Results for “reductions” — Page 19

DOE OSTI2020

The quest for improved air quality may push China to continue its CO 2 reduction beyond the Paris Commitment

China is challenged with the simultaneous goals of improving air quality and mitigating climate change. The “Beautiful China” strategy, launched by the Chinese government in 2020, requires that all cities in China attain 35 μg/m 3 or below for annual mean concentration of PM 2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) by 2035. Meanwhile, China adopts a portfolio of low-carbon policies to meet its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) pledged in the Paris Agreement. Previous studies demonstrated the co-benefits to air pollution reduction from implementing low-carbon energy policies. Pathways for China to achieve dual targets of both air quality and CO 2 mitigation, however, have not been comprehensively explored. Here, we couple an integrated assessment model and an air quality model to evaluate air quality in China through 2035 under the NDC scenario and an alternative scenario (Co-Benefit Energy [CBE]) with enhanced low-carbon policies. Results indicate that some Chinese cities cannot meet the PM 2.5 target under the NDC scenario by 2035, even with the strictest end-of-pipe controls. Achieving the air quality target would require further reduction in emissions of multiple air pollutants by 6 to 32%, driving additional 22% reduction in CO 2 emissions relative to the NDC scenario. Results show that the incremental health benefit from improved air quality of CBE exceeds 8 times the additional costs of CO 2 mitigation, attributed particularly to the cost-effective reduction in household PM 2.5 exposure. The additional low-carbon energy polices required for China’s air quality targets would lay an important foundation for its deep decarbonization aligned with the 2 °C global temperature target.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2024

Diversity and evolution of nitric oxide reduction in bacteria and archaea

Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas whose production is catalyzed by nitric oxide reductase (NOR) members of the heme-copper oxidoreductase (HCO) enzyme superfamily. We identified several previously uncharacterized HCO families, four of which (eNOR, sNOR, gNOR, and nNOR) appear to perform NO reduction. These families have novel active-site structures and several have conserved proton channels, suggesting that they might be able to couple NO reduction to energy conservation. We isolated and biochemically characterized a member of the eNOR family from the bacterium Rhodothermus marinus and found that it performs NO reduction. These recently identified NORs exhibited broad phylogenetic and environmental distributions, greatly expanding the diversity of microbes in nature capable of NO reduction. Phylogenetic analyses further demonstrated that NORs evolved multiple times independently from oxygen reductases, supporting the view that complete denitrification evolved after aerobic respiration.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗

DOE OSTI2026

Cas3-Mediated Genome Reduction: Demonstration in Cupriavidus Necator H16 Improves Growth on Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Carbon Sources

Genome reduction is widely used to improve microbial bioprocessing hosts by reducing the burden of inessential physiology. Rationally identifying genomic regions that are dispensable or even detrimental to bioprocessing is challenged by our inability to map genome sequence to function across complex regulation and physiology. Thus, there is a need for tools that rapidly generate reduced genome strains with improved performance in process-relevant conditions. Here, we report a Cascade-Cas3-enabled method called TRIM3 that generates large deletions by targeting a randomly integrated transposon, enabling facile generation of a genome-reduced mutant library. Mutants with improved performance were isolated following growth-coupled selection and analyzed by long-read DNA sequencing to identify deletions in their genomes. We deploy this system iteratively in the industrial host Cupriavidus necator H16 on fructose and on formate. After two rounds of TRIM3, we isolate a strain containing a total reduction of 1.4 Mb (18.4% of the genome) that grows 25% faster in a bioreactor on fructose and a strain with a total reduction of 0.5 Mb (7.3% of the genome) that grows 14% faster on formate. This work demonstrates a method for random, iterative, growth-selectable genome reduction that represents a new avenue for large-scale genome modifications and the development of improved bioprocessing hosts.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Unexpected origin of the quantum efficiency reduction in long-wavelength (In,Ga)⁢N light-emitting diodes

Differential carrier lifetime (DCL) measurements were performed on c-plane In 𝑥 ⁢Ga 1−𝑥⁢ N/Ga⁢N single-quantum-well (QW) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with varying indium-content QWs (x = 13.5%, 16%, 22%), emitting with violet, blue, and green wavelengths. The recombination lifetimes of LEDs were found to increase with increasing indium composition, resulting in increased carrier densities n measured by DCL. Extraction of the A coefficients, which are assumed to not vary with n, and of the effective B(n) and C(n) coefficients of the ABC model of the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of QWs showed no significant changes in the A coefficient with increasing indium content [In] in the In 𝑥 ⁢Ga 1−𝑥 ⁢N QW, and a reduction in the B(n) and C(n) coefficients with increasing [In]. When looking at the Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination rate An, the radiative recombination rate B(n)𝑛 2 , and the Auger-Meitner (AM) recombination rate C(n)𝑛 3 , we observed that at any given n, the SRH rate is the same for the three [In] measured, while the radiative rate decreases (by up to approximately 9 times) and the AM rate decreases (by up to approximately 7 times) with increasing indium content. This shows that the larger reduction in radiative recombination rates relative to nonradiative recombination rates with increasing [In] is the largest contributor to the decreased quantum efficiencies of LEDs (the “green gap”) at any given n. While some of the reduction in the effective recombination coefficients B(n) and C(n) can be explained by the reduced wave-function overlaps of the QW with increasing indium content, the larger reduction of B(n) relative to C(n) motivates further study of the intrinsic recombination coefficients 𝐵 0 and 𝐶 0 of bulk In 𝑥 ⁢Ga 1−𝑥 ⁢N alloys and how they are related to the effective recombination coefficients B(n) and C(n) in QWs. The relative contributions of nonradiative recombination are enhanced at any given current density due to the sublinear relationship between the carrier density n and the current density. Thus, the solution to the green gap, up to any intrinsic limitations set by the indium content of the QW, from an IQE perspective, requires the design of long-wavelength (In,Ga)⁢N LEDs with improved wave-function overlaps that can operate with a lower carrier density at any given current density.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2021

Evaluating the Performance of Integer Sum Reduction on an Intel GPU

Sum reduction is a primitive operation in parallel computing while SYCL is a promising heterogeneous programming language. In this paper, we describe the SYCL implementations of integer sum reduction using atomic functions, shared local memory, vectorized memory accesses, and parameterized workload sizes. Evaluating the reduction kernels shows that we can achieve 1.4X speedup over the open-source implementations of sum reduction for a sufficiently large number of integers on an Intel integrated GPU.

Jin, Zheming↗

DOE OSTI2020

Optimizing Piezoelectric Material Location and Size for Multiple-Mode Vibration Reduction of Turbomachinery Blades

Modern turbomachinery blades have extremely low inherent damping, which can lead to high transient vibrations and failure through high-cycle fatigue. Smart materials enable vibration reduction while meeting strict blade requirements such as weight and aerodynamic efficiency. In particular, piezoelectric-based vibration reduction offers the potential to reduce vibration semi-actively while simultaneously harvesting sufficient energy to power the implementation. The placement and the size of the piezoelectric material is critical to the vibration reduction capabilities of the system. Furthermore, the implementation should target multiple vibration modes. In this study, we develop a procedure to optimize electromechanical coupling across multiple vibration modes for a representative turbomachinery blade with surface-mounted piezoelectric patches. Experimental validation demonstrates good coupling across three targeted modes with a single piezoelectric patch. Placing the piezoelectric material in regions of high signed strain energy for all targeted modes enables vibration reduction across all of the targeted modes.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Global System Reduction Order Modeling for Localized Feature Inclusion

The development of reduced-order models remains an active research area, despite advances in computational resources. Here we develop a novel order-reduction approach that is designed to incorporate isolated regions that contain, for example, nonlinearitites or accumulating damage. The approach is designed to use global modes of the overall system response, which are then naturally coupled to the response in the isolated region of interest. Two examples are provided to demonstrate both the accuracy and the computational efficiency of the proposed approach. The performance of this approach is compared to the exact response corresponding to a finite element simulation for the chosen problems. In addition, the accuracy and computational efficiency are shown relative to a standard Galerkin reduction based on the linear normal modes. It is found that the proposed reduction offer computational efficiency comparable to a Galerkin reduction, but more accurately represents the response of the system when both are compared to the finite element simulation.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2021

A Discussion of Strength Reduction Factor Development for Thermal Aging Effect on Nuclear Structural Alloys

In consideration of structural alloy property deterioration during long-term exposure to elevated temperatures, the yield and ultimate tensile strength reduction factors are provided in the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section III for nuclear reactor component design and operation analysis. Because the Gen IV reactor requirement of 40 ~ 60 years of service life makes it difficult to acquire such long exposure test data for developing the reduction factors, they must be derived from test data with relatively short exposure by predictive methods considered to be reasonably reliable. A novel approach with a physically-based model has recently been proposed for application to development of reduction factors for 9Cr-1Mo-V. In the model, contributors to the tensile strength are first identified and related to definite microstructural features of the alloy, then some physically-based methods are employed to simulate the microstructural evolution, and finally the model is assembled with test-data-calibrated parameters to generate the yield and ultimate tensile strength reduction factors covering elevated temperature exposure for up to 57 years. The approach is undoubtedly a trailblazing development that will, if proven reliable, lead to a paradigm shift in predicting thermal aging behavior of many other alloys. Its debut application to Section III, however, concerns nuclear safety and naturally warrants objective, impartial, and thorough technical scrutiny. In the present paper, the novel and conventional approaches are discussed. Necessary improvements to the novel approach are recommended for its application to nuclear structural component design and analysis, and for its potential expanded use to other alloys.

Ren, Weiju↗

DOE OSTI2024

Nitrous oxide reduction by two partial denitrifying bacteria requires denitrification intermediates that cannot be respired

ABSTRACT Denitrification is a form of anaerobic respiration wherein nitrate (NO 3 − ) is sequentially reduced via nitrite (NO 2 − ), nitric oxide, and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) to dinitrogen gas (N 2 ) by four reductase enzymes. Partial denitrifying bacteria possess only one or some of these four reductases and use them as independent respiratory modules. However, it is unclear if partial denitrifiers sense and respond to denitrification intermediates outside of their reductase repertoire. Here, we tested the denitrifying capabilities of two purple nonsulfur bacteria,Rhodopseudomonas palustrisCGA0092 andRhodobacter capsulatusSB1003. Each had denitrifying capabilities that matched their genome annotation; CGA0092 reduced NO 2 − to N 2 , and SB1003 reduced N 2 O to N 2 . For each bacterium, N 2 O reduction could be used both for electron balance during growth on electron-rich organic compounds in light and for energy transformation via respiration in darkness. However, N 2 O reduction required supplementation with a denitrification intermediate, including those for which there was no associated denitrification enzyme. For CGA0092, NO 3 − served as a stable, non-catalyzable molecule that was sufficient to activate N 2 O reduction. Using a β-galactosidase reporter, we found that NO 3 − acted, at least in part, by stimulating N 2 O reductase gene expression. In SB1003, NO 2 − but not NO 3 − activated N 2 O reduction, but NO 2 − was slowly removed, likely by a promiscuous enzyme activity. Our findings reveal that partial denitrifiers can still be subject to regulation by denitrification intermediates that they cannot use. IMPORTANCE Denitrification is a form of microbial respiration wherein nitrate is converted via several nitrogen oxide intermediates into harmless dinitrogen gas. Partial denitrifying bacteria, which individually have some but not all denitrifying enzymes, can achieve complete denitrification as a community by cross-feeding nitrogen oxide intermediates. However, the last intermediate, nitrous oxide (N2O), is a potent greenhouse gas that often escapes, motivating efforts to understand and improve the efficiency of denitrification. Here, we found that at least some partial denitrifying N2O reducers can sense and respond to nitrogen oxide intermediates that they cannot otherwise use. The regulatory effects of nitrogen oxides on partial denitrifiers are thus an important consideration in understanding and applying denitrifying bacterial communities to combat greenhouse gas emissions.

Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology↗

DOE OSTI2021

Electrochemistry-Induced Restructuring of Tin-Doped Indium Oxide Nanocrystal Films of Relevance to CO 2 Reduction

The electrochemical reduction of CO 2 into fuels using renewable electricity presents an opportunity to utilize captured CO 2 . Electrocatalyst development has been a primary focus of research in this area. This is especially true at the nanoscale, where researchers have focused on understanding nanostructure-property relationships. However, electrocatalyst structure may evolve during operation. Indium- and tin-based oxides have been widely studied as electrocatalysts for CO 2 reduction to formate, but evolution of these catalysts during operation is not well-characterized. Here, we report the evolution of nanoscale structure of precise tin-doped indium oxide nanocrystals under CO 2 reduction conditions. We show that sparse monolayer nanocrystal films desorb from the electrode upon charging, but thicker nanocrystal films remain, likely due to an increased number of physical contacts. Upon applying a cathodic voltage of –1.0 V vs RHE or greater, the original 10-nm diameter nanocrystals are no longer visible, and instead form a larger microstructural network. Elemental analysis suggests the network is an oxygen-deficient indium-tin metal alloy. We hypothesize that this morphological evolution is the result of nanocrystal sintering due to oxide reduction. Furthermore, these data provide insights into the morphological evolution of tin-doped indium oxide nanocrystal electrocatalysts under reducing conditions and highlight the importance of post-electrochemical structural characterization of electrocatalysts.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2023

Thermodynamic analysis of heat transfer reduction in spark ignition using thermal barrier coatings

This work uses a 0D thermodynamic engine model coupled to a 1D surface temperature solver to study the potential of low thermal inertia thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) on combustion chamber surfaces to increase the efficiency of spark ignition engines. Under ideal conditions, coating the piston crown, head, and valve faces with a TBC with a thermal inertia of 640 J/m 2 K s 1/2 resulted in less than a 1% relative improvement in efficiency. Despite using a low thermal inertia coating to avoid open cycle charge heating, the reduction in closed cycle heat transfer, which is the pathway to increasing efficiency, increased knock propensity. Therefore, any efficiency gain through closed cycle heat transfer reduction in spark ignition is offset by the need to retard spark timing to counter knock. An exergy analysis of completely blocking heat transfer for a 10 crank-angle degree window showed that on a low compression engine, like those used for stoichiometric gasoline spark ignition, the maximum efficiency gain achievable was limited compared to a higher compression ratio engine. Furthermore, the high gas temperatures of stoichiometric operation mean that even state-of-the-art TBCs cannot elevate surface temperatures enough purely through temperature swing to achieve a significant reduction in heat transfer near top dead center, where work availability is highest. Overall, these results indicate that low thermal inertia TBCs are ill-suited for achieving an efficiency benefit in spark ignition through a heat transfer reduction pathway. Instead spark ignition TBC research should explore ways to use low thermal inertia TBCs to achieve open cycle charge cooling to reduce knock propensity.

Engineering↗

DOE OSTI2025

2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction Study

# 2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction Study The 2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction (NCIR) Study provided insight into the travel patterns and associated energy consumption of participants. Study results helped researchers identify opportunities for the development of policies that could incentivize the use of alternative modes of travel such as transit and micromobility. Such travel modes reduce congestion by reducing the miles traveled by privately owned vehicles in urban and rural areas. The [National Institute for Congestion Reduction](https://nicr.usf.edu/) provides multimodal congestion reduction strategies through real-world deployments that leverage advances in technology, big data science, and innovative transportation options to optimize the efficiency and reliability of the transportation system for all users. ## Data Collection Agency The University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez conducted the study. ## Survey Methodology The study was conducted in Spanish. Data collection was enabled via the open-source [NREL OpenPATH platform](https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/openpath). The resulting dataset consists of partially automated travel diaries—combining sensed and surveyed data reflecting patterns of multimodal, end-to-end, individual human mobility—as well as demographic and socioeconomic information from the 17 participants. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Study records include 17 participants. The total number of trips was 458 and total non-air-miles traveled was approximately 1,469.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction Study

# 2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction Study The 2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction (NCIR) Study provided insight into the travel patterns and associated energy consumption of participants. Study results helped researchers identify opportunities for the development of policies that could incentivize the use of alternative modes of travel such as transit and micromobility. Such travel modes reduce congestion by reducing the miles traveled by privately owned vehicles in urban and rural areas. The [National Institute for Congestion Reduction](https://nicr.usf.edu/) provides multimodal congestion reduction strategies through real-world deployments that leverage advances in technology, big data science, and innovative transportation options to optimize the efficiency and reliability of the transportation system for all users. ## Data Collection Agency The University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez conducted the study. ## Survey Methodology The study was conducted in Spanish. Data collection was enabled via the open-source [NREL OpenPATH platform](https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/openpath). The resulting dataset consists of partially automated travel diaries—combining sensed and surveyed data reflecting patterns of multimodal, end-to-end, individual human mobility—as well as demographic and socioeconomic information from the 17 participants. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Study records include 17 participants. The total number of trips was 458 and total non-air-miles traveled was approximately 1,469.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction Study

# 2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction Study The 2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction (NCIR) Study provided insight into the travel patterns and associated energy consumption of participants. Study results helped researchers identify opportunities for the development of policies that could incentivize the use of alternative modes of travel such as transit and micromobility. Such travel modes reduce congestion by reducing the miles traveled by privately owned vehicles in urban and rural areas. The [National Institute for Congestion Reduction](https://nicr.usf.edu/) provides multimodal congestion reduction strategies through real-world deployments that leverage advances in technology, big data science, and innovative transportation options to optimize the efficiency and reliability of the transportation system for all users. ## Data Collection Agency The University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez conducted the study. ## Survey Methodology The study was conducted in Spanish. Data collection was enabled via the open-source [NREL OpenPATH platform](https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/openpath). The resulting dataset consists of partially automated travel diaries—combining sensed and surveyed data reflecting patterns of multimodal, end-to-end, individual human mobility—as well as demographic and socioeconomic information from the 17 participants. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Study records include 17 participants. The total number of trips was 458 and total non-air-miles traveled was approximately 1,469.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction Study

# 2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction Study The 2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction (NCIR) Study provided insight into the travel patterns and associated energy consumption of participants. Study results helped researchers identify opportunities for the development of policies that could incentivize the use of alternative modes of travel such as transit and micromobility. Such travel modes reduce congestion by reducing the miles traveled by privately owned vehicles in urban and rural areas. The [National Institute for Congestion Reduction](https://nicr.usf.edu/) provides multimodal congestion reduction strategies through real-world deployments that leverage advances in technology, big data science, and innovative transportation options to optimize the efficiency and reliability of the transportation system for all users. ## Data Collection Agency The University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez conducted the study. ## Survey Methodology The study was conducted in Spanish. Data collection was enabled via the open-source [NREL OpenPATH platform](https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/openpath). The resulting dataset consists of partially automated travel diaries—combining sensed and surveyed data reflecting patterns of multimodal, end-to-end, individual human mobility—as well as demographic and socioeconomic information from the 17 participants. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Study records include 17 participants. The total number of trips was 458 and total non-air-miles traveled was approximately 1,469.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction Study

# 2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction Study The 2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction (NCIR) Study provided insight into the travel patterns and associated energy consumption of participants. Study results helped researchers identify opportunities for the development of policies that could incentivize the use of alternative modes of travel such as transit and micromobility. Such travel modes reduce congestion by reducing the miles traveled by privately owned vehicles in urban and rural areas. The [National Institute for Congestion Reduction](https://nicr.usf.edu/) provides multimodal congestion reduction strategies through real-world deployments that leverage advances in technology, big data science, and innovative transportation options to optimize the efficiency and reliability of the transportation system for all users. ## Data Collection Agency The University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez conducted the study. ## Survey Methodology The study was conducted in Spanish. Data collection was enabled via the open-source [NREL OpenPATH platform](https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/openpath). The resulting dataset consists of partially automated travel diaries—combining sensed and surveyed data reflecting patterns of multimodal, end-to-end, individual human mobility—as well as demographic and socioeconomic information from the 17 participants. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Study records include 17 participants. The total number of trips was 458 and total non-air-miles traveled was approximately 1,469.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction Study

# 2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction Study The 2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction (NCIR) Study provided insight into the travel patterns and associated energy consumption of participants. Study results helped researchers identify opportunities for the development of policies that could incentivize the use of alternative modes of travel such as transit and micromobility. Such travel modes reduce congestion by reducing the miles traveled by privately owned vehicles in urban and rural areas. The [National Institute for Congestion Reduction](https://nicr.usf.edu/) provides multimodal congestion reduction strategies through real-world deployments that leverage advances in technology, big data science, and innovative transportation options to optimize the efficiency and reliability of the transportation system for all users. ## Data Collection Agency The University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez conducted the study. ## Survey Methodology The study was conducted in Spanish. Data collection was enabled via the open-source [NREL OpenPATH platform](https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/openpath). The resulting dataset consists of partially automated travel diaries—combining sensed and surveyed data reflecting patterns of multimodal, end-to-end, individual human mobility—as well as demographic and socioeconomic information from the 17 participants. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Study records include 17 participants. The total number of trips was 458 and total non-air-miles traveled was approximately 1,469.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction Study

# 2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction Study The 2023 University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez National Institute for Congestion Reduction (NCIR) Study provided insight into the travel patterns and associated energy consumption of participants. Study results helped researchers identify opportunities for the development of policies that could incentivize the use of alternative modes of travel such as transit and micromobility. Such travel modes reduce congestion by reducing the miles traveled by privately owned vehicles in urban and rural areas. The [National Institute for Congestion Reduction](https://nicr.usf.edu/) provides multimodal congestion reduction strategies through real-world deployments that leverage advances in technology, big data science, and innovative transportation options to optimize the efficiency and reliability of the transportation system for all users. ## Data Collection Agency The University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez conducted the study. ## Survey Methodology The study was conducted in Spanish. Data collection was enabled via the open-source [NREL OpenPATH platform](https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/openpath). The resulting dataset consists of partially automated travel diaries—combining sensed and surveyed data reflecting patterns of multimodal, end-to-end, individual human mobility—as well as demographic and socioeconomic information from the 17 participants. ## Survey Records, Data, and Documentation Study records include 17 participants. The total number of trips was 458 and total non-air-miles traveled was approximately 1,469.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗