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At least 343 records · Page 19

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NASA NTRS1989

Optical calculation of correlation filters for a robotic vision system

A method is presented for designing optical correlation filters based on measuring three intensity patterns: the Fourier transform of a filter object, a reference wave and the interference pattern produced by the sum of the object transform and the reference. The method can produce a filter that is well matched to both the object, its transforming optical system and the spatial light modulator used in the correlator input plane. A computer simulation was presented to demonstrate the approach for the special case of a conventional binary phase-only filter. The simulation produced a workable filter with a sharp correlation peak.

Knopp, Jerome↗

NASA NTRS1990

Measuring tropospheric HNO3 - Problems and prospects for Nylon filter and mist chamber techniques

A series of laboratory and field measurements was performed to evaluate the mist chamber technique for determining tropospheric HNO3 concentrations. Both the mist chamber and standard Nylon filter techniques exhibit high collection efficiency and excellent agreement measuring HNO3 vapors from a permeation source. When simultaneously sampling ambient air in eastern Virginia, the Nylon filter measured an average of 70 percent higher HNO3 concentration than the mist chamber technique. The results indicate that O3 causes a low-level positive artifact interference in HNO3 measurements performed with the filter technique. This O3-induced error is small, however, compared to the large difference between atmospheric HNO3 concentrations determined with the two techniques. It is hypothesized that unidentified (organic?) nitrogen species in the atmosphere react for form NO3(-) on the filter and this phenomenon may interfere with Nylon filter measurements of HNO3 vapor. These potential interferences did not appear to affect measurements of HNO3 with the mist chamber method.

Talbot, R. W.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Theoretical model for a background noise limited laser-excited optical filter for doubled Nd lasers

A simple theoretical model for the calculation of the dependence of filter quantum efficiency versus laser pump power in an atomic Rb vapor laser-excited optical filter is reported. Calculations for Rb filter transitions that can be used to detect the practical and important frequency-doubled Nd lasers are presented. The results of these calculations show the filter's quantum efficiency versus the laser pump power. The required laser pump powers required range from 2.4 to 60 mW/sq cm of filter aperture.

Shay, Thomas M.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Exposure to space radiation of high-performance infrared multilayer filters

The University of Reading experiment exposed IR interference filters and crystal substrates on identical earth facing and leading-edge sites of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF). Filters mostly comprised multilayer coatings of lead telluride (PbTe)/II-IV on germanium (Ge) and other substrates: crystals comprised CdTe, MgF2, sapphire, quartz, silicon, and some softer materials. Identical control samples were maintained in the laboratory throughout the experiment. The filters were novel in their design, construction and manufacture, and categorized high-performance because of their ability to resolve emission spectra of the important atmospheric gases for various purposes in remote sensing. No significant changes were found in the spectra of the hard-coated filters or in the harder crystals (the softer materials were degraded to an extent). By virtue of this well-documented and long exposure in LDEF, the qualification of the filter type is significantly improved for its future requirements.

Seeley, J. S.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Estimation and filtering for high-precision GPS positioning applications

Estimation of GPS satellite orbits and other parameters for high-accuracy geodetic and tracking applications is carried out with a multi-satellite batch sequential pseudo-epoch state process noise filter. Both square-root information filtering and UD factorized covariance filtering and smoothing formulations are implemented in the software to enhance numerical stability. The filtering algorithms have been arranged to take advantage of sparse matrices and other characteristics of the GPS measurement scenarios. The filter includes unique error evaluation capabilities to assess effects from mismodeling. Process noise plays a key role in the orbit determination for stochastic behavior of transmitter/receiver clocks, atmospheric-induced delay fluctuations, and unmodeled spacecraft accelerations. Present GPS orbit accuracy is better than 1 m, with ground baselines determined simultaneously to relative accuracy of 1.5 parts in 10 to the 8th over several thousand km distance.

Lichten, Stephen M.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Joint transform correlation with the synthetic estimation filter

The synthetic estimation filter (SEF) combines a set of input images into a much smaller set of filters. Those input images correspond to views of a known object taken with a variety of values of the pose parameter to be estimated. The response of the filter to variations in the pose parameter is tailored so that estimation can be done to a precision considerably finer than the intervals between filters in the pose space. The technique is extended to the joint transform correlator; as a reference, the composite image from which the SEF is conventionally calculated is used. Precautions are necessary for practical reasons. For example, the SEF algorithm may call for negative values in the image, an unrealizable condition with amplitude encoding, whereas with phase-mostly filtering in the SEF, negative image values are easily accommodated.

Monroe, Stanley E., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Extended Kalman Filter for attitude estimation of the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite

The design and testing of an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) for ground attitude determination, misalignment estimation and sensor calibration of the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) are described. Attitude is represented by the quaternion of rotation and the attitude estimation error is defined as an additive error. Quaternion normalization is used for increasing the convergence rate and for minimizing the need for filter tuning. The development of the filter dynamic model, the gyro error model and the measurement models of the sun sensors, the IR horizon scanner and the magnetometers which are used to generate vector measurements are also presented. The filter is applied to real data transmitted by ERBS sensors. Results are presented and analyzed and the EKF advantages as well as sensitivities are discussed. On the whole the filter meets the expected synergism, accuracy and robustness.

Deutschmann, Julie↗

NASA NTRS1991

Linear prediction filters for linear and nonlinear modeled geomagnetic activity

It is shown that the Faraday loop analog model of geomagnetic activity exhibits both the directly driven and loading-unloading magnetospheric responses to solar wind input. It is further shown that the directly driven component is a linear response to loading while the loading-unloading response is nonlinear. Linear prediction filters which relate model input to output are discussed. By either allowing or suppressing the loading-unloading model response filters that relate to nonlinear or linear dynamics, respectively, have been computed. Filters that described the directly driven response are finite ranged; they asymptote to zero with increasing lag on a time scale that is fixed by the dissipation rate of the model. Filters that describe the nonlinear total response are infinite ranged; they asymptote with increasing lag to large amplitude periodic oscillations. Some implications of these infinite ranged filters are discussed.

Klimas, A. J.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Disinfecting Filters For Recirculated Air

Simple treatment disinfects air filters by killing bacteria, algae, fungi, mycobacteria, viruses, spores, and any other micro-organisms filters might harbor. Concept applied to reusable stainless-steel wire mesh filters and disposable air filters. Treatment used on filters in air-circulation systems in spacecraft, airplanes, other vehicles, and buildings to help prevent spread of colds, sore throats, and more-serious illnesses.

Pilichi, Carmine A.↗

NASA NTRS1991

COBE experience with filter QUEST

A gyro based filter variation on the standard QUEST attitude determination algorithm is applied to the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE). Filter QUEST is found to be three times as fast as the batch estimator and slightly more accurate than regular QUEST. Perhaps more important than its speed or accuracy is the fact that Filter QUEST can provide real time attitude solutions when regular QUEST cannot, due to lack of observability. Filter QUEST is also easy to use and adjust for the proper memory length. Suitable applications for Filter QUEST include coarse and real time attitude determination.

Filla, O.↗

NASA NTRS1991

An extended Kalman filter for spinning spacecraft attitude estimation

An extended Kalman filter for real-time ground attitude estimation of a gyro-less spinning spacecraft was developed and tested. The filter state vector includes the angular momentum direction, phase angle, inertial nutation angle, and inertial and body nutation rates. The filter solves for the nutating three-axis attitude and accounts for effects due to principle axes offset from the body axes. The attitude is propagated using the kinematics of a rigid body symmetric about the principle spin axis; disturbance torques are assumed to be small. Filter updates consist only of the measured angles between celestial objects (Sun, Earth, etc.) and the nominal spin axis, and the times these angles were measured. Both simulated data and real data from the Dynamics Explorer -A (DE-A) spacecraft were used to test the filter; the results are presented. Convergence was achieved rapidly from a wide range of a priori state estimates, and sub-degree accuracy was attained. Systematic errors affecting the solution accuracy are discussed, as are the results of an attempt to solve for sensor measurement angle biases in the state vector.

Baker, David F.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Enhanced spectral efficiency using bandwidth switchable SAW filtering for mobile satellite communications systems

Currently proposed mobile satellite communications systems require a high degree of flexibility in assignment of spectral capacity to different geographic locations. Conventionally this results in poor spectral efficiency which may be overcome by the use of bandwidth switchable filtering. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology makes it possible to provide banks of filters whose responses may be contiguously combined to form variable bandwidth filters with constant amplitude and phase responses across the entire band. The high selectivity possible with SAW filters, combined with the variable bandwidth capability, makes it possible to achieve spectral efficiencies over the allocated bandwidths of greater than 90 percent, while retaining full system flexibility. Bandwidth switchable SAW filtering (BSSF) achieves these gains with a negligible increase in hardware complexity.

Peach, Robert↗

NASA NTRS1990

Multidimensional synthetic estimation filter

The synthetic estimation filter (SEF) crafts an affine variation into its response to a changing parameter (e.g. scale or rotation). Sets of such filters are used in an estimation correlator to reduce the number of filters required for a given tracking accuracy. By overspecifying the system (one more SEF than parameters to be tracked), the ratio of correlation responses between filters forms a robust estimator into the spanned domain of the parameters. Previous results dealt with a laboratory correlator which could track a single parameter. This paper explores the SEF and the estimator's extension to more dimensions. A 2D example is given in which a reduction of filters from 25 to 3 is demonstrated to span a 4-degree square portion of pose space.

Monroe, Stanley E., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Improvement of observer/Kalman filter identification (OKID) by residual whitening

This paper presents a time-domain method to identify a state space model of a linear system and its corresponding observer/Kalman filter from a given set of general input-output data. The identified filter has the properties that its residual is minimized in the least squares sense, orthogonal to the time-shifted versions of itself, and to the given input-output data sequence. The connection between the state space model and a particular auto-regressive moving average description of a linear system is made in terms of the Kalman filter and a deadbeat gain matrix. The procedure first identifies the Markov parameters of an observer system, from which a state space model of the system and the filter gain are computed. The developed procedure is shown to improve results obtained by an existing observer/Kalman filter identification method, which is based on an auto-regressive model without the moving average terms. Numerical and experimental results are presented to illustrate the proposed method.

Phan, Minh↗

NASA NTRS1992

Several recursive techniques for observer/Kalman filter system identification from data

This paper derives algorithms for identifying autoregressive models, with external input, of multi-input multi-output systems from data using a fast transversal filter or a least-squares lattice filter. The autoregressive models including external inputs are used to identify state-space models and the corresponding observer/Kalman filter gains of the system. The derivation is an extension of scalar autoregressive model approaches, modified to cope with multivariables, external inputs and an extra direct-influence term. Comparisons between the fast transversal filter, the least-squares lattice filter and the classical least-squares method are made in terms of complexity, computational cost and practical applications issues. A numerical example is included to illustrate the approach.

Chen, Chung-Wen↗

NASA NTRS1992

Filtered Rayleigh scattering measurements in supersonic/hypersonic facilities

Preliminary measurements are presented of flow field properties in Mach 3 and Mach 5 flows using filtered Rayleigh scattering. Filter properties have been characterized by high resolution spectroscopy in order to optimize the selection of laser frequency and filter operating conditions, as well as for the development of an accurate filter modeling program. An optimized filter is used the background suppression feature of this technique to image the boundary layer structure in a Mach 3 high Reynolds number facility and the shock structure in a Mach 5 overexpanded jet. This had been achieved using a visible laser source. By frequency scanning the laser, time-averaged velocity measurements in the Mach 3 and Mach 5 flows are made. Data acquisition at 10 torr and below indicates that this approach can be extrapolated for use in hypersonic flow facilities and is applicable as an in-flight optical air data device for hypersonic vehicles.

Miles, Richard B.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Filtering Interpolators for Image Comparison Algorithms

Comparing two or more images, either by differencing or ratioing, is important to many remote sensing problems. Because the pixel sample points for the images are (almost) always separated by some nonzero shift, a resampling, or interpolation, process must be performed if one image is to be accurately compared to another. Considered in Fourier space, an interpolator acts as a filter that attenuates some frequencies (usually high) of the image. Thus, when the shifted and unshifted images are compared, the former has been filtered, while the latter has not; the effect of this difference is called interpolation error. The key idea of this paper is to apply a filter to the unshifted image that matches the filtering effect of applying the interpolator to the shifted image, thereby drastically reducing interpolation error. The resulting interpolators, called filtering interpolators, are derived and discussed in detail elsewhere. Basic results will be given in this presentation.

Lucke, R. L.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Coplanar waveguide microwave filter of YBa2Cu3O7

Thin film low-pass microwave filters have been made with laser-ablated YBa2Cu3O(7-delta) (YBCO) deposited on LaAlO3 substrates, using a coplanar waveguide structure. The coplanar waveguide sections had dimensions suited for integrated circuits. Measured losses in liquid nitrogen were superior to the loss in a similar thin-film copper filter throughout the 0 to 9.5 GHz pass-band. A simple transmission-line model is adequate for filter design using YBCO films with repeatable characteristics. The measured filters demonstrate the performance of fully patterned YBCO after sealing in space-qualifiable hermetic packages. Five packaged filters of this design were delivered to the Naval Research Laboratory as candidates for space flight in the High Temperature Superconductivity Space Experiment.

Chew, Wilbert↗