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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Building Neutron Scattering Infrastructure in Louisiana for Advanced Materials (Final Report)

The main objective of the Louisiana Consortium for Neutron Scattering (LaCNS) is to build a major neutron scattering infrastructure capable of treating both soft and hard materials. The goal is to create a sustainable effort having the quality, breadth, and depth necessary to produce competitive proposals including collaborative and center type proposals. Our scientific aim is to understand the role of coupling in emergent complex materials and its impact on the structure/property relationship and to explore how to tune the key couplings to guide the design of materials with the desired properties. This naturally includes building a base of users of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) and the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) in Louisiana; to train highly talented graduate and post-doctoral students in synthesis, neutron scattering, and simulation and modeling techniques, thereby helping to produce the next generation of scientist who use neutron scattering techniques as a crucial part of their research. The goal of our hard matter program is to understand the interplay between spin, charge, orbital, and lattice degrees of freedom in carefully selected complex materials. We have made considerable progress on number of complex systems including the oxide Sr3(Ru1-xMnx)2O7 where short-range magnetic ordering with anisotropic spin texture is initiated at the metal-insulator transition that clearly indicates a strong spin-charge coupling. Another critical area is in quantum materials. For example, in the topological semimetal BaMnSb2, we found a 3D canted antiferromagnetic Weyl semimetal with a 2D electronic structure and a nontrivial Berry phase. In addition, in the hexagonal chiral Mn1/3NbS2 system, we found soliton/soliton and soliton/antisoliton domain walls where the application of small fields or small currents can be used to control nanoscopic magnetic domains where the control of domain walls is crucially important for information storage. In addition, chemical transformation investigations were performed on the VISION instrument at Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). The soft matter effort was focused on understanding the role of non-covalent interactions on the structure and dynamics of fluid-based soft matter. One key focus was on sequence-defined (SD) amphiphilic peptoid polymers that allow encoding of molecular interactions and thereby systematic investigations of how charge directs the solution self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers in water. Another important area was on the dynamics of lipids self-assembled into membranes for exploring the permeability and mechanical using both neutron spin echo (NSE) spectroscopy and quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) to distinguished between viscoelasticity and permeability at the molecular scale. Overall, the LaCNS project was quite successful, generating 145 publications and 245 presentations. Our graduate and post-doctoral students were well trained resulting in positions in national laboratories (Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Argonne National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory), major research universities, and industry. We also developed a uniaxial pressure cell along with ORNL for SNS. A critical goal of this project was to establish a foundation for competing nationally in federally funded research programs. To this end, we were quite successful in generating over twenty-two federally and non-federally funded grants including awards from NSF, DOE, and DOD, and two early career awards. Equally important, we were able to secure a key major piece of instrumentation via a large ARO grant for a state-of-the-art electron microscope.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

An automated fast neutron computed tomography instrument with on-line focusing for non-destructive evaluation

A fast neutron tomography imaging instrument has been designed, built, and tested at The Ohio State University 500 kW Research Reactor on a fast neutron beamline with a peak neutron flux ≈5.4 × 107 n·cm−2·s−1 at 1.6 MeV median neutron energy. The instrument and beamline are also configurable for thermal neutron imaging. The imaging apparatus is composed of a lens coupled, water-cooled Electron Multiplying Charge Coupled Device camera, a front-surface mirror, and a high light yield plastic Polyvinyl toluene scintillator. The instrument sits on a mobile cart. A total of 5 motion-control stages are built into the system for XYZ and rotational degrees of freedom for sample positioning; the fifth stage fine tunes the focal distance between the camera and the scintillator to achieve on-line focusing. A Python code with a user-friendly graphical user interface controls the fully automated image acquisition, not requiring user interaction, yet facilitating tracking of the image acquisition. A complete fast neutron computed tomography dataset with 360 projections requires less than 3 h, with 30 s per projection. On-line focusing is accomplished with a commercial, off-the-shelf, dielectrically actuated liquid lens. Finally, tomographic reconstructions are visualized using the Livermore Tomography Tools software package. The effective pixel size (width and height) is ≈0.1058 mm, yielding a minimum voxel size of 0.1058 × 0.1058 × 0.1058 mm3, and produces a spatial resolution of 231 μm when calculated from knife-edge measurements.

Bisbee, M. G. (ORCID:0000000313466697)↗
DOE OSTI2023

Stretchable and wearable polymeric heaters and strain sensors fabricated using liquid metals

Wearable electronic devices (WEDs) are receiving significant attention because of the increasing interest in soft robotics, electronic skin, and wearable sensors. Liquid metals (LMs) are compelling for WEDs owing to their metallic conductivity, fluidic nature, and low toxicity. For this study, we fabricated stretchable and soft WEDs using LM (eutectic gallium-indium alloy) wires (LMWs) patterned via force wetting through custom-made stencils on an elastic substrate. LMWs can generate thermal energy via Joule heating upon current application and deliver it to the substrate, resulting in wearable polymeric heaters. The LM mixed with carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) can also be patterned while preserving fluidic behavior. The degree of thermal energy generated through the LMWs can be manipulated as a function of the CIP concentration in the LM and geometrical factors of the electrode patterns, i.e., width and length. An elastic film patterned with LMWs attached to the human body exhibits changes in the effective electrical resistance depending on applied strain, demonstrating potential as a wearable strain sensor. This LM utilized WED that can generate thermal energy upon current application through the LMWs and detect the bodily motion has significant potential for application in wearable thermotherapy, electronic skin, and soft sensors.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Effects of Proton Irradiation on GaN Vacuum Electron Nanodiodes

Gallium nitride (GaN)-based nanoscale vacuum electron devices, which offer advantages of both traditional vacuum tube operation and modern solid-state technology, are attractive for radiation-hard applications due to the inherent radiation hardness of vacuum electron devices and the high radiation tolerance of GaN. Here, we investigate the radiation hardness of top-down fabricated n-GaN nanoscale vacuum electron diodes (NVEDs) irradiated with 2.5-MeV protons (p) at various doses. We observe a slight decrease in forward current and a slight increase in reverse leakage current as a function of cumulative protons fluence due to a dopant compensation effect. The NVEDs overall show excellent radiation hardness with no major change in electrical characteristics up to a cumulative fluence of 5E14 p/cm 2 , which is significantly higher than the existing state-of-the-art radiation-hardened devices to our knowledge. In conclusion, the results show promise for a new class of GaN-based nanoscale vacuum electron devices for use in harsh radiation environments and space applications.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

Filaments in and between galaxy clusters at low and mid-frequency with the SKA

Context. Understanding the magnetised Universe is a major challenge in modern astrophysics, and cosmic magnetism has been acknowledged as one of the key scientific drivers of the most ambitious radio instrument ever planned, the Square Kilometre Array. Aims. With this work, we aim to investigate the potential of the Square Kilometre Array and its precursors and pathfinders in the study of magnetic fields in galaxy clusters and filaments through diffuse synchrotron radio emission. Galaxy clusters and filaments of the cosmic web are indeed unique laboratories in which to investigate turbulent fluid motions and large-scale magnetic fields in action, and much of what is known about magnetic fields in galaxy clusters comes from sensitive radio observations. Methods. Based on cosmological magneto-hydrodynamic simulations, we predict radio properties (total intensity and polarisation) of a pair of galaxy clusters connected by a cosmic-web filament. Results. We use our theoretical expectations to explore the potential of polarimetric observations to study large-scale structure magnetic fields in the frequency ranges 50–350 MHz and 950–1760 MHz. We also present predictions for galaxy cluster polarimetric observations with the Square Kilometre Array precursors and pathfinders, such as the LOw frequency ARray 2.0 and the MeerKAT+ telescope. Conclusions. Our findings point out that polarisation observations are particularly powerful for the study of large-scale magnetic fields, since they are not significantly affected by confusion noise. The unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution of the intermediatefrequency radio telescopes make them the favourite instruments for the study of these sources through polarimetric data, potentially allowing us to understand if the energy density of relativistic electrons is in equipartition with the magnetic field or rather coupled with the thermal gas density. Our results show that low-frequency instruments also represent a precious tool to study diffuse synchrotron emission in total intensity and polarisation.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

EIC Detector Overview

The Electron Ion Collider will have two interaction regions that can be instrumented with detectors. Here, the first region will be instrumented as part of the project and needs to be capable of delivering the physics that has been outlined by the National Academy of Sciences and ready at the start of beam commissioning near the end of this decade. Plans for a second complementary detector to be located at a second interaction region are already in progress and will hopefully come to fruition just few years after the first detector comes online. While the basic parameters of these detectors are being selected using conventional approaches, the optimization of the detectors is already being enhanced by making use of advanced optimization techniques.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2021

DARPA beyond CMOS RFI

The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Center for Micro and Nanotechnology (CMNT) is located on the LLNL campus in Livermore, CA. LLNL employs over 7000 employees with a broad range of science and engineering backgrounds with an administrative structure that encourages multidisciplinary teaming, a key ingredient in our ability to address diverse technical problems. Our CMNT facility houses a 6,400 ft 2 class 100 cleanroom (class 10 capable) with an additional 1,000 ft 2 Class 1000 space, and 6000 ft 2 of other laboratories. Most equipment can accommodate 6” wafers, although some is limited to 4”. The CMNT is a multi-user, multi-programmatic facility that offers a broad set of instruments for microfabrication to invent, develop, and apply microscale and nanoscale technologies to support national security missions in Stockpile Stewardship, Homeland Security, Directed Energy, Nonproliferation, biomedical research, and more. The research and capabilities of the Center cover materials, devices, instruments, and systems that require microfabricated components, including microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), electronics, photonics, micro- and nanostructures, bio-implantable devices, and micro- and nanoactuators.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

High gradient research and facilities at Los Alamos National Laboratory [Slides]

A particle accelerator is a scientific instrument that produces a directional stream of electrically charged particles, usually electrons or protons. The accelerator propels particles to high speeds, close to the speed of light. Historically, accelerators play a crucial role in scientific discovery. Nowadays, accelerators produce particle beams for biomedical and material research, manufacturing, energy technology, and Homeland security.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Two-Dimensional Thomson Scattering in Laser-Produced Plasmas

We present two-dimensional (2D) optical Thomson scattering measurements of electron density and temperature in laser-produced plasmas. The novel instrument directly measures ne(x,y) and Te(x,y) in two dimensions over large spatial regions (cm2) with sub-mm spatial resolution, by automatically translating the scattering volume while the plasma is produced repeatedly by irradiating a solid target with a high-repetition-rate laser beam (10 J, ∼1012 W/cm2, 1 Hz). In this paper, we describe the design and motorized auto-alignment of the instrument and the computerized algorithm that autonomously fits the spectral distribution function to the tens-of-thousands of measured scattering spectra, and captures the transition from the collective to the non-collective regime with distance from the target. As an example, we present the first 2D scattering measurements in laser-driven shock waves in ambient nitrogen gas at a pressure of 0.13 mbar.

Zhang, Haiping (ORCID:0009000228133852)↗
DOE OSTI2026

Automated tape-target centering based on template matching for construction measurement tasks using robotic total station

Robotic total stations have transformed surveying and construction mapping through precise, efficient, and automated measurements. These instruments integrate a theodolite, which measures horizontal and vertical angles, with an electronic distance measurement (EDM) unit to determine distances, allowing accurate 3D measurement of observable points. Traditionally, users manually aimed the total station at a target. Recent advancements in robotic motor control and integration of cameras now enable automatic rotation and aiming, typically requiring only a single operator to position the target. Automated aiming is commonly performed using retroreflector prisms, which reflect light back to the source with minimal scattering, enabling high-precision measurements over long distances. However, retroreflectors, especially those designed for 360 degree, can be expensive and impractical for certain applications. This paper presents an algorithm for automating the center detection of low-cost disposable tape targets using the total station's onboard camera and a template matching algorithm. The algorithm identifies the target's center pixel in the image, and the instrument is commanded to aim at that location. We evaluated the performance of this template-matching-based centering method under various distances, angles, lighting conditions, and field environments, comparing its results to both manual aiming and conventional automated aiming of tape targets. Manual aiming was used as the baseline operational reference in the absence of an independent ground-truth measurement. The proposed approach achieves target centering results comparable to the manual baseline. This method provides a cost-effective alternative for high-precision applications where retroreflector targets are constrained by budget or logistics.

Harrington, Joshua [ORNL]↗
DOE OSTI2025

Hyperspectral x-ray imaging mapping capabilities for nuclear forensics

Nuclear forensics relies on the integration of complementary signatures to constrain the origins and history of materials. Outcomes benefit from the timeliness and precision of the disparate methods that form typical analysis chains. Sample forms are often either minute in quantity or contain signatures like morphology or composition heterogeneity encoded on a microscale, so many analysis techniques focus on resolving signatures on ever-smaller length scales. The new hyperspectral x-ray imaging (HXI) instrument developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory seeks to improve the information available from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) x-ray spectrum analysis through superior spectral energy resolution vs. typical energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) systems in common use in nuclear forensics and other microanalysis fields. Based on arrays of transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter detectors, this instrument achieves a typical energy resolution of 7 eV full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) at 2 keV, opening new possibilities in trace element detection/analysis and chemical state determination through spectral shape shifts. We present here some of the first applications of the HXI instrument to actinide samples and discuss potential maturation of this nascent technology for future analysis pipelines.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2022

An Automated Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope Guided by Sparse Data Analytics

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) promises to reshape scientific inquiry and enable breakthrough discoveries in areas such as energy storage, quantum computing, and biomedicine. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), a cornerstone of the study of chemical and materials systems, stands to benefit greatly from AI-driven automation. However, present barriers to low-level instrument control, as well as generalizable and interpretable feature detection, make truly automated microscopy impractical. Here, we discuss the design of a closed-loop instrument control platform guided by emerging sparse data analytics. We hypothesize that a centralized controller, informed by machine learning combining limited a priori knowledge and task-based discrimination, could drive on-the-fly experimental decision-making. This platform may unlock practical, automated analysis of a variety of material features, enabling new high-throughput and statistical studies.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Summary of Results for Idaho Accelerator Center (IAC) Experiments with Compact Electron Permanent Magnet Spectrometer (CEPMS)

The Compact Electron Permanent Magnet Spectrometer (CEPMS) shown in Figure 2 consists of collimation at the electron beam entrance, a vacuum chamber for beam transport and a removable 60 degree sector magnet constructed by SABR Enterprises (Ref 2) that is used to momentum analyze the incoming electron beam. There are electron detection planes located perpendicular to straight through and the 60 degree trajectory ports. The planes are designed to accept phosphor screens for time integrated measurements. The screens can be replaced by scintillator for time resolved measurements using gated or streak cameras. The length of the spectrometer along the beamline without the collimator is about 400mm (14”). The spectrometer requires no power supply with controls for cycling or cooling for the magnet. The entire assembly, with magnet installed, weighs about 35kg (75lbs) Figure 3 depicts central and extreme trajectories through the spectrometer for various electron energies. The chamber accommodates a +/-50mm wide detection field relative to the center trajectory. Trajectories with larger momentum (energy) are bent the least. Since the permanent magnet slides off and on with reference to the upstream edge of the vacuum chamber, it can be adjusted to various positions to slightly increase or decrease the central energy thereby changing the range of available energies. Figure 4 shows the effect of changing the location of the permanent magnet on the electron trajectory. A small inward change in r produces a longer trajectory in the magnet therefore, the same energy trajectory is bent more.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗