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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Design of a Novel Information System for Semi-Automated Management of Cybersecurity in Industrial Control Systems

There is an urgent need in many critical infrastructure sectors, including the energy sector, for attaining detailed insights into cybersecurity features and compliance with cybersecurity requirements related to their Operational Technology (OT) deployments. Frequent feature changes of OT devices interfere with this need, posing a great risk to customers. One effective way to address this challenge is via a semi-automated cyber-physical security assurance approach, which enables verification and validation of the OT device cybersecurity claims against actual capabilities, both pre- and post-deployment. To realize this approach, this paper presents new methodology and algorithms to automatically identify cybersecurity-related claims expressed in natural language form in ICS device documents. Here, we developed an identification process that employs natural language processing (NLP) techniques with the goal of semi-automated vetting of detected claims against their device implementation. We also present our novel NLP components for verifying feature claims against relevant cybersecurity requirements. The verification pipeline includes components such as automated vendor identification, device document curation, feature claim identification utilizing sentiment analysis for conflict resolution, and reporting of features that are claimed to be supported or indicated as unsupported. Our novel matching engine represents the first automated information system available in the cybersecurity domain that directly aids the generation of ICS compliance reports.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Use of the Tool to Support Renewable Energy Auctions Processes (RE Data Explorer)

Renewable energy auctions are now a common competitive approach to procure low-cost renewable power around the world. Ensuring a successful auction process increasingly depends on the capabilities of auction designers and participants to identify actionable and defensible insights from large data sets (on renewable energy resources and complementary data) to both attract potential investors and address stakeholder concerns. The Renewable Energy (RE) Data Explorer is a user-friendly geospatial analysis tool for analyzing renewable energy potential and informing decisions. Developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and supported by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), RE Data Explorer performs visualization and analysis of renewable energy potential that can be customized for different scenarios. RE Data Explorer can support prospecting, integrated planning, policymaking, and other decision-making activities to accelerate renewable energy deployment. The broader RE Explorer website provides guidance and information to link the RE Data Explorer geospatial analysis tool to key decision areas. This document provides information on how the RE Data Explorer can be used to support renewable energy auction processes.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Solvent Hold Tank Sample Results for MCU-20-32-33-34 (Quarterly Report, September 2020)

In late FY13, MCU implemented the Next Generation Solvent (NGS) flow sheet. Facility personnel added a non-radioactive, NGS “cocktail” containing the new Extractant (MaxCalix) and a new Suppressor (TiDG) to the SHT heel to implement the NGS flow sheet. The resulting “blend” solvent (“NGS blend solvent”) is essentially NGS with residual amounts of calix[4]arene-bis(tert-octylbenzo-crown-6) (BOBCalixC6) and trioctylamine (TOA). For process monitoring, SHT samples are sent to Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) to examine solvent composition changes over time. With the exception of Isopar™ L which is regularly added to the SHT due to its high vapor pressure, this report shows the cumulative chemical composition data, including impurities like mercury, of the September 2020 (MCU-20-32-33-34) solvent SHT sample. A summary report of the September SHT solvent sample was issued earlier. This report examines the cumulative results from these and several past monthly reports. These samples are intended to verify that the solvent is within the specified composition range. A baseline “scratch” solvent - a scratch solvent is a preparation of all 6 solvent components (this includes the old extractant BoBCalix and the old suppressor TrioctylAmine that remained when solvent was converted to Next Generation Solvent [NGS]) of the composition that approximates the blend of cocktail and heel solvent - was prepared in the lab (September 2018) and used for comparison and evaluation. The results from the analyses are presented in this document. This report is the last characterization analysis of the SHT solvent. MCU entered a lay-up state and about 128 gallons of the SHT solvent were pumped into 55 gallons drums for future disposal.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2021

Idaho Falls Power Black Start Field Demonstration (Preliminary Outcomes Paper)

This April 2021 field demonstration builds upon a 2017 field demonstration in which it was determined IFP’s HPPs, on their own, can support islanded black start and operation up to 2.5 MW loading. Modeling and hardware-in-the-loop testing was used in the intervening period to design an energy storage solution, specifically using ultracapacitors, to reduce likelihood of generators tripping during the field demonstration. Overall, the 2021 field demonstration tested three different options for meeting IFP’s requirements: innovating the hydropower controls, synchronizing multiple HPPs on the system, and integrating an ultracapacitor energy storage system. This report documents the testing performed. Follow-on analysis will provide additional insights, for example, including a complete table of comparative results between the tests and scenarios. The analysis will also propose a refined design for an energy storage system to meet IFP’s grid islanded needs.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Implementation of the Windowed Multipole Method in Shift

The windowed multipole (WMP) method has been implemented in the Shift Monte Carlo (MC) radiation transport code with support for both CPU and GPU execution. With this method, small WMP data libraries (~100 MB) can be used to accurately Doppler broaden cross sections to arbitrary temperatures “on the fly” during an MC simulation. This approach yields significant memory savings relative to traditional methods, making it ideal for high-fidelity analysis such as coupled multiphysics simulations. This document provides the exact forms of the WMP equations used by Shift, as well as a detailed description of the structure of WMP HDF5 data files provided by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The Shift implementation has been validated against the OpenMC radiation transport code, with excellent agreement demonstrated for 70 nuclides across an operative range of temperatures. CPU and GPU performance testing using a small module reactor (SMR) problem demonstrated that this method decreases the neutron tracking rate by a factor of ~2 on the Summitdev machine. A new set of WMP data being developed in-house will employ novel methods to improve tracking rates.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Co-production of Clean and Low Cost Hydrogen and Other Commodity Chemicals (CRADA Final Report)

We worked on the production of hydrogen and sulfuric acid electrochemically. We did this by building an electrolyzer and performing techno-economic analysis for which we published a paper (documented above). We also performed many leaching reactions with acid similar to the acid that we would have produced. We found that it was not commercially viable to cogenerate hydrogen and sulfuric acid because the technical problems would take too long to solve under the constraints of venture capital.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2023

Report on the Analysis of Plutonium-238 Oxide, Campaign #P5PO

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is currently producing Plutonium-238 oxide for NASA space programs. Through the irradiation of NpO 2 pellets in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR), the production of Pu-238 oxide will be used for electrical power and heat on NASA spacecraft such as the Curiosity Mars Rover and the Voyager 1 and 2. The Transuranium Analytical Laboratory (TAL) leads the analytical effort for this project, which includes the dissolution of plutonium product oxide (PUP) and the analysis of the dissolved product solution using both radiological and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) techniques that are required to meet product specifications. The Transuranic Analytical Laboratory received three samples of Pu-238 oxide for analysis in January of 2022. This report documents the analytical protocols performed by the TAL along with the results produced from said analytical protocols. This report also includes a comparison with the general-purpose heat source (GPHS) specifications.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Results of Analyses of Boric Acid Samples from the Salt Waste Processing Facility

Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) analyzed boric acid samples from the Salt Waste Processing Facility (SWPF). This document reports the results of these analyses. Analysis of these samples indicates that the material does not display any unusual characteristics or observations, such as visually apparent solids. The characteristics of both samples was as expected.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2025

Retro-Commissioning Sensor Suitcase for Energy Efficiency (CRADA Final Report)

The Sensor Suitcase project aimed to enable cost-effective, data-driven retro-commissioning (RCx) in small commercial buildings through a self-installable toolkit consisting of portable sensors and diagnostic software. Results showed that the Sensor Suitcase could identify common operational faults leading to 5–15% energy savings opportunities, with automated reports requiring minimal user interpretation. The project adhered closely to its Statement of Work (SOW) but evolved the reporting interface and sensor logging duration based on field feedback. The development and validation of diagnostics are documented in PNNL technical reports and internal analysis summaries.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2025

Probabilistic Predictions for Fastener Failure in the Sandia Mechanics Challenge Using the Discrete-Direct Uncertainty Quantification Approach

This paper documents the blind and post-blind analysis predictions for the 2023 Sandia Mechanics Challenge (SMC), which involved predicting the behavior of a threaded fastener joint structure subjected to shock loading. Utilizing repeat sets of fastener calibration data from various experimental configurations including tension, double shear, and joint tension, we developed a library of calibrated models which were propagated through the application model using the Discrete-Direct (DD) uncertainty quantification (UQ) approach. Although the initial blind predictions did not incorporate spare-sample processing to quantify fastener failure probabilities, the analyses yielded reasonable conclusions aligned with experimental results. In the post-blind analysis phase, we focused on enhancing the fidelity of the aluminum constitutive model and innovating the DD approach to obtain probabilistic predictions for fastener failure, particularly when quantities of interest (QoIs) approach their bounds. The improved aluminum model captures the behavior of the cantilever under shock loading more accurately, predicting both partial and complete cracks, although it tends to underpredict failure propagation. The enhanced DD approach facilitates probabilistic predictions that reflect the interdependent failure mechanisms of the fasteners and the cantilever, revealing that while certain fasteners are more likely to fail, the failure does not necessarily follow a progressive pattern. Overall, the post-blind analyses significantly improved the predictive capabilities of the model, providing valuable insights into the SMC application and establishing a robust foundation for informed engineering decisions. The methodology demonstrates a cost-effective and extensible approach suitable for a wide range of applications, highlighting the importance of uncertainty quantification to provide context for engineering decision making.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2026

Distributed Mafic Rock Resources for Carbon Mineralization in Arizona

Ex-situ carbon mineralization is a process by which CO2 is reacted with alkaline silicate minerals and rocks to produce stable carbonate materials, which can be used for other industrial processes. Arizona, U.S.A., hosts abundant surficial mafic rocks in three young volcanic fields, Geronimo-San Bernardino, San Francisco, and Springerville, and other distributed locations throughout the state. We created a Mafic Rock Resource Inventory (MRRI) that categorizes geochemical, physical, and textural characteristics of a diverse suite of surficial mafic rock samples and provide a benchmark reaction dataset parameterizing the temperature, pressure, and pH conditions best suited ex-situ mineralization in different rock types. MRRI data is publicly available online via a map-viewer. We establish two reaction condition sets, varied in temperature, pressure, and pH, where crystal-rich and glassy rocks reach maximum reaction extent and different carbonate phases are formed. Systematic ex-situ mineralization experiments on 21 diverse rock types show trends in geochemical, mineralogical, and reactivity behavior and establish maximum effective capture capacity. From this, scoria cones in three Arizona volcanic fields have a ~62 Gt effective CO₂ storage capacity with one of the fields having a ~42 Gt storage capacity in lava flows. Reactivity results have applications to alkaline mafic rock resources exposed globally, including producing additional effective storage capacity estimates and scaled commercialization of mafic rock ex-situ mineralization, should reaction extents be improved through advances in mineralization techniques. MRRI data were used to create a Direct Air Capture to Mineralization (DACM) systems model, technoeconomic analysis, and life-cycle assessment. These documents are presented as three appendices.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2025

Lost and Found: Rediscovering Microbiome-Associated Phenotypes that Reshape Agricultural Sustainability

Overview Code and data repository for NIL Manuscript. Documentation includes sequence processing examples and data analysis. Supplemental sequence processing and R statistical analysis for publication, which compares the microbiome of teosinte-B73 Near Isogenic Lines. Sample Data Amplicon sequence data for 16S rRNA genes, the fungal ITS2 region, and nitrogen-cycling functional genes are available through the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under accession number PRJNA1042643(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA1042643). Raw metabolomic data are available on Metabolomics Workbench, Project ID: PR002654. This study is available at the NIH Common Fund's National Metabolomics Data Repository (NMDR) website, the Metabolomics Workbench, https://www.metabolomicsworkbench.org where it has been assigned Study ID ST004211. The data can be accessed directly via its Project DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21228/M8KV8T.

Near Isogeneic Lines↗
DOE OSTI2022

Reactivity Coefficient Measurements and Sensitivity Studies [Abstract]

Nuclear data validation is often performed today using criticality measurements. The gold standard for criticality measurements is the International Criticality Safety Benchmark Experiment Project (ICSBEP). The validation specifically focuses on the effective multiplication factor (k eff ). K eff is a relatively easy parameter to infer and has reduced uncertainty due to being at or above critical. However, while k eff is a well-documented parameter with detailed sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, it cannot be used as a standalone metric to determine inaccuracies in nuclear data (e.g., cross section data, PFNS, nu), which is based on theory, physics, and differential measurements. The Experiments Underpinned by Computational Learning for Improvements in nuclear Data (EUCLID) project aims to identify compensating errors in specific nuclear data by optimally designing experiments that are sensitive to a suite of measurement parameters beyond k eff . By identifying how each parameter's nuclear data sensitivity differs from others, experiments can be designed to constrain questionable nuclear data. One sensitivity that is of particular interest to this project includes reactivity coefficient sensitivities.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Electrical and Thermal Load Impacts of Three District Heating and Cooling Designs for an Existing Community in Washington, DC

District energy systems that provide building heating and cooling are a promising option to provide low-cost, energy efficient heating and cooling solutions for communities. As some buildings move to electrified heating designs, there may be significant increases in electric grid demand, particularly in the winter. District energy systems may be able to help reduce these high electrical demands on the electric grid, while also providing decreased overall energy consumption with an increased flexibility in electrical energy usage. To evaluate and compare district options for district-based heating and cooling, an existing neighborhood of Washington, DC consisting of 35 existing buildings was selected as a case study. This study models and compares a fourth generation (4G) district heating and cooling systems that provide hot and chilled water from a central plant directly to each prosumer and a fifth generation (5G) district heating and cooling systems that provide near-ambient water via geothermal boreholes to interface with an energy transfer station with a heat pump at each prosumer. These district systems are compared against a baseline of the non-connected buildings with their self-contained and current HVAC systems. The neighborhood was selected as a good candidate for a district system for its diversity of loads (mix of different commercial and property types) and the availability of building characteristics. URBANopt District Energy Systems (DES) was used to model the buildings and create initial Modelica models for the district systems. Finally, the DES models were tuned and simulated in Dymola, and the outputs were post-processed for verification and to calculate the electrical and thermal grid impact metrics. This is the first documentation of this workflow and its complete analysis. The three designed systems are compared via their grid metrics including: total energy consumption, electrical demand peak loads, daily peak-to-valley ratios, and system ramping. A detailed discussion is provided about how each system impacts and interacts with the electric grid.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Volatility Basis Set Distributions and Viscosity of Organic Aerosol Mixtures: Insights from Chemical Characterization Using Temperature-Programmed Desorption–Direct Analysis in Real-Time High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Quantitative assessment of gas-particle partitioning of individual components within complex atmospheric organic aerosols (OA) mixtures is critical for predicting and comprehending the formation and evolution of OA particles in the atmosphere. This investigation leverages previously documented data obtained through a temperature programmed desorption - direct analysis in real time – high resolution mass spectrometry (TPD-DART-HRMS) platform. This methodology facilitates the bottom-up construction of volatility basis set (VBS) distributions for constituents found in three biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mixtures produced through the ozonolysis of a-pinene, limonene, and ocimene. The apparent enthalpies (ΔH*, kJ mol -1 ) and saturated vapor mass concentrations (C T *, µg∙m -3 ) of individual SOA components, determined as a function of temperature (T, K), facilitated an assessment of changes in VBS distributions and gas-particle partitioning with respect to T and atmospheric total organic mass loadings (tOM, µg∙m -3 ). Further, the VBS distributions reveal distinct differences in volatilities among monomers, dimers, and trimers, enabling their categorization into separate volatility bins. At the ambient temperature of T = 298 K, only monomers efficiently partition between gas and particle phases across a broad range of atmospherically relevant total organic mass loadings (tOM) values of 1–100 µg∙m -3 . Partitioning of dimers and trimers becomes notable only at T > 360 K and T > 420 K, respectively. The viscosity of SOA mixtures is assessed using a bottom-up calculation approach, incorporating the input of elemental formulas, ΔH*, C T *, and particle-phase mass fractions of the SOA components. Through this approach, we are able to accurately estimate the variations in SOA viscosity that result from the evaporation of its components. These variations are, in turn, influenced by atmospherically relevant changes in tOM and T. Comparison of the calculated SOA viscosity and diffusivity values with literature reported experimental results shows close agreement, thereby validating the employed calculation approach. These findings underscore the significant potential for TPD-DART-HRMS measurements in enabling the untargeted analysis of organic molecules within OA mixtures. This approach facilitates quantitative assessment of their gas-particle partitioning and allows for the estimation of their viscosity and condensed-phase diffusion, thereby contributing valuable insights to atmospheric models.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

National Cost-effectiveness of ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2016

The purpose of this analysis is to examine the cost-effectiveness of the 2016 edition of ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 (ASHRAE 2016). Standard 90.1 is developed by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard Standing Project Committee (SSPC) 90.1. It is the model energy standard for commercial and multi-family residential buildings over three floors (42 USC 6833). PNNL analyzed the cost-effectiveness of changes in Standard 90.1 from 90.1-2013 to 90.1-2016, as applied in commercial buildings across the United States. During the development of new editions of Standard 90.1, the cost-effectiveness of individual changes (addenda) is often calculated to support the deliberations of ASHRAE Standard Standing Project Committee (SSPC) 90.1. The ASHRAE process, however, does not include analysis of the cost-effectiveness of the entire package of addenda from one edition of the standard to the next, which is of particular interest to adopting State and local governments. Providing States with an analysis of cost-effectiveness may encourage more rapid adoption of newer editions of energy codes based on Standard 90.1. This information may also inform the development of future editions of Standard 90.1. To establish the cost-effectiveness of Standard 90.1-2016, three main tasks were addressed: (1) Identification of building elements impacted by the updated standard; (2) Allocation of associated installation, maintenance, and replacement costs; and (3) Cost-effectiveness analysis of required changes In addition to installation, maintenance, and replacement costs, energy cost differences were needed to determine cost-effectiveness. The energy costs for each edition of Standard 90.1 were determined previously under the development of Standard 90.1-2016, as described below. The current analysis builds on the previous PNNL analysis (as outlined in Section 5.2) of the energy use and energy cost saving impacts of Standard 90.1-2016 compared to previous editions. The overall energy savings analysis of Standard 90.1 utilized a suite of 16 prototype EnergyPlus building models in 15 climate locations representing all eight U.S. climate zones. Detailed methodology and overall energy saving results from Standard 90.1-2016 are documented in the DOE technical report titled Energy Savings Analysis: ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2016 (DOE. 2018b).

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2022

E-Area Low Level Waste Generator Inventory Uncertainty Estimation

This report describes the method used to estimate the uncertainty and bias in the low-level waste inventory, as reported by Waste Generators, for waste disposed in the E-Area Low-Level Waste Facility at SRS. The waste cut uncertainty and bias is summed to calculate the current total uncertainty and bias in each disposal unit in the E-Area Low-Level Waste Facility. This information is used to estimate the future uncertainty and bias when all disposal units are closed. For most waste cuts, there are two areas of inventory uncertainty and bias: in the isotopic characterization of the waste stream and in the measurement of total waste cut activity. Waste stream characterization is accomplished through a combination of process knowledge and analytical measurements. This characterization is documented by a technical baseline that describes the relative quantity of each isotope present in the waste stream. The total activity of each individual waste cut is usually measured directly or is calculated through a ratio of activity per weight or activity per volume. The waste cut total activity is multiplied by the waste stream isotopic fraction to calculate the total isotopic activity present in the waste cut. The waste cut uncertainty and bias is calculated by analyzing the uncertainties and biases in the waste stream characterization and waste cut measurements and adding the uncertainties in quadrature and multiplying the reported isotopic activities by the bias factors. The current isotopic inventory, uncertainty, and bias of a disposal unit is the sum of the currently disposed individual waste cut isotopic activities, uncertainties, and biases. The future uncertainty and bias is estimated based on the average “worst-case” (largest) uncertainties and biases of currently closed and operational disposal units. This report details the method, data sources, and calculation techniques used to calculate these values. It also presents some of the difficulties in working with the reported data and gives examples of the calculations and analysis. The software used to carryout the analysis is included and the location of the complete individual analyses is given. After discussion with waste generators, examination of multiple waste characterization documents, and a review of SRS Manual 1S, the reported ELLWF radionuclide activities are clearly conservative and likely represent reasonable upper bounds for the true activities. However, quantifying the bias and uncertainty in each waste cut requires detailed analysis of the documentation for each waste cut measurement and waste stream characterization.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Summary Report for the Analysis of the Sludge Batch 7b (Macrobatch 9) DWPF Pour Stream Glass Sample for Canister S04023

In order to comply with the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) Waste Form Compliance Plan for Sludge Batch 7b, Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) personnel characterized the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) pour stream (PS) glass sample collected while filling canister S04023. This report summarizes the results of the compositional analysis for reportable oxides and radionuclides and the normalized Product Consistency Test (PCT) results. The PCT responses indicate that the DWPF produced glass that is significantly more durable than the Environmental Assessment glass. Results and further details are documented in SRNL-STI-2013-00462, Revision 1 “Analysis of the DWPF Sludge Batch 7b (Macrobatch 9) Pour Stream Glass Sample.”

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗