Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “counting”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1977

Release of microorganisms from soil with respect to transmission electron microscopy viewing and plate counts

A study was conducted to obtain information concerning the fate of soil microorganisms during the procedures normally used in separating them from the soil in connection with various types of investigations. A silty clay loam (pH 6.0, moisture content 25%, organic content 3.5%) was used in the study. The results of the study indicate that many of the microbial cells naturally residing in soil remain attached to or, for some other reason, are not separated from the soil debris despite the use of various combinations of blending, sonication, and chemical dispersing agents. The method B used by Balkwill et al. (1975) provides a reasonable electron microscopy evaluation of the soil microflora.

Balkwill, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Coding for optical channels with photon-counting

The problem of coding for Pierce's recent model for optical communications is studied. It was concluded that for any positive rate rho (measured in nats per photon), the best code of length n has an error probability bounded by an exponentially decaying function of n. Explicit practical schemes are shown for rho less than or = to 1; and evidence is given that rho approximating 1 may be the practical limit for optical communication.

Mceliece, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Dark Matter near the Sun: Simulated Star Counts and the Oort Limit

An ensemble of orbits passing through the solar position was generated for a specific mass model of the galaxy. These orbits are randomly sampled to form simulated density distributions of tracer stars perpendicular to the galactic disk. The simulated distributions are analyzed to determine the sampling errors in a self consistent derivation of the total amount of matter near the Sun (the Oort limit).

Gilden, D.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Carbon-14 ages of Antarctic meteorites with accelerator and small-volume counting techniques

C-14 measurements were made on six Yamato and Victoria Land meteorites using tandem accelerator mass spectroscopy. The studies brought to 27 the number of Antarctic meteorites that have been examined for terrestrial aging. Details of the spectroscopic method are provided, along with the results in combinations with the data from the other 21 meteorites. It is found that the Yamato meteorites are younger than those found at Allan Hills, implying that two mechanisms may exist for the abundant Antarctic meteorites: exposure where falling due to a paucity of ice, and transport and exposure by sublimating ice.

Jull, A. J. T.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Number-counts slope estimation in the presence of Poisson noise

The slope determination of a power-law number flux relationship in the case of photon-limited sampling. This case is important for high-sensitivity X-ray surveys with imaging telescopes, where the error in an individual source measurement depends on integrated flux and is Poisson, rather than Gaussian, distributed. A bias-free method of slope estimation is developed that takes into account the exact error distribution, the influence of background noise, and the effects of varying limiting sensitivities. It is shown that the resulting bias corrections are quite insensitive to the bias correction procedures applied, as long as only sources with signal-to-noise ratio five or greater are considered. However, if sources with signal-to-noise ratio five or less are included, the derived bias corrections depend sensitively on the shape of the error distribution.

Schmitt, Juergen H. M. M.↗
NASA NTRS1987

High efficiency photon counting detectors for the FAUST Spacelab far ultraviolet astronomy payload

The performances of sealed tube microchannel-plate position sensitive detectors having transmission CsI photocathodes or opaque CsI photocathodes are compared. These devices were developed for the FAUST Spacelab payload to accomplish imaging surveys in the band between 1300 A and 1800 A. It is demonstrated that photocathode quantum efficiencies in excess of 40 percent at 1216 A have been achieved with the transmission and the opaque CsI photocathodes. The effect of the photoelectron trajectory on the spatial resolution is assessed. Spatial resolution of less than 70 microns FWHM has been obtained and is maintained up to event rates of 50,000/sec. Background rates of 0.55 events sq cm per sec have been achieved and low distortion (less than 1 percent) imaging has been demonstrated.

Siegmund, O. H. W.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Source counts in the chronometric cosmology

The chronometric cosmology (a static, homogeneous, and hence nonevolving model proposed by Segal) is unable to explain the steep number versus flux law N(S) for quasars or extragalactic radio sources. The explanation given by Segal to explain the steep N(S) laws gives at best a small increase over a Euclidean N(S) proportional to S exp-1.5, and requires that the source spectral index be close to but greater than zero to create the effect. For typical radio spectral indices of roughly 0.75, the chronometric model cannot give a quantitative fit to the excess number of 1-3 Jy sources that the standard cosmology attributes to evolution. Thus the chronometric model can explain a steep N(S) law only for flat spectrum sources, while the observations show the steepest N(S) law for steep spectrum sources. Furthermore, the observed N(S) law for ultraviolet excess quasars is steeper than the steepest possible chronometric prediction.

Wright, Edward L.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Count Bowell at record heliocentric distance

New observations of Comet Bowell at the record distance of 13.6 AU are presented. An extended coma is present, the size of which is consistent with the same slow expansion rate of roughly 1 m/s detected around perihelion. The cross-section of the solid grains within the central 10 arcsec of the coma has decreased by over an order of magnitude since 1980-84, which indicates that the coma production is declining. The decline began near R of roughly 10 AU, the same distance at which production began on the preperihelion leg. The coma at R of 10 AU or less may be formed by sublimation of CO2 or an ice of similar volatility from the nucleus.

Meech, Karen J.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Photon counting image sensor development for astronomical applications

Specially built intensified CCD (ICCD) detector tubes were purchased and the performance of the electron bombardment process was investigated. In addition to studying the signal characteristics of the photoevents, there was interest in demonstrating that back-illuminated chips were not susceptible to radiation damage to their clocking electrodes. How to perform a centroid analysis for a 2-dimensional Gaussian distribution of charge is described. Measurement of the projection (along columns or rows) of the average charge spread profile is discussed. The development and flight of the Interstellar Medium Absorption Profile Spectrograph (IMAPS) is discussed.

Jenkins, Edward B.↗
NASA NTRS1986

High-resolution pulse-counting array detectors for imaging and spectroscopy at ultraviolet wavelengths

The performance characteristics of multianode microchannel array (MAMA) detector systems which have formats as large as 256 x 1024 pixels and which have application to imaging and spectroscopy at UV wavelengths are evaluated. Sealed and open-structure MAMA detector tubes with opaque CsI photocathodes can determine the arrival time of the detected photon to an accuracy of 100 ns or better. Very large format MAMA detectors with CsI and Cs2Te photocathodes and active areas of 52 x 52 mm (2048 x 2048 pixels) will be used as the UV solar blind detectors for the NASA STIS.

Timothy, J. Gethyn↗
NASA NTRS1988

Readout techniques for photon-counting microchannel image systems

A comparative evaluation is made of such readout methods for the microchannel plates that are commonly used in EUV, FUV, and X-ray low light level image systems as the (1) phosphor-video, (2) phosphor and binary-mask encoder, (3) direct discrete-position encoder, (4) direct analog amplitude position-encoder systems, and (5) delay-line encoders. Relative advantages and limitations are discussed in the context of low light level space-based astronomy applications. The delay-line technique offers great promise for high-resolution applications where oversampling is mandatory, as in spectroscopy.

Lampton, Michael↗
NASA NTRS1989

A simple time-accurate turbomachinery algorithm with numerical solutions of an uneven blade count configuration

The present computer algorithm for the time-accurate flow analysis of rotating turbomachines is based on the finite-volume method and employs a high-resolution approximate Riemann solver for interface flux definitions and an implicit numerical scheme that possesses apparent unconditional stability. Block-block interfaces, including dynamic ones, are treated in such a way as to mimic interior block communication. The turbomachine configurations treated by way of illustration are 8-8-bladed and 11-9-bladed versions of a contrarotating unducted fan engine.

Janus, J. Mark↗