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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Electromagnetic Analysis of ITER Electron Cyclotron Emission Components and Support Structures for the Preliminary Design Review

The ITER electron cyclotron emission (ECE) diagnostic system is located at Design Shield Module (DSM) 2, Equatorial Port (EP) 9 to measure electron temperature profile and electron temperature fluctuations and also to assess nonthermal electron distributions via the oblique view. Therefore, ECE has both radial and oblique views with two couples of mirrors for two different optical views. This ECE diagnostic system shall be exposed to significant power due to unabsorbed electron cyclotron heating power in the plasma. It shall also receive large electromagnetic (EM) loads up to 100 MN/m 3 force density due to the eddy currents generated by the short 16-ms transient plasma disruption. The global EM models of EP12 and EP11 with the worst case of plasma disruption Major Disruption Downward Exponential 16 ms Category III (MD_DW_EXP16MS_CATIII) have been provided by ITER. However, the support structure for these critical components, including four mirrors, is still under the design and development phase, especially during the period of preliminary design reviews (PDRs). For those small in-vessel components that are not modeled explicitly for the PDRs, we can extract the magnetic field (B) data and flux variations (dB/dt) at those locations from the global model and then use the B and dB/dt method to calculate the eddy currents, EM forces, and torques on those components in the local submodels. In conclusion, this paper will present the detailed PDR EM analysis results of the ECE components and support structures.

Electromagnetic↗
DOE OSTI2022

Pre-dawn leaf water potential, San Lorenzo, Panama, 2020

This data package contains predawn leaf water potential (LWP) data for leaves sampled in the San Lorenzo forest canopy crane site in Panama (PA-SLZ) from January to March 2020. Data were collected from 31 species, from top of canopy and vertical profiles within the canopy. All data and metadata are presented in .csv files. The protocol details are provided as *.pdf. See related data packages from the BNL 2020 field campaign for leaf optical properties and gas exchange measurements. Sample information including canopy elevation and leaf area index (LAI) can be found in the related “Leaf and canopy traits” data package.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Testing of an Optical Fiber--Based Gamma Thermometer in the High Flux Isotope Reactor Gamma Irradiation Facility

This report describes the design, thermal modeling, and gamma irradiation testing of an optical fiber–based gamma thermometer (OFBGT), which was irradiated in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF). OFBGTs are a promising technology for application in nuclear reactors because they can provide a distributed measurement of gamma ray heating rate, unlike thermocouple-based gamma thermometers, which are fixed in-core sensors that can be used in boiling water reactors to calibrate local power range monitors. OFBGTs measure gamma ray heating rate by measuring the temperature difference between a pair of optical fibers; one fiber is in thermal contact with a heat sink (usually the reactor coolant), and the other is in thermal contact with a thermally isolated mass. The device can be calibrated with a heating wire within the thermal mass. The OFBGT that was designed and fabricated at Oak Ridge National Laboratory can measure distributed gamma ray heating rate over an effective measurement length of 61 cm, and the outer diameter of the sensor is 12.7 mm, giving the prototypical sensor design a relatively small footprint. The sensor housing is backfilled with Ar to ensure a well-predicted thermal response that is not affected by humidity or chemical interactions during operation. For calibration, the sensor design uses a Ni–Cr wire, which can be supplied with currents from 0 to 1 A to capture the wide range of potential gamma ray heating rates expected in HFIR’s spent fuel elements. The OFBGT was thermally modeled analytically and numerically; both models account for temperature-dependent thermal conductivities of the materials and show good agreement. The thermal response of the sensor inside spent HFIR fuel elements was simulated for times up to 1 year after discharge of the fuel element. Out-of-pile open-air tests indicated that the steady-state response of the sensor matches modeled results within experimental uncertainty. Calibration tests were performed using electrical heating in the HFIR spent fuel pool, above the fuel elements, to establish a relationship between the difference in spectral shift measured by optical fibers located inside and outside the OFBGT and the applied electrical heating. Subsequently, the OFBGT was placed within the the spent fuel element from HFIR cycle 501 to measure the spatial profile of the gamma heating rates. Results showed good agreement between the theoretical and measured gamma dose rate profiles, with maximum deviations of ~10% or less.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

CIGS Technology Advancement via Fundamental Modeling of Defect/Impurity Interactions (Final Technical Report)

The primary goals of the proposed work were to provide modeling tools (and the associated insight which comes along with model development) for design and optimization of CuIn x Ga 1-x Se 2 (CIGS) and CdSeTe (CST) solar cell manufacturing processes and to establish the foundation for comprehensive end-to-end predictive modeling tools to enable optimization of thin film photovoltaic technology for performance, cost, yield, and reliability. The initial focus of efforts within this project was to develop coupled process/optical/device models for CIGS PV technology and to work with Siva Power to apply that TCAD (technology computer-aided design) system to improve the efficiency and reduce manufacturing costs for CIGS solar cells. Our approach to that end was to generate an extensive database of DFT calculations and to use those calculations via statistical thermodynamics methods and Monte Carlo simulation to develop and characterize models for the behavior of native defects as well as intentional and unintentional impurities, including the redistribution of the primary components of CIGS films. Increased effort went toward coupling those models for defect behavior and composition evolution to the performance of multicrystalline CIGS solar cells via prediction of doping level and recombination lifetime as function of manufacturing process. In the second budget period, the project pivoted to developing a similar system for the CdSeTe system, focused especially on understanding the role of Se/Te alloy concentration. Execution of the project resulted in the successful development of TCAD systems for both CIGS and CdSeTe thin film PV within the Synopsys Sentaurus framework by utilizing the Alagator interface. In the first budget period of the project, we developed quantitative models for the major components of CIGS PV and implemented them within a framework that couples process, optical, and device simulation. From the insights we have gained, we identified novel opportunities for enhancing CIGS solar cell performance and have laid the groundwork to further optimize the layer structure, composition profile, and thermal cycles for substantially improved efficiency and lower manufacturing costs. For the CIGS system, process changes to achieve greater than 1% absolute enhancement in efficiency were identified, but testing of those approaches was stymied by lack of a domestic CIGS manufacturing partner after the closure of Siva Power as well as Miasole. For CdSeTe, a fully capable TCAD system only became ready to apply near the end of the project period, so substantial opportunities remain to apply those models to enhance the leading thin film PV technology.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Tethered balloon-borne observations of thermal-infrared irradiance and cooling rate profiles in the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer

Clouds play an important role in controlling the radiative energy budget of the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer. To quantify the impact of clouds on the radiative heating or cooling of the lower atmosphere and of the surface, vertical profile observations of thermal-infrared irradiances were collected using a radiation measurement system carried by a tethered balloon. We present 70 profiles of thermal-infrared radiative quantities measured in summer 2020 during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition and in autumn 2021 and spring 2022 in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Measurements are classified into four groups: cloudless, low-level liquid-bearing cloud, elevated liquid-bearing cloud, and elevated ice cloud. Cloudless cases display an average radiative cooling rate of about —2 K d—1 throughout the atmospheric boundary layer. Instead, low-level liquid-bearing clouds are characterized by a radiative cooling up to —80 K d—1 within a shallow layer at cloud top, while no temperature tendencies are identified underneath the cloud layer. Radiative transfer simulations are performed to quantify the sensitivity of radiative cooling rates to cloud microphysical properties. In particular, cloud top cooling is strongly driven by the liquid water path, especially in optically thin clouds, while for optically thick clouds the cloud droplet number concentration has an increased influence. Additional radiative transfer simulations are used to demonstrate the enhanced radiative importance of the liquid relative to ice clouds. To analyze the temporal evolution of thermal-infrared radiation profiles during the transitions from a cloudy to a cloudless atmosphere, a respective case study is investigated.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

The H I absorption zoo: JVLA extension to z ~ 0.4

Here, we present an H I 21 cm absorption study of a sample of 26 radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN) at 0.25 < z < 0.4 carried out with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. Our aim was to study the rate of incidence of H I in different classes of radio AGN, the morphology and kinematics of the detected H I, and the nature of the interaction between the H I and the radio source at these redshifts. Our sample consists of 14 sources with sizes of up to tens of kpc and 12 compact sources (< a few kpc) in the radio-power range 10 25.7 W Hz –1 –10 26.5 W Hz –1 . We detect H I in five sources, corresponding to a detection rate of ~19%. Within the error bars, this agrees with the detection rate found at lower redshifts. We find that the rest-frame UV luminosities of most of the sources in the sample, including all the detections, are below the proposed threshold above which the H I is supposed to have been ionised. An analysis of the optical emission-line spectra of the sources shows that despite their high radio powers, about one-third of the sample, including two detections, are low-ionisation sources. The radio continuum emission from the sources detected in H I is unresolved at ~5 to 10 kpc scales in our observations, but shows extended structure on parsec scales. We analysed the H I 21 cm absorption spectra of the detections to understand the morphology and kinematics of H I. The absorption profiles are mostly complex with widths between the nulls ranging from ~60 km s –1 to 700 km s –1 . These detections also exhibit remarkably high H I column densities in the range ~10 21 cm –2 –10 22 cm –2 for T spin = 100 K and unit covering factor. Our modelling of the H I 21 cm absorption profiles suggests that in two sources the gas appears to be disturbed, and in three cases, including one with disturbed H I, the majority of the absorption is consistent with it arising from an H I disc. Despite the high radio power of our sources, we do not detect fast outflows. However, the optical emission lines in these detections show the presence of significantly disturbed gas in the nuclear regions in the form of very wide and highly blueshifted emission-line components. Since some of our detections are also low-ionisation AGN, it is quite possible that this disturbance is caused by the radio jets. Overall, our findings point towards a continuation of the low-z trends in the H I detection rate and the incidence of H I in radio AGN up to z ~ 0.4.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Twists and turns: stacking and structure-dependent optical response in MoS 2 nanoscrolls

Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanoscrolls (NSs), specifically MoS 2 NSs, present unique structural and optical properties, exhibiting prominent photoluminescence (PL) signals despite their multilayer nature. Here, this study investigates the structural and spectroscopic characteristics of MoS 2 NSs, correlating them to show the effects of reduced interlayer interactions on excitons of MoS 2 NSs. The reduction in interlayer interaction arises from two main factors: (1) symmetry-broken mixed stacking due to misalignment between layers and (2) a highly inhomogeneous strain profile generated by the Archimedean spiral geometry with positive eccentricity. Transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and second harmonic generation measurements confirm these findings. Low-temperature PL spectroscopy explores the impact of reduced interlayer interactions on exciton properties such as exciton–phonon coupling and oscillator strength. This study provides crucial insights into the structure, stacking and unique optical properties of TMD NSs, advancing the understanding of interlayer interactions and their impacts in complex quasi-one-dimensional nanostructures.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Plasmonic nanoarcs: a versatile platform with tunable localized surface plasmon resonances in octave intervals

The tunability of the longitudinal localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) of metallic nanoarcs is demonstrated with key relationships identified between geometric parameters of the arcs and their resonances in the infrared. The wavelength of the LSPRs is tuned by the mid-arc length of the nanoarc. The ratio between the attenuation of the fundamental and second order LSPRs is governed by the nanoarc central angle. Beneficial for plasmonic enhancement of harmonic generation, these two resonances can be tuned independently to obtain octave intervals through the design of a non-uniform arc-width profile. Because the character of the fundamental LSPR mode in nanoarcs combines an electric and a magnetic dipole, plasmonic nanoarcs with tunable resonances can serve as versatile building blocks for chiroptical and nonlinear optical devices.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Phase front retrieval and correction of Bessel beams

Bessel beams generated with non-ideal axicons are affected by aberrations. We introduce a method to retrieve the complex amplitude of a Bessel beam from intensity measurements alone, and then use this information to correct the wavefront and intensity profile using a deformable mirror.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Laser-based Adhesion Strength Measurements for Advanced Manufactured Sensor Adhesion Characterization

As part of the advanced manufacturing (AM) focus of the Nuclear Energy Enabling Technologies (NEET) Advanced Sensors and Instrumentation (ASI) Program, new in-house capabilities to fabricate and test novel active and passive in-pile sensors are being developed at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). These advanced-manufactured sensors, such as peak temperature monitors and strain gauges, must be miniaturized and be able to provide real-time feedback, all while withstanding the coupled extremes of temperature and radiation typically observed in the environment of a nuclear test reactor. Fabricating durable and robust in-pile sensors with high fidelity requires a fundamental understanding of the optimal process parameters required in the AM technique, as well as the effect of deviations from optimal process parameters on the sensor-substrate adhesion and the ultimate robustness of the sensor. This report presents the use of a laser-based, non-contact approach for characterizing the adhesion of sensors manufactured using aerosol jet printing (AJP) that comprise of silver nanoparticle inks deposited and sintered on austenitic stainless steel (SS) 316L substrates. The effect of substrate surface roughness, surface energy, ink sintering time and sintering temperature on the printed sensor topography and the sensor-substrate adhesion has been systematically investigated. The sensor-substrate interfacial adhesion strength was determined from the critical laser pulse energy required to ablate/ detach the printed sensor from the substrate. Measurements of the sensor topography using optical profilometry revealed that post-deposition sintering at 400°C for 60 minutes resulted in a reduced sensor thickness, while plasma treating the substrate prior to printing yielded sensors with uniform thickness profiles transverse to the print direction. Sintering temperature and time were found to be the dominant parameters that affected sensor-substrate adhesion, followed by substrate surface roughness. The laser-based and locally-destructive approach for adhesion strength measurements shows promise in overcoming the challenges and limitations of current standardized peel tests and can be developed into a post-fabrication process control protocol for evaluating the durability of AM printed sensors in a high throughput fashion. Future studies will investigate the use of laser-induced spallation techniques as well as non-destructive laser ultrasonic methods for sensor-substrate adhesion characterization on sensors manufactured using AJP and other AM techniques such as plasma jet printing (PJP).

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Lubricant impacts on piston deposit formation in the Enterprise marine diesel research engine

The impact of lubricant formulation on piston deposits was studied using the Enterprise, a reduced-scale, single-cylinder, two-stroke crosshead marine diesel research engine. The Enterprise engine was specially designed for marine diesel lubricant research, with a custom reduced-scale cylinder lubricant injection system and extensive instrumentation of thermal boundary conditions on both the liner and piston. Lubricant conditions typical of full-scale marine diesel engines are obtained by matching mean piston speed, liner temperature profile, and combustion metrics to realistic values.Piston deposit thicknesses were measured after a set period of operation, with a focus on lubricant-based deposits on the lands and ring grooves, using both optical and contact-based measurement techniques. Engine operation for each lubricant was conducted according to a standardized protocol, with precise control of engine speed and load, cylinder lubricant injection rate, coolant temperatures, and system oil temperature; the liner and piston temperatures are continuously monitored during operation. After operation with each lubricant was completed, the engine was disassembled, and the piston and ring deposits were characterized. The piston was then thoroughly cleaned, and the lubricant system flushed, between each lubricant formulation being evaluated. The impacts on piston deposits of the lubricants being evaluated can thus be accurately quantified and are described herein.

Kaul, Brian↗
DOE OSTI2024

Multi-Epoch Optical Spectroscopy Variability of the Changing-Look AGN Mrk 883

In this work, we present multi-epoch optical spectra of the Seyfert 1.9 galaxy Mrk 883. Data were obtained with the Gran Telescopio Canarias and the MEGARA Integral Field Unit mode, archival data from the SDSS-IV MaNGA Survey and the SDSS-I Legacy Survey, and new spectroscopic observations obtained at San Pedro Mártir Observatory. We report the appearance of the broad component of Hβ emission line, showing a maximum FWHM ∼ 5927 ± 481 km s−1 in the MaNGA spectra, finding evidence for a change from Seyfert 1.9 (23 June 2003) to Seyfert 1.8 (18 May 2018). The observed changing-look variation from Sy1.9 to Sy1.8 has a timescale Δt ∼15 y. In addition, we observe profile and flux broad emission line variability from 2018 to 2023, and a wind component in [OIII]5007 Å, with a maximum FWHM = 1758 ± 178 km s−1, detected on 15 April 2023. In all epochs, variability of the broad lines was found to be disconnected from the optical continuum emission, which shows little or no variations. These results suggest that an ionized-driven wind in the polar direction could be a possible scenario to explain the observed changing-look variations.

Benítez, Erika (ORCID:0000000310182613)↗
DOE OSTI2024

Elevated Electron Temperature Coincident with Observed Fusion Reactions in a Sheared-Flow-Stabilized Z Pinch

The sheared-flow-stabilized Z pinch concept has been studied extensively and is able to produce fusion-relevant plasma parameters along with neutron production over several microseconds. In this work, we present elevated electron temperature results spatially and temporally coincident with the plasma neutron source. An optical Thomson scattering apparatus designed for the FuZE device measures temperatures in the range of 1–3 keV on the axis of the device, 20 cm downstream of the nose cone. The 17-fiber system measures the radial profiles of the electron temperature. Scanning the laser time with respect to the neutron pulse time over a series of discharges allows the reconstruction of the T e temporal response, confirming that the electron temperature peaks simultaneously with the neutron output, as well as the pinch current and inductive voltage generated within the plasma. Comparison to spectroscopic ion temperature measurements suggests a plasma in thermal equilibrium. The elevated T e confirms the presence of a plasma assembled on axis, and indicates limited radiative losses, demonstrating a basis for scaling this device toward net gain fusion conditions.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Highly cascaded first-order fiber Bragg gratings in highly multimode optical fibers for distributed temperature sensing under harsh environment conditions

This study presents a pioneering technique for fabricating highly cascaded first-order fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) using a femtosecond laser-assisted point-by-point inscription method in highly multimode optical fibers, specifically Sapphire crystalline fiber, and pure silica coreless fiber. Notably, it marks the first successful demonstration of a distributed array comprising 10 FBGs within highly multimode fibers. This achievement is facilitated by a high-power laser technique that yields larger reflectors characterized by a Gaussian intensity profile. These first-order FBGs offer various advantages, including enhanced reflectivity, reduced fabrication time, and simplified spectral characteristics, enhancing their accessibility for interpretation when contrasted with higher-order FBGs. In addition to that it encompasses a comprehensive analysis of the robustness and efficacy of these FBGs, with particular emphasis on their ability to endure extreme temperatures. These FBGs demonstrate an advantageous capability for localized multi-point temperature monitoring, reaching temperatures up to 1500°C with sapphire crystalline fiber and 1100°C with pure silica coreless fiber. This resilience makes them suitable for deployment in harsh environmental conditions. This innovative approach substantially broadens the potential applications of highly multimode optical fibers, particularly in the arena of sensing and communication, where challenges related to thermal gradients and harsh environments prevail. Furthermore, these groundbreaking first-order FBGs signify a substantial advancement in the realm of distributed temperature sensing, offering supreme capabilities for temperature monitoring and signal stability. As such, our work holds the promise of a substantial impact on industries and applications that demand unwavering reliability under extreme conditions.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Tunable coherent mixed-dimensional perovskite heterojunctions and quantum wells grown from solution

Coherent heterojunctions, quantum wells and multiple quantum wells are needed for high-performance devices; these are generally grown via a dedicated vapour phase epitaxy process. Here we demonstrate the growth of coherent perovskite heterojunctions and quantum wells made of mixed-dimensional perovskites using a solution process. By exploiting the solubility difference of methylammonium (MA + ) and 4-(aminomethyl)piperidinium (4AMP 2+ ), we assemble layered perovskites with different layer numbers. The resulting 4AMP-MA n–1 Pb n I 3n+1 materials each with different layer numbers or bandgaps form quantum wells. Heterojunctions and quantum wells made of 4AMP-MA 2 Pb 3 I 10 (n = 3) and 4AMP-MAPb 2 I 7 (n = 2) with various barrier thickness are tailored by the solution temperature profile during crystal growth. Multiple quantum wells have been formed by cycling temperature profiles. The planar heterojunction and quantum wells have lattice matching without interfacial defects, and exhibit strong thermal stability. Type I band alignment at the n = 2/n = 3 heterojunction is confirmed by both computation and optical studies. In conclusion, this study opens a new direction for the development of sophisticated perovskite heterojunction and quantum well devices.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Highly cascaded first-order sapphire optical fiber Bragg gratings fabricated by a femtosecond laser

This Letter reports an innovative technique for fabricating large-scale, highly cascaded first-order sapphire optical fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) using a femtosecond laser-assisted point-by-point inscription method. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, this study successfully demonstrates a distributed array of 10 FBGs within highly multimode sapphire crystal fiber, made possible by employing a high-power laser technique to generate larger reflectors with a Gaussian intensity profile. These first-order FBGs offer advantages such as enhanced reflectivity, shorter fabrication time, and simplified spectral characteristics, making them easier to interpret compared with high-order FBGs. The FBGs’ resilience and effectiveness are analyzed by subjecting them to temperature tests, proving their capacity for accurate temperature monitoring up to 1500°C—a testament to their suitability for harsh environments. This novel approach broadens the scope for sensing and communication applications in sapphire fibers, particularly under challenging conditions. The novelty of our work lies in successfully overcoming the limitations of previous designs by integrating a cascade of 10 FBGs in sapphire fibers, thereby enhancing multiplexing capabilities, minimizing overlapping of FBG peaks, and ensuring reliable temperature monitoring in industries and applications with thermal gradients.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

RECENT RESULTS AND OPPORTUNITIES AT THE IOTA FACILITY

The Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) was recently commissioned as part of the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) facility. The IOTA ring was briefly operated with electrons at 47 MeV followed by a 6-months run with 100 MeV electrons. The main goal of the first runwas to study beam dynamics in the integrable lattices with elliptical nonlinear magnets and in the quasi-integrable case with profiled octupole channel. The flexibility of the IOTA ring allowed a wide range of complementary studies, such as experiments with a single electron; studies of fluctuations in undulator radiation and operation with low emittance beams. Over the next year the proton injector will be installed and two runs carried out. One run will be dedicated to the refinement of nonlinear experiments and another will be dedicated to the proof-of-principle demonstration of Optical Stochastic Cooling.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Measurement of Kinetic-Scale Current Filamentation Dynamics and Associated Magnetic Fields in Interpenetrating Plasmas

Here, we present the first local, quantitative measurements of ion current filamentation and magnetic field amplification in interpenetrating plasmas, characterizing the dynamics of the ion Weibel instability. The interaction of a pair of laser-generated, counterpropagating, collisionless, supersonic plasma flows is probed using optical Thomson scattering (TS). Analysis of the TS ion-feature revealed anticorrelated modulations in the density of the two ion streams at the spatial scale of the ion skin depth c/ω pi = 120 μm, and a correlated modulation in the plasma current. The inferred current profile implies a magnetic field amplitude ~30 ± 6 T , corresponding to ~1% of the flow kinetic energy, indicating that magnetic trapping is the dominant saturation mechanism.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗