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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

MoS 2 for beyond lithium-ion batteries

As a typical transition-metal chalcogenide material, molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) has received tremendous attention because of its unique layered structure and versatile chemical, electronic, and optical properties. With the focus of this Perspective on the energy storage area, one of the most important contributions of MoS 2 is that it sparked the birth of the rechargeable lithium battery in the early 1980s, which later formed the foundation of commercial lithium batteries. After four decades, admitting that MoS 2 is still playing a significant role in the lithium-ion battery field and considerable effort was made to decipher the mechanism through ex situ and in situ studies and by means of MoS 2 nanostructure engineering that advances the lithium battery performance, it is also used in beyond lithium-ion batteries, such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum energy storage systems. Such alternative battery systems are desirable because of the safety concerns of lithium and the depletion of lithium reserves and corresponding increase in cost. In this Perspective, recent development on the fabrication of novel MoS 2 nanostructures was discussed, followed by the scrutinization of their application in beyond lithium-ion batteries and the in situ/operando methods involved in these studies. Finally, a brief summary and outlook that may help with the future advancement of the beyond lithium-ion batteries are presented.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

BLAST-Lite (Battery Lifetime Analysis and Simulation Tool - Lite) [SWR-22-69] Related to: BLAST aka: BLAST-Py

Battery Lifetime Analysis and Simulation Toolsuite (BLAST) provides a library of battery lifetime and degradation models for various commercial lithium-ion batteries from recent years. Degradation models are identified from publicly available lab-based aging data using NREL's battery life model identification toolkit. The battery life models predicted the expected lifetime of batteries used in mobile or stationary applications as functions of their temperature and use (state-of-charge, depth-of-discharge, and charge/discharge rates). Model implementation is in both Python and MATLAB programming languages. The MATLAB code also provides example applications (stationary storage and EV), climate data, and simple thermal management options. For more information on battery health diagnostics, prediction, and optimization, see NREL's Battery Lifespan webpage.

Smith, Kandler↗
DOE OSTI2020

Real-Time Acoustic Analysis of Batteries

The project explored development and commercialization of an acoustical approach to battery diagnostics. The technology has significant potential impacts for battery manufacturing and quality assurance, battery management during operation, and could be an enabler for the second-life battery market. Research was focused on inspecting and analyzing the physical condition of batteries using ultrasound. This consisted of designing and building hardware for gathering high-quality acoustic data, as well as using battery charge-discharge cyclers and temperature chambers to operate and age the batteries. Over the course of the 2-year program, we were able to build our first prototypes that are robust enough to be used by industry partners to evaluate our technology. Using the same prototypes, we also showed preliminary evidence that our acoustic inspection method may have distinct advantages over standard electrical methods in terms of detecting differences in the physical quality of battery cells. The project also expanded the participant’s core capabilities beyond time-of-flight acoustic measurements.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Operation, Manufacturing, and Supply Chain of Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles

The US Department of Energy (DOE) has a rich history of funding key innovations in batteries through multiple programs, including the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy programs sponsored by the Vehicle Technologies Office and Advanced Manufacturing Office. These DOE-sponsored innovations have been critical in lowering the cost of lithium-ion batteries to less than $160/kWh and increasing their energy density to more than 250 Wh/kg, enhancing the nation’s electrification system and achieving higher degrees of decarbonization. These investments continue to be crucial for positioning the United States as the hub for the most cumulative battery R&D programs worldwide. However, major breakthroughs in battery manufacturing are still needed to enable an electrified future evolving to predominantly incorporate rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. This will require a strong battery manufacturing base that will not only enable cutting-edge advancements in materials and manufacturing sciences but will also allow the United States to become a world leader in this fast-growing area. This review aims at supporting DOE’s Advanced Technology Vehicle Manufacturing Loan Program to give technology background and information that can be used to develop the basis for loan topics and evaluate battery applications. Such a program can represent a significant stride toward reinforcing the US position in advanced manufacturing by introducing artificial intelligence, machine learning, and sensing and smart controls to facilitate, expedite, and lead the battery industry by 2030.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Comparative Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery Chemistries for Cold-Climate Maritime Applications

Energy storage, primarily in the form of electrochemical batteries, is critical for enabling integration of marine energy (e.g., power from waves and currents) with end-use applications at sea due to the periodicity of the resources and requirement of consistent, smooth power delivery. Powering high-latitude coastal or ocean-based observing systems has been identified as a high value-proposition use case, exemplifying the concept of Powering the Blue Economy. An existing power system implementation for such a platform uses solar panels coupled to rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, augmented by a non-rechargeable backup bank used to power heaters in winter months. As wave energy is a potential resource for powering this and similar use cases and is strongest when solar power is most limited, it was hypothesized that integration of wave power would alleviate some of the challenges in cold climates related to energy storage. In this work, we investigate the use case scenario in simulation and perform a comparative test of commercially-available lithium-ion battery chemistry formulations to determine the most appropriate choice for the application. The experiment compared the most commonly-used lithium-based battery types (NCM, NCA, and LFP) in laboratory conditions emulating a battery enclosure thermally coupled to freezing seawater using an industrial battery performance tester in PNNL's arctic simulation lab. Battery strings were repeatedly cycled (i.e., charged, discharged, rested) and their usable capacity was measured. Both NCM and NCA strings exhibited degradation upon cycling, while the LFP string maintained stable operation through over 700 complete cycles. Though lower in baseline capacity, LFP are recommended for this and similar low-temperature applications with access to high levels of bulk charging current (e.g., from high-energy wave events) and their use may reduce the cost and complexity of battery conditioning and protection apparatus.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2022

Hydroxyl Conducting Hydrogels Enable Low-Maintenance Commercially Sized Rechargeable Zn–MnO2 Batteries for Use in Solar Microgrids

Zinc (Zn)–manganese dioxide (MnO2) rechargeable batteries have attracted research interest because of high specific theoretical capacity as well as being environmentally friendly, intrinsically safe and low-cost. Liquid electrolytes, such as potassium hydroxide, are historically used in these batteries; however, many failure mechanisms of the Zn–MnO2 battery chemistry result from the use of liquid electrolytes, including the formation of electrochemically inert phases such as hetaerolite (ZnMn2O4) and the promotion of shape change of the Zn electrode. This manuscript reports on the fundamental and commercial results of gel electrolytes for use in rechargeable Zn–MnO2 batteries as an alternative to liquid electrolytes. The manuscript also reports on novel properties of the gelled electrolyte such as limiting the overdischarge of Zn anodes, which is a problem in liquid electrolyte, and finally its use in solar microgrid applications, which is a first in academic literature. Potentiostatic and galvanostatic tests with the optimized gel electrolyte showed higher capacity retention compared to the tests with the liquid electrolyte, suggesting that gel electrolyte helps reduce Mn3+ dissolution and zincate ion migration from the Zn anode, improving reversibility. Cycling tests for commercially sized prismatic cells showed the gel electrolyte had exceptional cycle life, showing 100% capacity retention for >700 cycles at 9.5 Ah and for >300 cycles at 19 Ah, while the 19 Ah prismatic cell with a liquid electrolyte showed discharge capacity degradation at 100th cycle. We also performed overdischarge protection tests, in which a commercialized prismatic cell with the gel electrolyte was discharged to 0 V and achieved stable discharge capacities, while the liquid electrolyte cell showed discharge capacity fade in the first few cycles. Finally, the gel electrolyte batteries were tested under IEC solar off-grid protocol. It was noted that the gelled Zn–MnO2 batteries outperformed the Pb–acid batteries. Additionally, a designed system nameplated at 2 kWh with a 12 V system with 72 prismatic cells was tested with the same protocol, and it has entered its third year of cycling. This suggests that Zn–MnO2 rechargeable batteries with the gel electrolyte will be an ideal candidate for solar microgrid systems and grid storage in general.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Opportunities of Aqueous Manganese-Based Batteries with Deposition and Stripping Chemistry

Rechargeable aqueous manganese-based batteries have been attracting significant attention owing to their advantages of low cost, high safety, and ease of manufacturing, which are promising attributes for grid-scale energy storage applications. However, most traditional manganese-based batteries with solid-state conversion and intercalation reactions suffer from low capacity and poor long-term cycling stability. The recent novel storage mechanism based on cathode Mn 2+ /MnO 2 deposition/stripping chemistry has fundamentally tackled these issues, enabling a new generation of manganese-based batteries with superior electrochemical performance. Here, the recent advances in aqueous manganese-based batteries with the Mn 2+ /MnO 2 deposition/stripping chemistry are reviewed. Furthermore, a summary of the development of manganese-based batteries with different storage mechanisms is provided and new opportunities for the emerging Mn 2+ /MnO 2 chemistry in the latest generation are highlighted. Then, the current understanding of the Mn 2+ /MnO 2 charge storage mechanism and its potential in manganese-based batteries for large-scale energy storage applications is presented. Moreover, insights into opportunities and future directions for manganese-based batteries with the Mn 2+ /MnO 2 chemistry are proposed.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium-ion battery with LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 cathode materials

Battery safety is critical to the application of lithium-ion batteries, especially for high energy density battery applied in electric vehicles. In this paper, the thermal runaway mechanism of LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 based lithium-ion battery is illustrated. And the reaction between cathode and flammable electrolyte is proved as the trigger of the thermal runaway accident. In detail, with differential scanning calorimeter tests for battery components, the material combination contributing to thermal runaway was decoupled. Characterization with synchrotron X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy with in-situ heating proved that the vigorous exothermic reaction is initiated by the liberated oxygen species. The pulse of highly active oxygen species reacted quickly with the electrolyte, accompanied with tremendous heat release, which accelerated the phase transformation of charged cathode. Also, the mechanism is verified by a confirmatory experiment when the highly active oxygen species were trapped by anion receptor, the phase transformation of the charged cathode was inhibited. Clarifying the thermal runaway mechanism of LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 based lithium-ion battery may light the way to battery chemistries of both high energy density and high safety.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Safety issues of defective lithium-ion batteries: identification and risk evaluation

Lithium-ion batteries inevitably suffer minor damage or defects caused by external mechanical abusive loading, e.g. , penetration, deformation, and scratch without triggering a hard/major short circuit. The replacement of cells becomes a dilemma if the safety risk of the defective batteries remains unknown. Herein, by introducing a representative defect form, i.e. , screw indentation, we demonstrate the safety characteristics of defective batteries. We prove that defective batteries have a significantly increased thermal risk and deteriorated mechanical integrity, but can go undetected due to prompt voltage recovery and insignificant local temperature increase. We discover that the voltage curve within the first few cycles contains sufficient information to identify defective batteries from otherwise good ones and propose methodologies to monitor the cells. Capacity loss and current leakage are two characteristics that can be estimated using the voltage curve. According to the defect size and position, the capacity loss could be 1 to 10 2 mA h and the leakage current could be 5–50 mA. Results remove the barriers for defective battery safety risk evaluation, enabling identification, monitoring, and early warning of minor damaged batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Interface diagnostics platform for thin-film solid-state batteries

Understanding the impedances of battery materials and their interfaces remains a major challenge, usually addressed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) where frequency-dependent complex impedance of full battery cells is measured and then modeled by a network of connected electrical elements. As conventionally applied, this approach produces ambiguity in that (1) multiple different network configurations may fit the data convincingly and (2) the method offers no direct association of the electrical elements with physical features of the battery. Here we present a new methodology that resolves both sources of ambiguity, enabled by expanding the experimental scope to directly inform the configuration of elements and their parameters in the network model. We demonstrate this methodology using thin film fabrication of solid state battery devices patterned by shadow masked sputter deposition, so that diagnostic devices corresponding to individual interface and material components can be fabricated simultaneously with full cell batteries. EIS models for the diagnostic devices can then be connected to form full cell networks whose topology matches the well-known physical configuration of the battery. When connected in this way, the full network model – made from connecting the diagnostic device EIS models – fits the full cell EIS data. For the case of a thin film solid state battery composed of amorphous silicon anode, lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) solid electrolyte, and lithium vanadium oxide (Li x V 2 O 5 ) cathode, we show that the approach allows us to identify ionic impedance/conductivity of the cathode/electrolyte as a limiting impedance and the anode/electrolyte interface cycling instability as a primary degradation factor.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain for E-Drive Vehicles in the United States: 2010–2020

Understanding the battery supply chain is particularly important for the strategic planning and development of a battery recycling infrastructure to secure critical materials supply and enable a circular economy. Argonne has been tracking plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) sales in the United States (U.S.) by make and model since December 2010, when the Chevrolet Volt and Nissan Leaf were first sold in the U.S. Building on detailed monthly sales data, this report summarizes the manufacturing and production locations of lithium-ion (Li-ion, or LIB) battery cells and packs by make and model for PEVs sold in the U.S. from 2010 to 2020. It also summarizes the annual and cumulative Li-ion battery capacity installed in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) sold in the U.S. Overall, there are about 20 different battery cell and pack manufacturers, which are currently supplying about 20 gigawatt-hours (GWh) of batteries annually for the U.S. PEV market. Panasonic and LG Chem are the largest cell suppliers to the U.S. market. Beyond the U.S, South Korea and Japan are major countries supplying PEV batteries to the U.S. market.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Battery Performance, Thermal, and Life Modeling for Southern California Edison (Cooperative Research and Development Final Report)

The objective of this project is to develop battery performance models, thermal models and life models for SCE to use in simulation and analysis of grid services involving energy storage. NREL will fit the models to three separate chemistries using test data provided by SCE. The dataset for each chemistry will include electrical, thermal and aging response to different temperatures and cycling conditions, measured under a variety of cell-level and module-level experiments described in SCE test protocol documents. Once tuned to a test dataset, the battery system model software will provide predictions of battery energy and power loss, and thus cycle and calendar life, for any energy storage grid service power profile of interest to SCE. The automated battery life modeling and simulation tool can also be applied to any other grid battery systems as long as necessary input data is available to accelerate battery model development and battery lifetime analysis.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Cost Competitive Process of Battery Grade Oxides Preparation from Aged LIBS

The increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs ) is driving development of advanced recycling and refining methods. In this project, new cathode active materials are prepared from recycled lithium battery materials and subsequently electrochemically evaluated in coin cells. In detail, scrap LIBs were mechanically processed into a metal rich black mass, then reductive acid leached into an aqueous metal solution, and finally high-purity metal hydroxide precursor materials were prepared by selective electrochemical flow precipitation. Closed-loop LIB recycling into active electrode materials will enable US manufacturers to break their reliance on foreign sources of critical materials. For example, electroextraction process used here has potential to significantly reduce chemical & water use as compared to traditional metallurgic techniques. To this end, electroextracted materials refined from used batteries were collected and processed to be tested as precursor cathode active material (pCam).During this project ,samples of high-purity recycled NMC hydroxide (~2kg each) were received from Nth Cycle. In the first received batch some impurities like cadmium, calcium, and sodium are present in quantities that would negatively impact battery performance. Nth Cycle indicated that the impurities such as cadmium are present due to poor battery separation and co-shredding of NiCd batteries with with LIB. Cadmium was not present in the two subsequent batches as Nth Cycle processed cadmium free black mass. Thus, effective recycled battery sorting is critical to closed-loop LIB recycling into active electrode materials.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2022

U.S. Federal Policy Considerations for the Management of Retired Large-Format Batteries

The global demand for large-format batteries used in electric vehicles (EV) and battery energy storage is expected to continue as governments call for zero emission policies. Total installed large-scale stationary battery energy storage is expected to increase almost 20-fold in the coming years - from 17 GW installed globally in 2020 to 358 GW projected in 2030. Similarly, light duty EVs sales globally are expected to increase more than 8-fold from 2020 to 2030 - from 3 million units to 25 million units. The expected demand for large-format batteries brings supply chain concerns, and economic opportunities. Domestic reuse and recycling is one potential circular economy solution for large-format batteries. This presentation discusses current U.S. law and regulatory landscape for the reuse and recycling of large-format batteries, and how certain policy frameworks impact reuse and end-of-life management decisions for large-format battery materials.

battery↗
DOE OSTI2023

Experimental Aging and Lifetime Prediction in Grid Applications for Large-Format Commercial Li-Ion Batteries

Due to the growth of electric vehicle and stationary energy storage markets, the production and use of lithium-ion batteries has grown exponentially in recent years. For many of these applications, large-format lithium-ion batteries are being utilized, as large cells have less inactive material relative to their energy capacity and require fewer electrical connections to assemble into packs. And especially for stationary energy storage systems, where energy delivered is the only revenue source, the economics of these battery systems is highly dependent on cell lifetime. However, testing of large-format lithium-ion batteries is time consuming and requires high current channels and large testing chambers, making information on the performance of commercial, large-format lithium-ion batteries hard to come by. Here, accelerated aging test data from four commercial large-format lithium-ion batteries is reported. These batteries span both NMC-Gr and LFP-Gr cell chemistries, pouch and prismatic formats, and a range of cell designs with varying power capabilities. Accelerated aging test results are analyzed to examine both cell performance, in terms of efficiency and thermal response under load, as well as cell lifetime. Cell thermal response is characterized by measuring temperature during cycle aging, which is used to calculated a normalized thermal resistance value that may help estimate both cell cooling needs or to help extrapolate aging test results to different thermal environments. Cell lifetime is evaluated qualitatively, considering simply the average calendar and cycle life across a range of conditions, as well as quantitatively, using statistical modeling and machine-learning methods to identify predictive aging models from the accelerated aging data. These predictive aging models are then used to investigate cell sensitivities to stressors, such as cycling temperature, voltage window, and C-rate, as well as to predict cell lifetime in various stationary storage applications. Results from this work show that cell lifetime and sensitivity to aging conditions varies substantially across commercial cells, necessitating testing for specific cell formats to make quantitative lifetime predictions. That being said, all commercial cells tested here are predicted to reach at least 10-year lifetimes for stationary storage applications. Based on the aging test results and modeling, some cells are expected to be relatively insensitive to temperature and use-case, making them suited for simple use cases with little or no thermal management and simple controls, while the lifetime of other cells could be extended to 20+ years if operated with thermal management and degradation-aware controls.

battery↗
DOE OSTI2021

High Performance Air Breathing Flexible Lithium–Air Battery

Lithium–oxygen (Li–O 2 ) batteries possess the highest theoretical energy density (3500 Wh kg –1 ), which makes them attractive candidates for modern electronics and transportation applications. In this work, an inexpensive, flexible, and wearable Li–O 2 battery based on the bifunctional redox mediator of InBr 3 , MoS 2 cathode catalyst, and Fomblin-based oxygen permeable membrane that enable long-cycle-life operation of the battery in pure oxygen, dry air, and ambient air is designed, fabricated, and tested. The battery operates in ambient air with an open system air-breathing architecture and exhibits excellent cycling up to 240 at the high current density of 1 A g –1 with a relative humidity of 75%. The electrochemical performance of the battery including deep-discharge capacity, and rate capability remains almost identical after 1000 cycle in a bending fatigue test. Furthermore, this finding opens a new direction for utilizing high performance Li–O 2 batteries for applications in the field of flexible and wearable electronics.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Lithium Metal Anode Surviving Battery Cycling Above 200 °C

Lithium (Li) metal electrode cannot endure elevated temperature (e.g., >200 °C) with the regular battery configuration due to its low melting point (180.5 °C) and high reactivity, which restricts its application in high-temperature Li metal batteries for energy storage and causes safety concerns for regular ambient-temperature Li metal batteries. Herein, this work reports a Li 5 B 4 /Li composite featuring a 3D Li 5 B 4 fibrillar framework filled with metallic Li, which maintains its initial structure at 325 °C in Ar atmosphere without leakage of the liquid Li. The capillary force caused by the porous structure of the Li 4 B 5 fibrillar framework, together with its lithiophilic surface, restricts the leakage of liquid metallic Li and enables good thermal tolerance of the Li 5 B 4 /Li composite. Thus, it can be facilely operated for rechargeable high-temperature Li metal batteries. Li 5 B 4 /Li electrodes are coupled with a garnet-type ceramic electrolyte (Li 6.5 La 3 Zr 0.5 Ta 1.5 O 12 ) to fabricate symmetric cells, which exhibit stable Li stripping/plating behaviors with low overpotential of approximate to 6 mV at 200 °C using a regular sandwich-type cell configuration. This study affords new insights into realizing a stable Li metal anode for high-temperature Li metal batteries with a simple battery configuration and high safety, which is different from traditional molten-salt Li metal batteries using a pristine metallic Li anode.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

An Efficient Rechargeable Aluminium–Amine Battery Working Under Quaternization Chemistry

Rechargeable aluminium (Al) batteries (RABs) have long-been pursued due to the high sustainability and three-electron-transfer properties of Al metal. However, limited redox chemistry is available for rechargeable Al batteries, which restricts the exploration of cathode materials. Herein, we demonstrate an efficient Al–amine battery based on a quaternization reaction, in which nitrogen (radical) cations (R 3 N .+ or R 4 N + ) are formed to store the anionic Al complex. The reactive aromatic amine molecules further oligomerize during cycling, inhibiting amine dissolution into the electrolyte. Consequently, the constructed Al–amine battery exhibits a high reversible capacity of 135 mAh g -1 along with a superior cycling life (4000 cycles), fast charge capability and a high energy efficiency of 94.2 %. Moreover, the Al–amine battery shows excellent stability against self-discharge, far beyond conventional Al–graphite batteries. Our findings pave an avenue to advance the chemistry of RABs and thus battery performance.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗