paper presents a self-consistent theoretical model for collisionless parallel shock structure, based on the hypothesis that shock dissipation and heating can be provided by electromagnetic ion beam-driven instabilities. It is shown that shock formation and plasma heating can result from parallel propagating electromagnetic ion beam-driven instabilities for a wide range of Mach numbers and upstream plasma conditions. The theoretical predictions are compared with recently published observations of quasi-parallel interplanetary shocks. It was found that low Mach number interplanetary shock observations were consistent with the explanation that group-standing waves are providing the dissipation; two high Mach number observations confirmed the theoretically predicted rapid thermalization across the shock.

Quest, K. B.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Equilibrium shape and location of a liquid drop acoustically positioned in a resonant rectangular chamber

The effect of a standing wave field in a rectangular chamber on the shape and location of an acoustically positioned drop or bubble is calculated. The sample deformation and equilibrium position are obtained from an analysis of the spherical harmonic projections of the total surface stress tensor. The method of calculation relies on the assumed condition that the sample is only slightly distorted from a spherical form. The equilibrium location of a levitated drop is combined with a formula introduced by Hasegawa (1979) to calcualte the ka dependence of the radiation force function. The present theory is valid for large as well as small ka values. Calculations in the small ka limit agree with previous theories and experimental results. Examples are presented for nonplane-wave modes as well as plane-wave rectangular modes.

Jackson, H. W.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Automatic Range Changer For SWR Meter

Commercial unit modified for antenna-pattern measurements. Addition of automatic range-changing circuit converts Hewlett-Packard 415E standing-wave-ratio (SWR) meter into radio-frequency detector suitable for computer-controlled measurements of radiation patterns of antennas. Modification gives SWR meter effective dynamic range of at least 40 dB. Includes two digital lines communicating one of four range settings to controlling computer and one digital line to inhibit transfer of data when range being changed. Ideal instrument for use in applications involving computer-controlled monitoring of power when large changes in signal level expected.

Dengler, Robert J.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Acoustic convective system

A small and simple system is provided for cooling or heating a small component by flowing air or other fluid over it, which does not require any macroscopic moving parts. The system includes a transducer and reflector that are spaced apart with the component between them, and with the transducer being operated at a frequency resonant to the spacing between it and the reflector. The resulting standing wave pattern produces acoustic streaming which results in the circulating of air or other fluid in the environment across the component. The system is especially useful in the reduced gravity environment of outer space because of the absence of any buoyancy-induced convection there.

Eugene H Trinh↗

NASA NTRS1990

Tone generation by aeroacoustic sources in pipes with flow

Sound production by axisymmetric ring cavities in internal flow has been investigated experimentally. These ring sources generate sound when the acoustic motion in the cavity is in resonance in one of many possible modes. Experimental results agree with predictions of a model eddy-driven oscillator. It is observed that the standing waves produced by reflections from regions upstream and downstream of the source are adjusted by the source such that the source is at a pressure antinode at the condition of maximum sound emission.

Shakkottai, P.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Improved Ultrasonic Transducer For Measuring Cryogenic Flow

Improved ultrasonic transducer used to measure flow of cryogenic fluid. Includes wedge made nonintrusive by machining it out of bulk material of duct carrying fluid. Skewed surfaces of wedge suppress standing waves, thus reducing ringing and increasing signal-to-noise ratio. Increases accuracy of measurements of times of arrival of ultrasonic pulses, from which times flow inferred.

Barkhoudarian, Sarkis↗

NASA NTRS1990

A new, simple electrostatic-acoustic hybrid levitator

Battelle has developed a hybrid levitator by combining the known single-axis acoustic standing wave levitator with a coaxial DC electric field. The resulting Coulomb forces on the charged liquid or solid sample support its weight and, together with the acoustic force, center the sample. Liquid samples with volumes approximately less than 100 micro-liters are deployed from a syringe reservoir into the acoustic pressure node. The sample is charged using a miniature high voltage power supply (approximately less than 20 kV) connected to the syringe needle. As the electric field, generated by a second miniature power supply, is increased, the acoustic intensity is reduced. The combination of both fields allows stable levitation of samples larger than either single technique could position on the ground. Decreasing the acoustic intensity reduces acoustic convection and sample deformation. Neither the electrostatic nor the acoustic field requires sample position sensing or active control. The levitator, now used for static and dynamic fluid physics investigations on the ground, can be easily modified for space operations.

Lierke, E. G.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Antenna pattern control using impedance surfaces

The implementation of a moment method code for the analysis of horn antennas was accomplished. The code can analyze the antenna with or without lossy material coatings. It predicts the antenna gain, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) on the feeding waveguide, the existing modes on the radiating aperture, and radiation patterns of the antenna. Many computations were performed on three pyramidal horn antennas, and their radiation and VSWR's are presented and compared with experimental data. Although the code is still being finalized, some discussions on using the code are included.

Balanis, Constantine A.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Nonlinear behavior of solar gravity modes driven by He-3 in the core. II - Numerical simulations

The nonlinear behavior of gravity-mode oscillations driven by He-3-destroying reactions in the solar core has been examined by numerically integrating equations describing a very simplified model. The results of a previous bifurcation analysis, which suggest that such oscillations are unlikely to attain amplitudes sufficient to trigger core convection, are verified. These results are extended to models whose nuclear reaction rates and thermal stratification represent the core somewhat more accurately. Nonlinear processes give rise to a preference for the oscillations to develop as standing waves rather than traveling waves, thus breaking the degeneracy between these two types of motion which exists in linearized theory. Study of the large-amplitude behavior of the oscillations is hindered by a tendency for the model to become thermally unstable.

Merryfield, William J.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Receptivity investigations

It is shown that the presence of a classic standing-wave pattern found in boundary layers indicates that the amplitudes of the Stokes wave and the Tollmien-Schlichting (T-S) wave are essentially the same. Cancellation of T-S waves is analyzed, and it is noted that the success of the cancellation depends on the linearity and two-dimensionality of the process. A computational effort in obtaining a finite-difference solution to the Navier-Stokes equations in a rectangular domain is covered. Acoustic radiation from T-S waves are considered, and a clear feedback mechanism between radiation and receptivity is established.

Leehey, Patrick↗

NASA NTRS1991

Aeroacoustic flow sensor

A theoretical analysis of standing waves in a pipe with flow was conducted aimed toward the development of a flowmeter based on a measurement of phase difference between two points on the circumference of a pipe separated axially by an integral multiple of half sound wavelength. Effects of nonzero Mach number, variable ratios of upstream and downstream running waves, choice of location of the sensing pressure taps, and the incorrect spacings were examined numerically. Calculations were also made for steam flow where the maximum Mach number is much smaller than in cold air flows. For an industrial application where steam flow velocities are below 50 m/s, a very accurate sensor is shown to be possible. Experimental data were obtained by using an active aeroacoustic source over the range of 50 m/s to zero in an air flow. Experimental phase plots obtained from several coast-down tests have been compared with analytical results. The agreement with theory is excellent when the spacings are near N(lambda)/2 and the sensing locations are near the pressure antinodes. Otherwise, some zero shifts are introduced. Theory predicts that for steam flow much better results can be expected because the maximum Mach number is much smaller. Effects due to the (1-M-squared) factor would be imperceptible for steam flow.

Shakkottai, P.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Injection Seeding Of A Q-Switched Alexandrite Laser

Experiment demonstrates that standing-wave, Q-switched, tunable alexandrite laser can be injection-seeded to increase stability of output frequency and significantly reduce bandwidth from 750 GHz to 180 MHz. Injecting laser acts as oscillator or master, while Q-switched laser into which ouput of seed laser injected acts as amplifier or slave.

Zukowski, Barbara J. K.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Rotation of ultrasonically levitated glycerol drops

Ultrasonic levitation is used to suspend single millimeter-size glycerol drops in a rectangular chamber. Audio-frequency laterally standing waves set up in the chamber are used to torque the suspended drops. The shape evolution of the drop under the combined effect of centrifugal forces and the acoustic radiation stress, along with its angular velocity are monitored, using video imaging and light scattering techniques. The results show good qualitative agreement with the theoretically predicted shape evolution as a function of angular velocity.

Biswas, A.↗

NASA NTRS1992

An anti-reflection coating for use with PMMA at 193 nm

An antireflection coating (ARC) for use with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) resist for ArF excimer laser lithography (193 nm) was formulated. It consists of PMMA and a bis-azide, 4.4-prime-diazidodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) which crosslinks the film after deep UV (260 nm) irradiation and subsequent annealing. The reacted DDS then serves as the absorber for the 193 nm radiation and also prevents mixing of the ARC and PMMA during PMMA spin-coating and development. The effectiveness of the ARC was demonstrated by exposing, in PMMA, using achromatic holographic lithography, gratings of 100 nm period (about 50 nm linewidth) that are almost entirely free of an orthogonal standing wave.

Yen, Anthony↗

NASA NTRS1992

Climate change and the middle atmosphere. II - The impact of volcanic aerosols

The response of the middle atmosphere to an increase in stratospheric aerosols, normally associated with increased volcanic activity, is investigated. The aerosols are found to induce a direct stratospheric response, with warming in the tropical lower stratosphere, and cooling at higher latitudes. On the shorter time scales, this radiative effect increases tropospheric static stability at low- to midlatitudes, which reduces the intensity of the Hadley cell and Ferrel cell. There is an associated increase in tropospheric standing wave energy and a decrease in midlatitude west winds, which result in additional wave energy propagation into the stratosphere at lower midlatitudes in both hemispheres. On the longer time scale, a strong hemispheric asymmetry arises. In the Northern Hemisphere eddy energy decreases, as does the middle-atmosphere residual circulation, and widespread stratospheric cooling results. In the Southern Hemisphere, the large increase in sea ice increases the tropospheric latitudinal temperature gradient, leading to increased eddy energy, an increased middle-atmosphere residual circulation, and some high-latitude stratospheric warming.

Rind, D.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standard test chamber upgrade requirements for spacecraft design verification tests

In view of the serious performance deficiencies inherent in conventional modular and welded shielding EMC test enclosures, in which multipath reflections and resonant standing waves can damage flight hardware during RF susceptibility tests, NASA-Goddard has undertaken the modification of a 20 x 24 ft modular-shielded enclosure through installation of steel panels to which ferrite tiles will be mounted with epoxy. The internally reflected RF energy will thereby be absorbed, and exterior power-line noise will be reduced. Isolation of power-line filters and control of 60-Hz ground connections will also be undertaken in the course of upgrading.

Dyer, Edward F.↗

NASA NTRS1992

AMPTE CCE observations of Pi 2 pulsations in the inner magnetosphere

Magnetic field data acquired with the AMPTE Charge Composition Explorer satellite in the inner magnetosphere (L = 2-5) often show Pi 2 pulsations whose waveforms match Pi 2 pulsations simultaneously observed on the ground at Kakioka (L = 1.2). From a study such events, it is found that the magnetic pulsations in the equatorial magnetosphere are dominated by poloidal-mode oscillations. The relative phase between the compressional component at CCE and the horizontal component at Kakioka is either near zero or near 180 deg, with the 180 lag observed only when the satellite is at L greater than 3. This observation implies that there is a node of a radial standing wave at L greater than 3. It is argued that the nodal structure arises from reflection of MHD fast-mode waves at some inner boundary of the magnetosphere and discuss the relevance of the nodal structure to cavity-mode resonances and oscillations in the inner magnetosphere forced by a source wave external to the inner magnetosphere.

Takahashi, Kazue↗